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Heat-resistant and biofilm-forming Escherichia coli in pasteurized milk from Brazil

  • Food Microbiology - Research Paper
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Abstract

Escherichia coli harboring a transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) and the ability to form biofilms represent a serious risk in dairy production. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk from two dairy producers in Mato Grosso, Brazil, with a focus on determining the possible presence of E. coli with heat resistance (60 °C/6 min), biofilm-forming potential phenotypes and genotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. For this, fifty pasteurized milk samples from producers named A and B were obtained for 5 weeks to investigate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae members, coliforms, and E. coli. For heat resistance, E. coli isolates were exposed to a water bath at 60 °C for 0 and 6 min. In antibiogram analysis, eight antibiotics belonging to six antimicrobial classes were analyzed. The potential to form biofilms was quantified at 570 nm, and curli expression by Congo Red was analyzed. To determine the genotypic profile, we performed PCR for the tLST and rpoS genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to investigate the clonal profile of the isolates. Thus, producer A presented unsatisfactory microbiological conditions regarding Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms for weeks 4 and 5, while all samples analyzed for producer B were contaminated at above-the-limit levels established by national and international legislation. These unsatisfactory conditions enabled us to isolate 31 E. coli from both producers (7 isolates from producer A and 24 isolates from producer B). In this way, 6 E. coli isolates (5 from producer A and 1 from producer B) were highly heat resistant. However, although only 6 E. coli showed a highly heat-resistant profile, 97% (30/31) of all E. coli were tLST-positive. In contrast, all isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. In addition, moderate or weak biofilm potential was verified in 51.6% (16/31), and the expression of curli and presence of rpoS was not always related to this biofilm potential. Therefore, the results emphasize the spreading of heat-resistant E. coli with tLST in both producers and indicate the biofilm as a possible source of contamination during milk pasteurization. However, the possibility of E. coli producing biofilm and surviving pasteurization temperatures cannot be ruled out, and this should be investigated.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (Grant numbers 444465/2020–0, 313119/2020–1, 310181/2021–6, and 200472/2022–4). Authors Maxsueli A. M. Machado, Carlos A. Conte-Junior, and Eduardo E. S. Figueiredo have received research support from CNPq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Food Science, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado & Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

  2. Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Diego Galvan & Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

  3. Department of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada

    Vinicius Silva Castro

  4. Department of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso – Campus Cuiabá, Fernando Correa da Costa. Avenue, Boa Esperança, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil

    Adelino da Cunha-Neto & Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo

  5. Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Deyse Christina Vallim & Rodrigo de Castro Lisbôa Pereira

  6. Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Jaqueline Oliveira dos Reis & Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo

  7. Graduate in Animal Bioscience, University of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Patrícia Veiga de Almeida

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior; methodology: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Vinicius Silva Castro, Adelino Cunha-Neto, Deyse Christina Vallim, Rodrigo de Castro Lisbôa Pereira, Jaqueline Oliveira dos Reis, and Patricia Veiga de Almeida; formal analysis and investigation: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Vinicius Silva Castro, Diego Galvan, and Adelino da Cunha-Neto; writing—original draft preparation: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado; writing—review and editing: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Vinicius Silva Castro, Adelino Cunha-Neto, Deyse Christina Vallim, Rodrigo de Castro Lisbôa Pereira, Jaqueline Oliveira dos Reis, Patricia Veiga de Almeida, Diego Galvan, Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior; funding acquisition: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado and Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo; resources: Patricia Veiga de Almeida, Deyse Christina Vallim and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior; supervision: Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior.

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Machado, M.A.M., Castro, V.S., da Cunha-Neto, A. et al. Heat-resistant and biofilm-forming Escherichia coli in pasteurized milk from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 54, 1035–1046 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-00920-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-00920-8

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