Abstract
Oysters are filter-feeders and retain sewage-derived pathogens in their organs or tissues. Since most enteric viruses involved in outbreaks cannot grow in cell culture, studies using viral surrogate models are essential. Some species are proposed as surrogates for enteric viruses in environmental samples, including in bivalve mollusk samples, such as murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and somatic (as φX) or F-specific coliphages (as MS2) bacteriophages. This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 103 PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 102 and 3.8 × 102 PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 102 PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 h (2.2 × 102 PFU/g). The bioaccumulation pattern of MNV-1 by oysters was similar to the other enteric viruses (more in DT), while that of phages followed distinct patterns from these. Since the MNV-1 is bioaccumulated by C. gigas and is adapted to grow in cell culture, it is an important tool for bioaccumulation and viral inactivation tests in oysters. Although bacteriophage bioaccumulation was not similar to enteric viruses, they can be indicated for viral bioaccumulation analysis, analyzing MT and GL, since they do not bioaccumulate in DT.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Marine Mollusks Cultivation Laboratory (LCMM) for providing oysters and the Multipurpose Laboratory for Biological Studies (LAMEB), both of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. This research was supported by the Santa Catarina Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação of Santa Catarina, FAPESC, Santa Catarina, Brazil), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Project SIGPEX 201917940, by CAPES/PNPD 88887.473179/2020-00 (Post-Doctoral fellowship), by CAPES/Master fellowship of Vilaine Corrêa da Silva, and by CNPq/Master fellowship by Mariana Elois.
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DSMS and GF contributed to conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—editing draft, and investigation. VCS; ME; BPS; DSMS; and GF contributed to methodology, investigation, and project administration. MG contributed to formal analysis, writing—original draft, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and resources. VCS; ME; BPS; MM; JDDL; DSMS; and GF contributed to project administration, investigation, validation, and conceptualization. VCS; DSMS; and GF contributed to project administration, investigation, resources, and data curation.
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da Silva, V.C., Elois, M., Savi, B.P. et al. Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples. Food Environ Virol 15, 1–7 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9