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Exfoliating Agents for Skincare Soaps Obtained from the Crabwood Waste Bagasse, a Natural Abrasive from Amazonia

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Abstract

Many personal cleansing products contain microplastics threatening coastal habitats, deep sea, as well as freshwater lakes. Non-pollutant biomasses with natural abrasiveness are potential substitutes for scrub-type cosmetics. This study sought to explore the potential of applying crabwood seed bagasse from Amazonia as an exfoliating agent of skincare soaps. The raw feedstock was characterized by chemical composition and particle size distribution. The morphologies of the crabwood particles and commercial exfoliating agents were compared. Thermal pretreatments were carried out in an attempt to make the particles inert. It was verified that crabwood particles contain above 50% of non-structural organic components in their mass. The high heterogeneity of particle size allowed selecting portions with dimensions comparable to commercial products, between 0.3 and 0.4 mm. The rough surface of crabwood particles was similar to those of other natural plant exfoliating agents suitable for intense skin exfoliation. Thermal pretreatments only partially volatilized non-structural components. The release of oil traces, which contains mainly palmitic and oleic acids, led the pH of the water to an unacceptable level (≤ 5.0), discouraging the direct application of crabwood bagasse in the skin. Nevertheless, when added to non-ionic surfactant based-soaps, pH remains adequate for skincare (≈ 6.0). The smaller particles (average diameter of 0.3 mm) submitted to the most drastic thermal pretreatment, 140 °C for 48 h of exposure, resulted in liquid skincare soaps with better properties. The crabwood particles’ potential to be added as an exfoliating agent in skincare soaps was confirmed.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the SEM analysis provided by the research institution Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—research project’s process number 431553/2016-5, public call CNPq Universal 2016) for the financial support, the Amapá Research Funding Foundation (FAPEAP—First Projects Program—Process Number 250.203.044/2017) for the financial support and to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES—project's process number 88881.199859/2018-01, public call PROCAD/Amazônia 2018) for scholarships.

Funding

The authors are to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—research project’s process number 431553/2016–5, public call CNPq Universal 2016) for the financial support, the Amapá Research Funding Foundation (FAPEAP—First Projects Program—Process Number 250.203.044/2017) for the financial support and to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) for scholarships.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agrarian Science Institute, Rural Federal University of Amazônia, 2501 Presidente Tancredo Neves Av., Belém, Pará, 66.077-830, Brazil

    Driss Wagner Pantoja Pena, Gracialda Costa Ferreira, Igor do Vale & Lina Bufalino

  2. Forestry Engineering School and Chemical Engineering School, State University of Amapá, 650 Presidente Vargas Av., Macapá, Amapá, 68.900-070, Brazil

    Driss Wagner Pantoja Pena & Tiago Marcolino de Souza

  3. Forestry Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitário, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37.200-900, Brazil

    Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli

  4. Parauapebas Campus, Rural Federal University of Amazônia, PA-275 Rod., Km 13, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil

    Thiago de Paula Protásio

  5. Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Group, Federal University of Amapá, Juscelino Kubitschek Rod., Km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil

    Irlon Maciel Ferreira

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  1. Driss Wagner Pantoja Pena
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Contributions

DWPP contributed with data curation, investigation, methodology, resources, and writing—original draft. GHDT contributed with writing—original draft and review & editing. T de PP contributed with funding acquisition and writing—original draft. TM de S contributed with funding acquisition and writing—review & editing. GCF contributed with funding acquisition and writing—original draft. I do VG contributed with writing—original draft, review & editing. IMF contributed with writing—original draft, review & editing. LB contributed with project administration, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing—original draft.

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Correspondence to Lina Bufalino.

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Pena, D.W.P., Tonoli, G.H.D., de Paula Protásio, T. et al. Exfoliating Agents for Skincare Soaps Obtained from the Crabwood Waste Bagasse, a Natural Abrasive from Amazonia. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 4441–4461 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01336-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01336-3

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