Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Download Free PDF
paper cover icon
Download Free PDF
paper cover thumbnail

Doggerland emerging.A survey of the archaeological potential of a vast prehistoric landscape

Doggerland emerging.A survey of the archaeological potential of a vast prehistoric landscape

Profile image of Luc AmkreutzLuc AmkreutzProfile image of Marcel J L T NiekusMarcel J L T Niekus

keynote lecture. From the North Sea Lowlandsto the Celtic Shelf Edge. Celebrating 50 years of mapping in the Dutch North Sea

Europe by early hominins to the final flooding of “Doggerland” some 8000 years ago finds and sites indicate the presence of a vast prehistoric archive. For a long time this was more or less taken for granted. There was an awareness that the geographical borders of Europe once ran differently from today and that this area was inhabited, both during the Ice Ages and in the more recent Holocene. However, attention for this lost landscape was limited as finds were sparse and far between and investigating sites in the turbulent grey waters of the North Sea often thought too complicated. As a result archaeological thinking often did not include this lost landscape and its inhabitants. Over the past decades this perspective has changed. Against the background of increasing economic activity archaeological attention also increased both off-shore and on shore. While the former benefits from industrial seismic and augering data in combination with new technology, coring and sampling campaigns, the latter benefits from a number of recent large infrastructural projects that yield numerous finds and an enthusiastic amateur community. In this paper we will focus on these recent developments with specific attention for the many finds from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods that have surfaced over recent years. Attention will be drawn to the new insights these finds have delivered by combining a rich array of research techniques. The paper underlines the importance of the North Sea area for understanding the early colonisation and occupation of Northwest Europe and the interaction between people and landscape against often intensive and dynamic climate change.

Related Papers

Europe's Lost Frontiers Volume 1 - Context and Methodology

The archaeological context of Doggerland during the final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic (Chapter 5)

2022 •

Andy Fraser, Simon Fitch

Europe’s Lost Frontiers was the largest, directed archaeological research project undertaken in Europe to investigate the inundated landscapes of the early Holocene North Sea – the area frequently referred to as ‘Doggerland’. Funded through a European Research Council Advanced Grant (project number 670518), the project ran from 2015 to 2021, and straddled both Brexit and the onset of the Covid pandemic. Despite suffering the curse of interesting times, nearly 50 academics collaborated within the project, representing institutions spread geographically from Ireland to China. A vast area of the seabed was mapped, and multiple ship expeditions were launched to retrieve sediment cores from the valleys of the lost prehistoric landscapes of the North Sea. This data has now been analysed to provide evidence of how the land was transformed in the face of climate change and rising sea levels. This volume is the first in a series of monographs dedicated to the analysis and interpretation of data generated by the project. Here, we present the historical context of the study and method statements.

View PDF
In Sight of Doggerland: From speculative survey to landscape exploration

Vincent Gaffney

The North Sea has long been known by archaeologists as an area of Mesolithic occupation, and has even been argued as the heartland of the Mesolithic in North Western Europe. Yet this area remains effectively terra incognita to archaeologists, and the nature of its occupation, tantalisingly elusive. The submergence of this landscape has therefore effectively hindered archaeological research into this vitally important region. Yet this region contains one of the most detailed and comprehensive records of the Late Quaternary and Holocene, and its preserved sedimentary successions represent a mine of information that remains untapped by archaeologists. However the lack of direct data pertaining to this region results in all previous maps of the prehistoric landscape being at best hypothetical. This paper will present results which illustrate that through the utilisation of spatially extensive oil industry data, the recovery information pertaining to the actual Mesolithic landscape of the North Sea is now possible. This information reveals the diversity of this landscape and shows that much greater consideration of submerged Mesolithic landscapes is now required of archaeologists. Whilst the study of such landscapes is in its infancy, the availability of such information offers the possibility of transforming how we interpret traditional terrestrial data and its relationship to the larger European Mesolithic.

View PDF
Mapping Doggerland: the Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea

2007 •

Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch

View PDF

The palaeontological and archaeological finds from the bottom of the North Sea

Beyond bycatch. The prehistoric archaeology of Doggerland

2022 •

Marcel J L T Niekus, Dimitri Schiltmans

View PDF
Life in Doggerland - palynological investigations of the environment of prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies in the North Sea Basin

Sascha Krüger, Ole Bennike

Analyses of two vibrocores from the sea floor of the submerged Doggerland within the centre of the North Sea provide a record of late Pleistocene and early Holocene vegetation history. Based on two high-resolution pollen diagrams of basal peat, the vegetation development and past environmental conditions were studied. The diagrams show that the vegetation history of Doggerland corresponds to that of the north European Plain during the late glacial and early Holocene. The concentration of micro-charcoal was determined, but no traces of human activity were found.

View PDF

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 93 (1-2)

The southern North Sea and the human occupation of northwest Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum

2014 •

Hans Peeters

View PDF
2016: Rising waters and processes of diversification and unification in material culture – the flooding of Doggerland and its effect on NW European prehistoric populations between c. 13,000 and 1,500 cal BC

Torben Bjarke Ballin

View PDF
L.W.S.W. Amkreutz, M.J.L.Th. Niekus & B.I. Smit The catch of the day. Submerged stone age archaeology from the Dutch North Sea

Luc Amkreutz, Marcel J L T Niekus

View PDF
'The catch of the day'. Submerged stone age archaeology from the Dutch North Sea

Marcel J L T Niekus

L.W.S.W. Amkreutz1, M.J.L.Th. Niekus2 & B.I. Smit3 The catch of the day. Submerged stone age archaeology from the Dutch North Sea Over the past years research into the geology and prehistoric environments of the lost lands of the North Sea, also known as ‘Doggerland’, has intensified. New research techniques have increasingly documented the characteristics of landscape and ecology, ranging from the Glacial conditions of the Mammoth steppe to the eventual drowning of the North Sea Basin during the Early Holocene. This research was in fact initiated because of the many artefacts, faunal material and even human remains that were discovered in fishing nets and by sand and gravel dredging (Louwe Kooijmans 1970-1971; Verhart, 2004; Peeters et al., 2009; Peeters 2011). The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of finds which is largely due to several large scale infrastructural works / major civil engineering projects such as the ‘Maasvlakte 2’, an extension of the port at Rotterdam, and the ‘Zandmotor’ (Sand Engine) at the coast near The Hague. These locations and other ‘sites’ as well have produced hundreds of almost exclusively (Middle and Late) Palaeolithic and Mesolithic flint artefacts, around 1000 Mesolithic bone points, animal bones with cutmarks, human remains and so on. While occasional finds have made the headlights, such as the Neanderthal skull fragment named ‘Krijn’ (Hublin et al., 2009), it is these often small witnesses of human presence that are at the heart of archaeological research but have gradually slided into the background. It is often thought that these finds are of limited scientific value due to the lack of an environmental and archaeological context. In this presentation we will focus on the current state of research on the archaeology of the Dutch part of the North Sea. The emphasis will be on a broad overview of the material evidence from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation of ‘Doggerland’ and the perspectives these, in combination with other types of research (Van der Plicht et al., 2016), offer for understanding the Stone Age occupation of these lost lands. A few recent important discoveries will also be discussed. References: Hublin, J.J., D. Weston, P. Gunz, M. Richards, W. Roebroeks, J. Glimmerveen & L. Anthonis (2009). Out of the North Sea: the Zeeland Ridges Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution 57: 777-785. Louwe Kooijmans, L.P. (1970-1971). Mesolithic bone and antler implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 20–21: 27–73. Peeters, J.H.M. (2011). How wet can we get? Approaches to submerged prehistoric sites and landscapes on the Dutch continental shelf, in: J. Benjamin, C. Bonsall, C. Pickard & A. Fischer (eds.), Submerged Prehistory. Oxbow books, Oxford, pp. 55-64. Peeters, J.H.M., P. Murphy & N. Fleming (eds.) (2009). North Sea Prehistoric Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF). Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Amersfoort. Van der Plicht, J., L.W.S.W. Amkreutz, M.J.L.Th. Niekus, J.H.M. Peeters & B.I. Smit (2016). Surf'n Turf in Doggerland: Dating, stable isotopes and diet of Mesolithic human remains from the southern North Sea. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10: 110-118. Verhart, L.B.M. (2004). The implications of prehistoric finds on and off the Dutch coast. In: N.C. Flemming (ed.), Submarine prehistoric archaeology of the North Sea. Research priorities and collaboration with industry (= CBA Research Report 141). London, English Heritage/Council for British Archaeology, pp. 57–61. 1. National Museum of Antiquities, Papengracht 30, 2301 EC Leiden, The Netherlands 2. Stichting STONE/Foundation for Stone Age Research, c/o Lopendediep 28, 9712 NW Groningen, The Netherlands 3. Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Smallepad 5, 3811 MG Amersfoort, The Netherlands Fig.1. Mesolithic human remains from the North Sea (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden)

View PDF

Quaternary International

The earliest occupation of north-west Europe: a coastal perspective

2012 •

Wil Roebroeks, Kim M Cohen

View PDF
Book of Abstracts From the North Sea Lowlands to the Celtic Edge Celebrating Fifty Years of Mapping in the Dutch North Sea Sponsored by: Organized by: Preface Welcome to Utrecht! Fifty years ago, in 1969, Erno Oele and Cees Laban finalized a Quaternary geological map depicting the northern half of the Dutch North Sea. By combining seismic data and descriptions of about eighty vibrocores with analyses of palynomorphs, they were able to capture half a million years of geological history, from the Elsterian glaciation to the present. We have come a long way since then. Quaternary geological maps of the North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Sea summarize decades of intense marine surveying, laboratory work and drawing, and provide the context for research on topics ranging from ice-sheet configuration in the North Sea basin to terrigenous fluxes at the Celtic Margin. We have been able to answer some fundamental questions about the impact of growing and shrinking ice sheets on continental-scale drainage systems, the role of climate change in triggering extreme events, the defining influence of paleolandscapes on human migration and well-being, and commonalities between continental sedimentary and marine isotope records. Still, many challenges remain and important follow-up questions have arisen that can only be answered with new information and knowledge. Various interdisciplinary groups are currently intensifying their research on the shallow subsurface of the North Sea, English Channel and southern Celtic Sea, triggered in part by the availability of new seismic surveys and boreholes made to support large-scale offshore windfarm development. Aligning this work and planning joint expeditions is crucial to unravel a unique record of glacial and interglacial sediments and landforms on a scale covering entire drainage systems, marine basins, and past landscapes home to Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Man. It will help identify causes and effects of rapid environmental change, and shed light on the way early humans used the available natural resources. We invited Phil Gibbard, Natasha Barlow, Luc Amkreutz, Vera Van Lancker and Samuel Toucanne to anchor a program around glacial and interglacial records, climate and environmental reconstructions, drowned landscapes, seabed mapping and subsurface modeling, and equipment and methodology. We want to facilitate networking through an interactive program that includes keynotes, oral presentations, a poster session, and informal as well as plenary discussion sessions. To help you explore the city, a walking dinner will be served in one of Utrecht’s quayside restaurants along the main canal. We hope that our conference will be the start of a long-term and fruitful cooperation! We thank TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Flanders Marine Institute, the Dutch Research Council and the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands for sponsoring our conference, and the European Marine Board for providing copies of the position paper on Land Beneath the Waves. We wish you all an inspiring and enjoyable event! The organizing committee, Sytze van Heteren, Ina Vissinga-Schalkwijk, Tine Missiaen, Marc De Batist, Vince Gaffney and Gert-Jan Reichart Conference locations Important locations for this conference are shown on the maps below. The plenary sessions with oral presentations and posters are at Media Plaza, Croeselaan 6 in Utrecht (yellow arrow), which is very close to Utrecht Central Station (red arrow). On Tuesday night, the conference dinner will be hosted by Humphrey's Utrecht, Stadhuisbrug 3 in Utrecht. It is in the city center, about 2 km from Media Plaza. Organization North Sea to Celtic Edge Contact: • • info@northseatocelticedge.org https://northseatocelticedge.org Organizing Committee: • • • • • • dr. Sytze van Heteren (TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands, chair) Ina Vissinga-Schalkwijk (TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands, logistics) dr. Tine Missiaen (Flanders Marine Institute) prof. dr. Marc De Batist (Renard Centre for Marine Geology, Ghent University) prof. dr. Vincent Gaffney (University of Bradford) prof. dr. Gert-Jan Reichart (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University) Scientific Committee: • • • • dr. Freek Busschers (TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands, chair) dr. Fabien Paquet (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières) dr. Matthew Owen (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland) Garry Momber MSc. (Maritime Archaeology Trust) Final program November 18 12:00 Registration and lunch 13:00 Sytze van Heteren - Opening remarks and word of welcome to our special guest Cees Laban 13:05: Michiel van der Meulen - Fifty years of geological mapping in the Dutch North Sea 13:15 Phil Gibbard - The Quaternary evolution of the North Sea 13:45 Session 1 (Subsurface records; chair - Carol Cotterill) Dag Ottesen - The Quaternary North Sea Basin. Infill history and sedimentary processes (O) Stephen Eaton - Palaeogeographic change in response to glacial/interglacial cycles: Middle and Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the southern North Sea (O) Matthew Owen - Late Quaternary geological processes from the southeast Skagerrak – a transnational geological feature (O) Frank Wesselingh - On the origin of Late Quaternary arctic marine faunas: implications for landscape evolution in the southern North Sea Basin during the Late Pleistocene (O) Maikel De Clercq - The evolution of the Last Interglacial North Sea reconstructed using preserved wave- and tide-dominated paleo-estuarine infills on the Belgian Continental Shelf (O) 14:55 Coffee break and posters 15:20 Session 1 (Large-scale drainage; chair - Matthew Owen) Fabien Paquet - One network may hide others – toward a comprehensive scenario for Neogene superimposed valley networks along the English Channel (O) Sanjeev Gupta - Opening of the Dover Strait: Constraints on landscape evolution from high resolution sonars and sub-bottom data (O) David Garcia Moreno - Evolution of southern North Sea drainage systems during Middle-Late Pleistocene marine lowstands (O) Jörg Lang - The impact of Middle Pleistocene glacial lake-outburst floods on the meltwater-drainage system of northern central Europe (P1 - pitch by Jutta Winsemann) Alain Trentesaux - Fosse drilling needed (P2) Bart Meijninger - Anomalous buried scour hollows in the Dutch Borssele wind-farm site (P3) Maikel De Clercq - Glacial erratics on the Belgian Continental Shelf: analysis, origin and transportation mechanisms (P4) 16:25 Short break 16:35 Session 1 (Ice-marginal landforms and processes; chair - Katrine Andresen) Margaret Stewart - The tunnel valleys of the central and northern North Sea (56°N – 62°N): distribution, characteristics and generations (O) Arne Lohrberg - Paleolandscapes and ice-marginal subsurface landforms in the German sector of the southeastern North Sea imaged by closely spaced highresolution 2D multi-channel reflection seismics (O) Kirstin Johnson - Deposition of proglacial sediments along an active ice margin during the Last Glacial Maximum, Dogger Bank, southern central North Sea (O) Mattijs Vollenberg - The effect of boundary conditions on morphometric parameters of tunnel valleys in the North Sea (P5) Louise Callard - The last glacial cycle in the North Sea Basin: research highlights from the BRITICE-CHRONO project (P6) 17:30 Poster event (introduced and sponsored by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands) with snacks and drinks, information stands, break-out session to discuss white paper 19:00 End of program November 19 08:45 Session 1 (Ice-marginal tectonics and dynamics; chair - Louise Callard) Jutta Winsemann - Seismic interpretation and structural restoration of the Heligoland glaciotectonic thrust-fault complex: deformation during a pre-Elsterian ice advance into the southern North Sea Basin? (O) Volkhard Spiess - Glacial deformation in the eastern German North Sea – from shallow fracturing to large-scale thrusting (O) David Roberts - Ice marginal dynamics of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in the southern North Sea: ice limits, timing and the influence of the Dogger Bank (O) Emrys Phillips - Glacitectonic evidence of ice lobe interaction across Dogger Bank (southern central North Sea) during the Last Glacial Maximum (O) 09:45 Short break 09:55 Session 1 (Celtic Sea; chair - Louise Callard) Katrien Van Landeghem - The role of the Irish Sea Ice Stream in the palaeo-landscape evolution of the Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the shelf edge (O) Zsuzsanna Tóth - Geomorphological and seismostratigraphic evidence for multidirectional polyphase glaciation of the northern Celtic Sea (P7) 10:15 Natasha Barlow - The North Sea: a climatic and environmental archive 10:45 Coffee break and posters 11:10 Session 2 (Climate, sea level and vegetation; chair - Simon Fitch) Timme Donders - Land–sea coupling of early Pleistocene glacial cycles in the southern North Sea (O) Freek Busschers - Peat Hunt: the 2017 and 2018 RV Pelagia early Holocene sea-level cruises on the North Sea (O) Marc Hijma - SLIP Hunt: first paleo sea-level data from the 2017 and 2018 RV Pelagia Early Holocene sea-level cruises (O) Lutz Reinhardt - Relative sea-level change in northwest Europe and the southern North Sea during the Holocene: Determination of isostatic and (neo)tectonic subsidence in the German Bight (P8) Zicarlo van Aalderen - Post-glacial vegetation history of the Dogger Bank, North Sea using plant macrofossil analysis (P9) Wim Hoek - Towards integrated drowned landscape reconstructions of the North Sea (P10) Daniel Hepp - The Elbe Paleovalley and its tributaries: Late glacial to postglacial drainage system of the paleolandscape in today’s German Bight (North Sea) (P11) 12:15 Lunch and posters 13:15 Session 2 (Neotectonics and isostasy; chair - Vanessa Heyvaert) Sarah Louise Bradley - Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea level of north-west Europe (O) Ronald van Balen - Late Glacial surface rupturing earthquakes in the Roer Valley Rift System (O) 13:45 Session 2 (Eemian and Weichselian Early Glacial; chair - Vanessa Heyvaert) Kay Beets - New age and climate data from the Eemian sedimentary record in the Amsterdam Saalian glacial basin (O) Jeroen Schokker - Reconstructing Eemian to Early Weichselian coastal and shallowmarine environments in the Amersfoort glacial basin at the southern North Sea edge (O) Victor Cartelle - Tracing the Eemian: coastal response to Last Interglacial sea-level rise in the southern North Sea (O) 14:30 Coffee break and posters 14:55 Luc Amkreutz - Doggerland emerging: a survey of the archaeological potential of a vast prehistoric landscape 15:25 Session 3 (Paleolandscape reconstructions; chair - Alain Trentesaux) Carol Cotterill - Buried landscapes and the issue of seismic scale: A case study from Dogger Bank, southern North Sea (O) Samuel Griffiths - The significance of inferred Quaternary coastal and intertidal landscapes (O) Rachel Bynoe - Targeting submerged Pleistocene landscapes off Happisburgh, UK (O) Rachel Harding - Revealing the lost landscapes of Cardigan Bay, Wales: mapping the Holocene transgression using parametric echosounder data (O) Frieda Bogemans - High Tide – Low Tide. Bruges’ late-medieval harbor system as a maritime cultural landscape - an interdisciplinary research project (P13) 16:30 Short break 16:40 Session 3 (Context for artefacts and fossils; chair - Renée de Bruijn) Hans Vandendriessche - Out of Doggerland? Early Holocene climate change and the Mesolithic ‘Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt culture’ (O) Kim Cohen - Last Glacial river valleys of the Southern North Sea Basin: continuouscover context for spotty-cover finds and sites (O) Bjørn Smit - 'Peopling Doggerland' submerged stone age finds from the Dutch North Sea (P14) Tine Missiaen - The Scheur – a unique prehistoric fossil graveyard off the Belgian coast (P15) Bram Langeveld - Using citizen science to study fossil vertebrates from the North Sea (P30) 17:25 Session 3 (Advice and research agenda; chair - Renée de Bruijn) Hans Peeters - The North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Agenda 2019 (O) Katrine Juul Andresen - The geo-archaeological potential of the eastern North Sea – initial considerations based on existing geophysical data (P16) 17:45 Group photo 17:50 End of day 19:15 Conference dinner November 20 08:45 Vera Van Lancker - Transnational seabed mapping and subsurface modeling 09:15 Session 4 (New datasets and opportunities; chair - Marc De Batist) Niels Noergaard-Pedersen - Danish North Sea marine geological data as input for transnational large-scale projects (O) Menno Hofstra - High-resolution investigations of the shallow subsurface in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea for aiding the development of wind farm zones (O) Lars Kint - Geomorphological mapping of the Belgian seabed and its submerged landscapes (P17) Riccardo Arosio - A very high resolution geomorphological and habitat mapping investigation of the Northern Paleovalley, English Channel (La Manche) (P18) Sytze van Heteren - Hierarchies in geomorphological seabed mapping for multipurpose end use (P19) 10:00 Short break 10:10 Session 4 (Small- and large-scale mapping; chair - Fabien Paquet) Peter Vos - Mapping program of the coastal plain of the Netherlands (O) Simon Fitch - Lost Frontiers: Mapping and prospecting submerged Holocene landscapes (O) Maikel De Clercq - Geo-archaeological mapping of the Zeebrugge area, Belgium (P20) Marcel Bakker - Mapping the southernmost Weichselian ice margin on the Dutch shelf using multibeam bathymetry, sidescan backscatter and 3D seismics (P21 - pitch by Sytze van Heteren) Kay Koster - Coastal plain mapping for archaeological research: a new geological map of the cities of The Hague and Rijswijk (the Netherlands) (P22) 10:55 Coffee break and posters 11:20 Session 4 (Learning from maps and subsurface models; chair - Lutz Reinhardt) Jelte Stam - Construction of a transnational offshore sand-resource model for the southern North Sea area (O) Harm Jan Pierik - How tides and rivers shape levees and crevasses: Holocene overbank phases of the Old Rhine river, the Netherlands (O) Hanno Keil - Classification and mapping of small-scale ‚complex’ Pleistocene seismoacoustic facies in the Eastern North-Sea (P23) Harm Jan Pierik - How tidal ingressions along the North Sea grow and heal: impact of storms (P24) 12:00 Samuel Toucanne - Quaternary paleodrainage In NW Europe: a marine perspective 12:30 Lunch and posters 13:30 Session 5 (DNA, geochemistry and dating; chair - Marc Hijma) Roselyn Ware - Exploiting sedaDNA to trace the impact of the Storegga slide tsunami on the Doggerland paleolandscape (O) Eveline Altena - Resurfacing Doggerland genomes. Whole genome analysis of huntergatherer remains from Doggerland (O) Tanya Lippmann - The greenhouse gas emission potential of North Sea peat sediments (O) Rick Hennekam - Reconstructing environmental change in the North Sea using novel XRF-core-scanning methods (O) Jakob Wallinga - North Sea sediments in a new light - possibilities and limitations of luminescence dating (O) Vanessa Heyvaert - GEN-EX – Application of metagenomic analyses to extreme wave deposits in the Shetland Islands, UK (P25) 14:45 Short break 14:55 Session 5 (Seismics and granulometry; chair - Freek Busschers) Tine Missiaen - New developments in seismic techniques for archaeological prospection at sea (O) Seger van den Brenk - Buried channels revealed by magnetic data (O) Axel Muller - The Marine Prehistoric Sampler, new ways of survey on water (O) Hans van Hateren - Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (1): testing a new methodology (O) Unze van Buuren - Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (2): application to an active coastal dune system (P26) Maarten Prins - Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (3): application to a secondary tidal inlet system (P27) Stefan Carpentier - Recycling vintage geophysical and geological data for cost optimization of offshore wind farm design (P28) Jelte Stam - Reconstructing vintage seismic data for geological mapping of the Dutch North Sea sector (P29) 16:10 Coffee break and posters 16:35 Discussion about the way forward (chair - Sytze van Heteren) 17:15 Michiel van der Meulen - Wrap-up and actions 17:25 Vincent Gaffney - Closing remarks 17:30 End of conference List of posters with location as shown on floor plan Jörg Lang - The impact of Middle Pleistocene glacial lake-outburst floods on the meltwater-drainage system of northern central Europe (P1) Alain Trentesaux - Fosse drilling needed (P2) Bart Meijninger - Anomalous buried scour hollows in the Dutch Borssele wind-farm site (P3) Maikel De Clercq - Glacial erratics on the Belgian Continental Shelf: analysis, origin and transportation mechanisms (P4) Mattijs Vollenberg - The effect of boundary conditions on morphometric parameters of tunnel valleys in the North Sea (P5) Louise Callard - The last glacial cycle in the North Sea Basin: research highlights from the BRITICECHRONO project (P6) Zsuzsanna Tóth - Geomorphological and seismostratigraphic evidence for multidirectional polyphase glaciation of the northern Celtic Sea (P7) Lutz Reinhardt - Relative sea-level change in northwest Europe and the southern North Sea during the Holocene: Determination of isostatic and (neo)tectonic subsidence in the German Bight (P8) Zicarlo van Aalderen - Post-glacial vegetation history of the Dogger Bank, North Sea using plant macrofossil analysis (P9) Wim Hoek - Towards integrated drowned landscape reconstructions of the North Sea (P10) Daniel Hepp - The Elbe Paleovalley and its tributaries: Late glacial to postglacial drainage system of the paleolandscape in today’s German Bight (North Sea) (P11) Lieven Naudts - NewRV: A new multidisciplinary research vessel to replace the RV A962 Belgica (P12) Frieda Bogemans - High Tide – Low Tide. Bruges’ late-medieval harbor system as a maritime cultural landscape - an interdisciplinary research project (P13) Bjørn Smit - 'Peopling Doggerland' submerged stone age finds from the Dutch North Sea (P14) Tine Missiaen - The Scheur – a unique prehistoric fossil graveyard off the Belgian coast (P15) Katrine Juul Andresen - The geo-archaeological potential of the eastern North Sea – initial considerations based on existing geophysical data (P16) Lars Kint - Geomorphological mapping of the Belgian seabed and its submerged landscapes (P17) Riccardo Arosio - A very high resolution geomorphological and habitat mapping investigation of the Northern Paleovalley, English Channel (La Manche) (P18) Sytze van Heteren - Hierarchies in geomorphological seabed mapping for multi-purpose end use (P19) Maikel De Clercq - Geo-archaeological mapping of the Zeebrugge area, Belgium (P20) Marcel Bakker - Mapping the southernmost Weichselian ice margin on the Dutch shelf using multibeam bathymetry, sidescan backscatter and 3D seismics (P21) Kay Koster - Coastal plain mapping for archaeological research: a new geological map of the cities of The Hague and Rijswijk (the Netherlands) (P22) Hanno Keil - Classification and mapping of small-scale ‚complex’ Pleistocene seismoacoustic facies in the Eastern North-Sea (P23) Harm Jan Pierik - How tidal ingressions along the North Sea grow and heal: impact of storms (P24) Vanessa Heyvaert - GEN-EX – Application of metagenomic analyses to extreme wave deposits in the Shetland Islands, UK (P25) Unze van Buuren - Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (2): application to an active coastal dune system (P26) Maarten Prins - Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (3): application to a secondary tidal inlet system (P27) Stefan Carpentier - Recycling vintage geophysical and geological data for cost optimization of offshore wind farm design (P28) Jelte Stam - Reconstructing vintage seismic data for geological mapping of the Dutch North Sea sector (P29) Bram Langeveld - Using citizen science to study fossil vertebrates from the North Sea (P30) Peter Vos, Renée de Bruijn, Kay Koster - Mapping the Netherlands: the coastal plain (work in progress) (Map 1) Peter Vos, Renée de Bruijn, Kay Koster - Mapping the Netherlands: top Pleistocene (2015) (Map 2) Peter Vos, Renée de Bruijn, Kay Koster - Mapping the Netherlands: top Pleistocene (now) (Map 3) Abstracts of presentations in order of the conference program The Quaternary Evolution of the North Sea Philip Gibbard University of Cambridge The island of Britain is separated from the Continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. This talk will present some of major events that occurred to shape these seaways. Throughout the last 2-3 million years, the build up and decay of ice sheets on the continents have driven changes of global sea-level. For much of the Pleistocene, low global sea-levels exposed shallow areas, like the North Sea. Driven by climatic fluctuations, these sea-level changes resulted in cycles of emergence and submergence of the sea floor. Although there were earlier events, the first major extension of a continental-scale ice sheet into lowland regions occurred about 450 ka (Elsterian /Anglian Stage). Critically, this ice advanced across the emergent North Sea floor, blocking the northwards-flowing rivers and causing a glacial lake to develop in the basin south of the ice front. Once dammed, the water that continued flowing from much of western Europe’s rivers caused the lake level to rise. The substantial land barrier, the Weald– Artois Anticline, was eventually breached allowing the lake to drain to the ocean via the Channel River (fleuve Manche). The narrow waterway thus formed became the Dover Strait (Pas de Calais), linking the North Sea to the English Channel. The breaching of the ridge to form the Dover Strait was critical to the evolution of the North Sea and Channel from then on. The drainage of the lake forced the rivers Thames and Scheldt through the new Dover Strait into the Channel River. The system continued to evolve for the next 200 000 y, but events climaxed some 160 000 y ago when the major Saalian / Wolstonian continental-scale glaciation occurred. Recent research demonstrates that in the central Netherlands the Rhine and Meuse (Maas) were forced to flow SW into a second ice-marginal lake. This lake also spilled through the Dover Straits, the resulting megafloods enlarging the gap; during high sea-level periods Britain would henceforth be an island. The implications of such striking geographical changes for plant and animal (including human) migration are profound, resulting, among other things, in the impoverishment of the British flora and fauna during warm periods like today, but providing a major routeway during glacial periods. In addition, the virtually instantaneous release of huge volumes of freshwater from the megafloods into the Atlantic Ocean could have triggered changes in oceanic circulation which, in turn, could have affected the climate of the whole North Atlantic region. The Quaternary North Sea Basin: infill history and sedimentary processes Dag Ottesen1, Christine Batchelor2, Julian Dowdeswell3, Helge Løseth4 1 Geological Survey of Norway; 2Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 3University of Cambridge; 4Equinor Based on a large database of regional 2D seismic lines, we have mapped the Base of the Quaternary of the entire North Sea Basin between 52°N and 62°N. In addition several internal reflectors of the Quaternary sequence have been mapped so the infill history of the basin during the last 3 million years can be shown. The infill processes of the northern basin and the central and southern basin were very different. The southern and central basin were filled in by a large deltaic unit mainly from southeast, east and northeast by large rivers from northern Germany, Poland and the Baltic area as well as from southern Norway and Sweden. Most of the southern basin was filled in by 1.5 Ma. The remaining central basin were then filled in by c. 1.0 Ma., The northern North Sea basin (north of 59°N) was filled in by glacigenic debris flows deposited by an ice sheet covering most of Norway and parts of Sweden. These sediments are part of a 1000-km long progradational system extending from Stavanger in southwestern Norway (59°N) to the Lofoten area (68°N) in northern Norway. The ice sheet built out the shelf outside western Norway up to 150 km from c. 2.75 Ma with sediment thicknesses up to 1500 m. After the northern North Sea basin was filled in by sediments around 1 million years ago, the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream started to operate and carved out the 800-km long and 100 km wide Norwegian Channel during the last few glaciations. Palaeogeographic change in response to glacial/interglacial cycles: Middle and Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the southern North Sea Stephen Eaton1, David Hodgson1, Natasha Barlow1, Estelle Mortimer1, Claire Mellett2 1 University of Leeds; 2Wessex Archaeology The Middle to Late Pleistocene (MIS19 to MIS2) period is characterised by considerable global climatic instability, with repeated cycles of glaciation and high amplitude relative sea-level changes. Recently acquired industrial quality high resolution seismic, core and geotechnical data from the southern North Sea form a valuable archive of mid-latitude palaeogeographic change during this period. Three major stratigraphic units have been identified using seismic mapping, seismic facies analysis, core logging and interpretation of cone penetration test (CPT) data. The lowermost stratigraphic unit (approximately MIS 19 to MIS 13) is predominantly fluviatile and overlies the marine deltaic successions characterising the Early Pleistocene. Channel-fills within this unit are orientated approximately north-south and northeast-southwest, and display variable channel fill architecture, and provide direct evidence for large-scale Middle Pleistocene fluvial networks North of 52° in the southern North Sea. These fluvial networks are interpreted to be a consequence of the evolution and increasing influence of mainland European and British river systems in response to climatic changes. A series of north-south trending tunnel valley-fills, provide evidence for subglacial conditions at this location, and are thought to have formed during the Anglian Stage glaciation (MIS12). There appears to be a sedimentary hiatus with sediments from MIS 5d and 4 then dominating the survey area. These deposits are predominantly sheet-like and composed of silts and clays with indications of iron sulphide and marine shells supporting a low energy, restricted marine environment. Dune-scale bedforms and variation in the geomechanical properties (CPT) of the fill provide evidence for changes in the rate of relative sea-level fall and the evolution of a dynamic and complex coastal landscape during this time. Analysis and interpretation of the southern North Sea Quaternary stratigraphy using this high resolution dataset provides critical information informing ice sheet extent, landscape response to glacial/interglacial cycles and sea-level fluctuations. Late Quaternary geological processes from the southeast Skagerrak – a transnational geological feature Matthew Owen1, Nicky Witt1, Paul Knutz1, Katrine Andresen2, Jørgen O. Leth1, Zyad Al-Hamdani1 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland; 2Aarhus University The Skagerrak has been a vital component of the northwest European geo-system since its formation during the Quaternary glaciations. During glacial periods it acts as a major ice stream for the Fennoscandian ice sheet and during interglacials it is the deepest element of the North Sea and a major sediment sink. The Skagerrak is also an interesting case of a feature cut by national boundaries, with significant portions located in the Norwegian, Swedish and Danish Exclusive Economic Zones. These boundaries are clearly visible on the area’s bathymetric map with the Danish sector notable for lower resolution data. We begin to address this knowledge gap using high-resolution marine geophysical data to interpret a large area in the southeast Skagerrak. We map a number of different geological features that are diagnostic of different stages of the area's late Quaternary evolution. These include deeper water seabed features such as contourite waves, eroded ridges and pockmarks; as well as a glacial surface that is buried by up to 50 m of post-glacial material, and several stratigraphic units that are truncated. In shallower waters, uplifted outcropping units show variation in strike from northeast to southeast. These features provide evidence of different bottom current regimes operating in glacial and interglacial periods. These different regimes are driven by the switch in the Skagerrak's situation from a glacial embayment to a deep-water trough in the North Sea and reflect the changing oceanographic circulation from glacial, to early Holocene and, following the initiation of the Jutland Current, the mid to late Holocene. On the origin of Late Quaternary arctic marine faunas: implications for landscape evolution in the southern North Sea Basin during the Late Pleistocene Frank Wesselingh1, Freek Busschers2, Bram Langeveld3, Sytze van Heteren2, Thijs van Kolfschoten4, Erica van Hees5, Wim Kuijper1, Tom Meijer1, Gareth Davies6 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden; 2TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 3Natural History Museum Rotterdam; 4Leiden University; 5Archol Leiden; 6VU University Amsterdam 1 Arctic marine fossils such as Walrus, Beluga and cold mollusk species are well known from the southern North Sea Basin, collected by fisherman and from dredge spoils and coastal sand nourishments. Yet their stratigraphic position and depositional context remain hitherto poorly understood. Radiocarbon ages for the arctic marine mammal remains indicate a late MIS3 age but the necessary associated submergence of the North Sea is in disagreement with the prevailing view of low global sea levels at the time. Likely, the 14C ages are ghost ages resulting from bacterial diagenesis. The presence of two in situ high-boreal to arctic mollusk faunas, one from the Oyster Grounds and one from subaquatic sand pits used for the construction of latest Rotterdam Harbor extension (Maasvlakte II), suggest that multiple arctic marine intervals occurred during MIS5 and, potentially, during early MIS3. We report initial age estimates for these cold intervals based on a combination of OSL datings, a Uranium series age and regional correlations. These marine phases, which need to be corroborated by further research, are crucial to understand the overall evolution and preservation of North Sea landscapes during the Late Quaternary. Locality of Late Pleistocene cold boreal and arctic marine faunas from the southern North Sea. The evolution of the Last Interglacial North Sea reconstructed using preserved wave- and tide-dominated paleo-estuarine infills on the Belgian continental shelf Maikel De Clercq1,2, David García-Moreno3, Tine Missiaen4, Mieke Mathys5, Marc De Batist1 Ghent University; 2Jan De Nul; 3RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 4Flanders Marine Institute; 5 IMDC 1 The relatively smooth morphology of the Southern North Sea (SNS) shelf is greatly influenced by Late Pleistocene eustatic sea-level changes. Over this period, relatively small sea-level variations potentially caused kilometres of shoreline displacements and left behind a fragmentary sedimentary record that can be used for reconstructing submerged paleolandscapes. The Last Interglacial sea-level rise in the SNS is probably one of the best studied Pleistocene sea-level changes and is featured in many Last Interglacial sea level and glacio-isostasy studies. Its reconstruction is mainly based on sedimentary contacts in near-coastal and estuarine deposits preserved within incised valley systems close to the present coastline, which provide detailed information about the final stages of the sealevel rise and the subsequent high-stand. Sedimentary evidence of the early stages of the transgression, however, are rare in the SNS. These early transgressive sediments provide important clues to understand the drowning history of the SNS immediately after deglaciation and its impact on the biosphere and human migration routes across drowning landmasses prior to final inundation. The Palaeo-Scheldt Valley (PSV) on the Belgian shelf extends from the present-day onshore Flemish Valley downstream to the submerged Axial Channel trunk valley. After the Last Interglacial inundation of the Axial Channel the lower reaches of the PSV transformed into a wave-dominated estuary. Here, the typical central basin clays are preserved. The continued sea-level rise rapidly transgressed the Belgian shelf. In its upper reaches, close to the present-day shoreline, the PSV has the typical funnel-shaped morphology and tide-dominated sandy sedimentary sequences (comparable to the present-day Western Scheldt). Pollen analysis and OSL-dating across the PSV suggest that the transition from a shallow embayment to a macrotidal epeiric sea must have occurred at the transition of the EarlyMiddle part of the Last Interglacial. One network may hide others – toward a comprehensive scenario for Neogene superimposed valley networks along the English Channel Fabien Paquet, Isabel Thinon, Eric Lasseur, Justine Briais BRGM – French Geological Survey The English Channel has been an area of intense geological investigation for decades, spanning various subjects such as structural and basin evolution between variscan and alpine orogenic cycles or sediment transport over a wide platform under tidal and storm currents. Among these subjects, one specific and noticeable feature of the English Channel is the occurrence of a complex network of channels with clear morphological expression at the seabed. Since the beginning of the 20th century, and more pragmatically since the 1970s and the development of high-resolution seismic acquisition, this network has been the focus of several studies that proposed various scenarii for its origin and age. The existence of two superimposed networks had already been proposed in the late 70’s by Alduc. Since 2007, in the framework of the geological mapping of the French continental shelf, BRGM and collaborators (University of Caen Basse-Normandie/UMR M2C; University of Lille 1/UMR LOG,…) acquired a dense grid of very high resolution marine seismic data. Interpretation of these data (i) confirms that several networks are superimposed, and (ii) details the real complexity and discontinuity of the older network(s) associated to the “Fosses de la Manche” system. Finally, thanks to high quality oil exploration seismic data, we were able to reveal a local unexpected increase of bedrock incision and associated sedimentary fill up to c. 350 m. These observations and subsequent implications for networks origin (fluvial or tidal) and development are discussed with respect to regional geological settings and controlling parameters. Their significance in terms of source-to-sink features is a key aspect as the English Channel is certainly an important zone of sediment transfer during Neogene, collecting from a large catchment and delivering to Western Approaches, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay abyssal plains. Drilling selected targets to provide groundtruthing now sounds like the obvious step. Opening of the Dover Strait: Constraints on landscape evolution from high resolution sonars and sub-bottom data Sanjeev Gupta1, Jenny S. Collier1, David García-Moreno2, Francesca Oggioni1, Kris Vanneste3, Alain Trentesaux4, Koen Verbeeck3, Wim Versteeg5, Hervé Jomard6, Thierry Camelbeeck3, Marc De Batist2 1 Imperial College London; 2Ghent University; 3Royal Observatory of Belgium; 4University of Lille; 5 Flanders Marine Institute; 6French Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety Institute Our understanding of the late Quaternary evolution of the English Channel has significantly advanced in the past 10-15 years, primarily through the results of new marine surveys. Here, we summarise the results of recent collaborative efforts using high-resolution sonar-derived bathymetry and seismic reflection data to understand the inception of the Strait of Dover and its implications for NW European palaeogeographic evolution. Prominent landforms, either buried or preserved at the seafloor, provide important constraints on the processes that led to the opening and present-day configuration of the Dover Strait. Sub-bottom records in the Strait reveal erosional landforms, the Fosse Dangeard, which form a remarkable set of isolated, sediment-infilled depressions that are deeply incised into bedrock. They consist of several interconnected palaeo-depressions that are sub-circular to elliptical in planform, <4 kilometres in diameter and up to 100 m in depth. These features are clustered along the projected trend of the onshore Chalk escarpment that likely extended from Britain to France and we interpret as giant plunge pools formed by vertical drilling into bedrock by waterfalls plunging over the escarpment lip. The morphology and spatial distribution of the Fosses Dangeard strongly suggest that they arise by plunge pool erosion generated at the base of north-eastward retreating waterfalls. Their infills comprise internal erosional surfaces that provide evidence for the occurrence of several erosional episodes following their initial incision. The Fosse Dangeard represent an excellent target for future drilling to constrain the detailed processes, palaeoenvironments and chronology of the evolution of drainage systems in NW Europe. The modern submarine landscape in the region is dominated by the Lobourg Channel, a prominent bedrock-carved valley that cuts across the Strait. We discuss the various hypotheses for the origin of these distinct landforms and consider their implications for the evolution of the North Sea-Channel palaeodrainage system. Evolution of southern North Sea drainage systems during Middle-Late Pleistocene marine lowstands David García-Moreno1, Maikel De Clercq2,3, Vasileios Chademenos2, Tine Missiaen4, Marc De Batist2 RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 2Ghent University; 3Jan De Nul; 4Flanders Marine Institute 1 During Middle-Late Pleistocene glaciations, the sea level dropped, exposing large parts of the currently submerged North Sea and English Channel areas for thousands of years. Therefore, north-western European drainage systems extended across these areas, forming river systems and lakes. Reconstructions of the southern North Sea palaeodrainage systems are mainly based on the study of on-land palaeovalleys and a prominent palaeovalley system carved along the English Channel. However, the continuation of the Channel palaeovalleys across the southern North Sea and their connection with Middle-Late Pleistocene north European palaeodrainage systems are largely unknown. The present study aims to better characterise the drainage systems that traversed the southern North Sea area during Middle-Late Pleistocene marine lowstands by mapping and analysing the morphologies and interrelationships of the palaeovalleys carved into its seafloor. To do so, we have gathered an extensive geophysical dataset from the Belgian and British Continental shelves. The analysis of the geophysical data shows that the Rhine-Meuse and Thames palaeovalleys converge into a major NE-SW-oriented palaeochannel (i.e., the Axial-Lobourg Channel), which connects the southern North Sea basin to the Channel palaeovalleys. Our investigation has also revealed the occurrence of several major valley incisions and watercourse migrations along these palaeovalleys. This corroborates the occurrence of multiple reactivations of the southern North Sea drainage system during the various Middle-Late Pleistocene lowstands. The most recent of these carved a prominent NNE–SSW-oriented inner channel within the Axial–Lobourg Channel, the morphology of which has been associated with the occurrence of megaflood events in the Dover Strait. The orientation and extent of this inner channel suggest that the intense fluvial/flood erosion that carved it may be linked to the south-westward diversion of northern Dutch and German palaeo-rivers during the Last Glacial Maximum. The impact of Middle Pleistocene glacial lake-outburst floods on the meltwater-drainage system of northern central Europe Jörg Lang1, Petteri Alho2, Elina Kasvi2, Nils Goseberg3, Jutta Winsemann1 1 Leibniz University Hannover; 2University of Turku; 3TU Braunschweig During the Middle Pleistocene glaciations numerous ice-dammed lakes formed along the southwestern margin of the Fennoscandian ice sheets. The repeated lake-outburst floods from these lakes strongly impacted the meltwater-drainage systems and the post-glacial fluvial evolution in northern Central Europe by providing an efficient drainage network, although these ice-dammed lakes were comparatively small. During ice-margin retreat, the glacial lakes successively drained westwards. While the proximal lake-outburst flood pathways are comparatively well constrained by erosional features like deep plunge pools, trench-like channels, megaflutes, scour pools and streamlined hills, the distal flood pathways into the southern North Sea Basin are more uncertain. In the distal flood areas, the flood waves rapidly spread out and the flows decelerated. Flow simulations imply that the floods followed approximately east-west to south-east to north-west trending routes through the central and northern Netherlands into the North Sea Basin (Winsemann et al., 2016; Lang et al., 2019). However, the use of the present-day DEM for flow simulations might affect the modelled flood routing and inundation area, because it does not entirely represent the pre-flood topography. When the glacial lake-outburst floods entered the North Sea Basin, the added volume of water may have raised the lake-level of the North Sea Lake and contributed to the overspill, dam break and drainage of the North Sea Lake via the Strait of Dover. References: Winsemann, J, Alho, P., Laamanen, L., Goseberg, N., Lang, J. & Klostermann, J. (2016): Flow dynamics, sedimentation and erosion of glacial lake outburst floods along the Middle Pleistocene Scandinavian ice sheet (northern Central Europe). Boreas, 45,260-283. Lang, J., Alho, P., Kasvi, E., Goseberg, N. & Winsemann, J. (2019): Impact of Middle Pleistocene (Saalian) glacial lake-outburst floods on the meltwater-drainage pathways in northern central Europe: insights from 2D numerical flood simulation. Quaternary Science Reviews 209, 82-99. Fosse drilling needed Alain Trentesaux, Delphine Buguet, Jean-Yves Reynaud University of Lille Understanding the opening of Dover Strait is a fascinating challenge, that requires renewed research on the stratigraphic “black boxes” of the Quaternary of the Southern North Sea to the Western Approaches of the English Channel. From high-resolution seismic profiles, the best candidates are the large deep troughs known as the “Fosses Dangeard” located between Calais and Dover. Little lithological information is available on their infill. Long coring (61.2 m) was performed prior the Channel tunnel digging operations in the mid 70’s, that delivered microfauna and pollens within the first 58.8 m of soft sediments. These deposits indicate that shallow marine (possibly estuarine), coldwater conditions prevailed before the very early post-Glacial. In the 2000’s, vibrocores at the surface of these deeps were performed. Only one was able to crosscut the cobble pavement that covers the seabed in the strait. It is 95 cm long and presents well-laminated silty clays, with varying amount of nannofossil-rich ooze. XRD analyses indicate a lithology not much different from most other upper Quaternary deposits from the southern North Sea or Eastern English Channel. The cobble lag is likely related, as in most other places of the English Channel, to a transgressive lag while the laminated muds are tentatively interpreted as glacio-lacustrine varves. These results can be put in perspective of seismic studies of other deeps of the English Channel, namely the Hurd Deep where proglacial fluviolacustrine deltas might be preserved. There is a rising idea that the Fosses Dangeard could be giant plunge pools (jökulhlaups), which is supported by the complex 3D cut-and-fill architecture that was shown by the more detailed seismic profiles collected in the 2000’s. However, a much deeper coring is now required to get the complete picture, and especially to refine the timing of this multistorey record of the Geological Brexit. Closeup view of the CM-02-03-01 core (scale in cm from sea floor). Anomalous buried scour hollows in the Borssele wind farm site Bart Meijninger TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands With the development of the Dutch Borssele wind farm offshore, a wealth of geological, geotechnical and geophysical data from reconnaissance surveys has become available to the public. This presents a unique opportunity for scientists: the high-quality dataset provides a detailed insight into the seafloor dynamics and unravels the Quaternary, Neogene and Paleogene stratigraphy of the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Several distinct sediment-infilled depressions were identified from the 2015 survey data of the Borssele wind farm and interpreted as buried scour hollows. Their occurrence in the subsurface was till now not known in this part the North Sea. The scour hollows in the Borssele wind farm have asymmetric funnel-shaped forms and incised up to 50 m deep into the underlying Neogene-Paleogene strata. A borehole was drilled in the center of one of these scour hollows and several samples were acquired from its sediment infill. The sediments comprised mostly sand. Palynological analysis of two clay samples from the base of the scour hollow indicated reworked Neogene-Paleogene assemblages, but did not reveal a clear age of this feature. Given the stratigraphic position of the scour hollow with respect to the units above and below a Pleistocene age (possibly Eemian to Weichselian) is assumed. Similar sediment-infilled depressions have been identified further south in the Southern Bight (offshore Belgium) and in the Strait of Dover, as well as onshore in the area of London (e.g. Liu et al., 1993; Banks et al., 2015; Gupta et al., 2017). The age and origin of these depressions is subject to ongoing discussion. In general, the depressions appear to be located within paleo-fluvial channels, hence a fluvial origin is assumed. The geomorphology (reflecting competence of the underlying dipping strata) and subsurface conditions, such as ground water flow and permafrost, may also have played a role in their development. The depressions have been interpreted as plunge pools related to large scale drainage possibly from a proglacial lake in the Southern North Sea during one or multiple events in the Pleistocene (Collier, 2017: an ice-age catastrophic megaflood?). Another hypothesis is that the depressions have formed by tidal scouring (Liu et al., 1993). With thanks to Ørsted, TNO-GDN received sample material from this borehole to further investigate the age and origin of the scour hollows in its context of the regional geology and paleogeomorphology. Glacial erratics on the Belgian Continental Shelf: analysis, origin and transportation mechanisms Maikel De Clercq1,2, David García-Moreno3, Tine Missiaen4, Marc De Batist1 Ghent University; 2Jan De Nul; 3RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 4Flanders Marine Institute 1 Scattered on a submerged Late Saalian river terrace on the Belgian shelf lies a unique collection of erratic clasts ranging from several centimetres to three meters in diameter. Petrographic analysis of these clasts determined a Scottish Grampian Highland and British East Coast provenance. The recurrent occupation of the British Ice Sheet since the Middle Pleistocene has transported a heterogeneous collection of bedrock material along the western margins of the North Sea and deposited them as moraines. During the Last Glacial it is hypothesised that a proglacial lake, enclosed by the British and Scandinavian Ice Sheets, existed in the Southern North Sea from 26 to 18.7 ka. We hypothesise that during the final deglaciation lake-level variations from meltwater input and ice-front destabilisation initiated ice calving releasing icebergs carrying scoured bedrock material into this lake. The meltwater input and disturbance of the lake by calving initiated several discharge events into the Atlantic Ocean through the Axial and English Channels. At the downstream Bay of Biscay, five such large-scale freshwater discharge events were recorded and dated between 30.7 and 16.7 ka (Toucanne et al., 2015). Three of them occur during the lifespan of the proglacial lake. We infer that during drainage the icebergs released into the lake were transported downstream through the Axial Channel towards the Dover Strait. On the Belgian shelf the maximum width of the Axial Channel extends up to a higher positioned Late Saalian terrace located at c. -35 m LAT. Here, the terrace bends westwards into a position nearly perpendicular to the discharge direction. Upon discharge, the higher floodplain flooded by the lake discharge thereby grounding the icebergs. When the stranded icebergs melted, they released the scoured material that the British Ice Sheet picked up from the parent bedrock and moraines leaving them scattered far from their parent rocks. The tunnel valleys of the central and northern North Sea (56°N – 62°N): Distribution, Characteristics and Generations Margaret Stewart1, Dag Ottesen2, Marco Bronner2, Christine Batchelor2 1 British Geological Survey; 2Geological Survey of Norway Tunnel valleys are km-scale linear landforms formed subglacially beneath large ice sheets. In the British and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea, offshore tunnel valleys are associated with multiple Quaternary glaciations. In this study, we use 2D and 3D seismic reflection data, and magnetic data, to map more than a thousand buried tunnel valleys in the central and northern North Sea. The tunnel valleys are generally present from the seabed to depths of around 500 metres, in a study area of 180 000 km2 from 56°N to around 62°N. Buried tunnel valleys are well-imaged in seismic reflection data, particularly in horizontal timeslices in 3D seismic data. In magnetic data, the tunnel valleys appear as small scale magnetic lows, likely due to their infill being less compacted and potentially more porous than the surroundings. This work provides the most extensive study of tunnel valleys in the region to date, and also finds the longest tunnel valley recorded in the region, with a number of large meandering tunnel valleys extending for more than 150 km. We also find tunnel valleys further north in the North Sea than previously reported, as well as a number of isolated tunnel valleys extending towards and into the Norwegian Channel. As reported by other studies in the region, the apparently extensive networks of buried valleys are found to be comprised of cross-cutting generations. In four study areas, we find between 3 and 6 generations, and relate them to potential ice sheet configurations. Tunnel valley density in the central and northern North Sea. Paleolandscapes and ice-marginal subsurface landforms in the German sector of the southeastern North Sea imaged by closely spaced high-resolution 2D multi-channel reflection seismics Arne Lohrberg, Sebastian Krastel, Tim Willems, Gianna Persichini, Klaus Schwarzer Kiel University Ice sheet dynamics and ice margins in the southeastern North Sea are still poorly constrained, mainly due to the lack of high-resolution seismic data. We collected approx. 1000 km of 2D high-resolution multi-channel reflection seismic data close to Germany's west coast between the Amrum bank and the Eider valley in summer 2017 as part of the project Nordfriesland-Süd in order to map and analyze the shelf architecture. Despite a small acoustic source (Micro-GI Gun primary volume 0.1 l) and a sandy shallow seafloor, penetration exceeds 350 meters below seafloor (mbsf) with a resolution in the meter range. The dense grid of high-resolution seismic data allowed us to identify and trace multiple generations of tunnel valleys incised under an ice sheet that covered our survey area during glaciations. Deep buried tunnel valleys (>2.5 km wide, >200 mbsf deep) incised into inclined Neogene and Paleogene strata, which have been deformed by salt tectonics. We found an extensive set of glacial push moraines stacked to form an imbricate fan, documenting a highly dynamic ice sheet margin. These massive thrust features point northwest and westwards. They are imaged on top of undisturbed deeper strata, thus forming a perfect décollement. A dominant westward updipping erosional surface intersected by tunnel valleys is found in the shallow subsurface (20 - 70 mbsf) in the central to eastern part of the survey area; it was most likely formed during a pre-Weichselian glacial advance. Its western limit indicates the most westwards extent of the ice sheet. The identified features document the glacial history of this area and allow us to infer models for its highly dynamic glacial history. Combining the findings leads us to believe that the data document an arcuate ice lobe that advanced over the survey area during several glaciation and deglaciation cycles. Deposition of proglacial sediments along an active ice margin during the Last Glacial Maximum, Dogger Bank, southern central North Sea Kirstin Johnson1, Emrys Phillips1, Carol Cotterill1, Leo James2 1 British Geological Survey, 2RPS Energy Ltd High-resolution seismic data from the Dogger Bank in the southern central North Sea has revealed that the Dogger Bank Formation records a complex history of ice-marginal to proglacial sedimentation and penecontemporaneous, large-scale, glacitectonic deformation during the Last Glacial Maximum. The study site presented here is located along the margin of the Weichselian British and Irish Ice Sheet and Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The resulting glacigenic landsystem and sedimentary sequences reveal the presence of a number of sedimentological features including meltwater channels, outwash fans and plains, desiccation surfaces and lacustrine systems, as well as a plethora of glacitectonic arcuate thrust-block moraines. Here we focus on the development of the meltwater channel systems, outwash flood sheets and fan systems which formed during the northward retreat of the ice sheet across Dogger Bank. The fans are up to 2.5km wide and comprise sediment packages (50m thick) with inclined reflectors. They are interpreted as forming an ice marginal apron system occupying a low lying sedimentary basin formed between the larger, higher relief moraines located within the southern margin of the Dogger Bank. Large channels up to 1km wide and between 30m and 70m deep have been identified incised into a thick (40m) sequence of outwash sediments. These sediments exhibit varying degrees of deformation, linked to a history of active retreat of the ice margin. The complex internal architecture of the channels indicate that they record several periods of sedimentation separated by prominent erosive surfaces. Desiccation surfaces are preserved within both the channels and laterally extensive outwash plains, indicating several periods of intense periglacial weathering (drying, alteration) occurred during deglaciation. This sedimentary assemblage therefore records a complex history of deposition, meltwater release and channel incision separated by phases of periglacial weathering and glacitectonic deformation during the Weichselian deglaciation of the Dogger Bank. The effect of boundary conditions on morphometric parameters of tunnel valleys in the North Sea Mattijs Vollenberg1,2, Fiammetta Mondino1, Andrea Moscariello2 1 Geneva Earth Resources SA; 2University of Geneva The seabed of the shallow epicontinental North Sea has been sculpted by multiple glacial phases during the late Pleistocene, leaving behind a large amount of tunnel valleys. Although many studies aimed to map these erosional features, only a few focussed on collecting and analysing their morphological properties. Through a literature revue, existing data were gathered and collected in a database, aiming to analyse and determine the interdependency between morphometric aspects, such as length, depth, width, density and spacing. Parallelly, more than 1000 tunnel valleys were analysed to determine the effect of diverse boundary conditions (faults, geology, salt diapirs, ice-sheet orientation) on morphometrical and geographical parameters. Preliminary results show that although the length doesn’t present any correlation with any other parameter, width and depth of tunnel valleys seems to be strongly interdependent. Regarding the boundary conditions, half of the tunnel valleys are parallel to the regional structural trends in the North-Western North Sea. Fault presence however seems to have no impact on the length of the features. Concerning geology, differences in lithology show the impact of erodibility, mainly controlled by grain size, density and cohesiveness. Tunnel valleys in the Neogene shales are less parallel to the faults, shorter, less dense and less spaced than tunnel valleys in the Paleogene sandstones. In conclusion, the screening work carried out to date indicates that all these factors have a certain degree of influence on tunnel valleys and none of these alone can be indicated as the main predisposing condition and driving factor controlling the formation of tunnel valleys. The examination of the available data rather suggests that most likely other factors should be considered such as glaciological parameters i.e. ice thickness variation, pressure gradient and flow properties of subglacial meltwater and its drainage network organization, as well as the geomechanic properties of the bedrock and the influence of changes of them trough time and space during alternations of temperature values (e.g. freezing vs thawing) and pressure (grounding vs detachment) at the interface ice-bedrock. The examination of all of them therefore may help in discerning which ones are likely to be the driving mechanisms controlling the genesis and resulting morphometric parameters of tunnel valleys. Overview map of the North Sea presenting tunnel valleys, faults, geology, glaciation limits and ice vectors. These data have been compiled from Huuse (2000), Boulton & Hagdorn (2006), and The Millenium Atlas. The last glacial cycle in the North Sea Basin: research highlights from the BRITICE-CHRONO project Louise Callard1, David Roberts2, David Evans2, Chris Clark3, Colm O'Cofaigh2, Heather Stewart4, Dayton Dove4, Elena Grimoldi2, Mark Bateman3, Richard Chiverrell5, BRITICE-CHRONO consortium3 1 Newcastle University; 2Durham University; 3University of Sheffield; 4British Geological Survey; 5 University of Liverpool Over the past 6 years researchers on the BRITICE-CHRONO consortium project have being working towards constraining the timing and pattern of retreat of the last British-Irish Ice sheet (BIIS). During this time, a systematic dating programme focusing on eight transects spanning the marine to terrestrial transition has added 639 geochronometric ages that further constrain the BIIS. Of the eight regions studied, the largest was the North Sea Basin (NSB), known as Transect 2. This region is particular complex as it was overrun at various times by both the BIIS and the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) during the last glacial cycle resulting in periods of ice sheet coalescence, decoupling, marine inundation and the turning on and off of individual ice streams. In 2015, over 3500 km of marine seismic data and 85 vibrocores were collected on board the RV James Cook, research cruise JC123. Since then, 36 radiocarbon dates and 7 OSL samples from cores collect offshore, combined with OSL dating from onshore, provides a NSB-wide glacial and deglacial stratigraphic and chronological history as well as evidence of past sea-level change in the region. This contribution provides an overview and research highlights of the work conducted in the NSB by BRITICE-CHRONO. However, there are still unanswered questions and uncertainties in the glacialdeglacial history of the NSB that warrant further investigation. Seismic interpretation and structural restoration of the Heligoland glaciotectonic thrust-fault complex: deformation during a pre-Elsterian ice advance into the southern North Sea Basin? Jutta Winsemann1, Hannes Koopmann2, David C. Tanner1, Rüdiger Lutz3, Jörg Lang1, Christian Brandes1, Christoph Gaedicke3 1 Leibniz University Hannover; 2COWI A/S Velje; 3German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources The Heligoland glaciotectonic thrust-fault complex forms part of a large belt of glaciotectonic complexes that stretches from offshore Denmark via northern Germany to Poland. Multi-channel high-resolution 2D seismic reflection data, acquired north of Heligoland, show a huge thrust-fault complex in the upper 300 ms TWT (ca. 240 m) of the seismic data. This thrust-fault complex consists of Neogene and Pleistocene sediments and covers an area of 350 km². The total length of the glaciotectonic thrust complex is approximately 15 km. The thrust faults share a common detachment surface, located at a depth of 250 to 300 ms (TWT) (ca. 200-240 m) below sea level, at the base of upper Middle Miocene or Upper Miocene deposits, above the Mid-Miocene Unconformity (MMU). Restored sections reveal the shortening of the complex along the detachment to have been on average 23%. The detachment surface may either indicate a pronounced intra-formational rheological boundary (e.g., clay or an extensive sand sheet with overpressurized pore water) or the depth of permafrost and the boundary between frozen and unfrozen sediment. The determined ice movement direction from east-southeast to southeast suggests deformation by a surging ice lobe or fast moving ice-stream from the Baltic region. The chronospatial relationship of the thrust-fault complex and adjacent Elsterian tunnel valleys implies a pre- or early Elsterian age of the glaciotectonic complex. A second deformation phase probably occurred during the Warthe (1) ice advance. During this advance, the Elsterian tunnel-valley fills that were incised into the glaciotectonic complex were partly deformed. Reference Winsemann, J., Koopmann, H., Tanner, D.C., Lutz, R., Lang, J., Brandes, C., Gaedicke, C. (in review): Seismic interpretation and structural restoration of the Heligoland glaciotectonic thrust-fault complex: implications for a two-fold deformation during (pre)-Elsterian to Warthian ice advances into the southern North Sea Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews. Glacial deformation in the eastern German North Sea – from shallow fracturing to large-scale thrusting Volkhard Spiess, Hanno Keil, Noemi Fekete University of Bremen Northern hemisphere glaciations significantly influenced sediment deposition in Northern European coastal areas and continental margins. Sea level lowering, build-up of thick ice covers, ice movement, subglacial erosion and the modification of the drainage network caused major changes in depositional environment between interglacial and glacial periods. In this respect, glacial deformation of the subsurface may be driven hydraulically by subglacial valley formation or mechanically by loading, which may lead to fracturing, and by thrusting, where larger blocks are relocated. Before the mid-Pleistocene transition, the North Sea Basin was supposedly not buried by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet exposed to major glaciations after. But only Elsterian and early Saalian glaciations covered the German North Sea with a significant ice thickness, during late Saalian and Weichselian periods, the ice margin was presumably located near the Danish coast. During the last decade, Bremen University had collected large multichannel seismic data sets in the German North Sea in various cooperative projects, which will be used to further characterize the depositional setting (see Keil et al.). It will be of particular interest to find out more about the role of glacial advances for the subsurface materials and properties, also because of the need of geotechnical characterization of soils for offshore installations as wind parks. Here we present examples from the area north of Helgoland, which reveal different types of presumably glacial deformation. Major thrust blocks were spatially surveyed to determine the degree of deformation and rotation and to measure their orientation. Also, some structures previously identified as subglacial valleys are discussed with respect to a possible interpretation as rotational thrust blocks. The shallowest section of North Sea sediment of several 10’s of meters seem to mostly lack coherent stratification, which we attribute, at least partially, to a postdepositional fracturing due to glacial loading. Ice marginal dynamics of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in the southern North Sea: ice limits, timing and the influence of the Dogger Bank David Roberts Durham University The southern North Sea is a particularly important area for understanding the behaviour of the BritishIrish Ice Sheet (BIIS) during the last glacial cycle. It preserves a record of the maximum extent of the eastern sector of the BIIS as well as evidence for multiple different ice flow phases and the dynamic re-organisation of the BIIS. This work explores the origin and age of the Dogger Bank (DB); re-assesses the extent and age of the glaciogenic deposits across the shallow areas of the North Sea adjacent to the Dogger Bank and; re-examines the dynamic behaviour of the BIIS in the southern North Sea between 30 – 19 ka. New sedimentary, geophysical and geochronological data collected for the Britice-Chrono project suggests DB is composed predominantly by glaciolacustrine sediment deposited between 31.6 - 25.8 ka. Following its formation, the western end of the Dogger lake was overridden with initial ice override and retreat northwards back across the Dogger lake complete by 23.1 ka. This resulted in widespread compressive glaciotectonism of the lake sediments and the formation of thrust moraine complexes. Along the northern edge of the DB moraines are on-lapped by later phase glaciolacustrine and marine sediments but do not show evidence of subsequent ice override. The seafloor to the west/southwest of the DB records several later phases of ice advance and retreat as the North Sea Lobe (NSL) flowed between the DB and the Yorkshire/Lincolnshire coast. New OSL ages limit the arrival of the BIIS on the Norfolk coast to 22.8 – 21.5 ka, after which multiple till sheets and moraines on the seafloor mark northwards retreat of the NSL. This pattern of behaviour is broadly synchronous with the terrestrial sedimentary along the Yorkshire coast which relate to post Dimlington Stadial NSL oscillation and retreat (~ 21.5 - 19ka). Glacitectonic evidence of ice lobe interaction across Dogger Bank (southern central North Sea) during the Last Glacial Maximum Emrys Phillips1, Kirstin Johnson1, Rachael Ellen1, Carol Cotterill1, Leo James2 1 British Geological Survey; 2RPS Energy Ltd High-resolution seismic data from the Dogger Bank has revealed that the Dogger Bank Formation records a complex history of sedimentation and penecontemporaneous, large-scale, ice-marginal to proglacial glacitectonic deformation. These processes led to the development of a complex assemblage of glacial landforms and sediments which record the interplay between two lobes of the Weichselian ice sheet which occupied the North Sea basin during the Late Glacial Maximum. The “Dogger Bank lobe” advanced from the N/NW with its subsequent active northward retreat resulting in the development of a complex assemblage of arcuate thrust-block moraines (“Dogger Bank moraine”) composed of highly folded and thrusted lower Dogger Bank sediments (c. 40-50m thick). These large glacitectonic landforms (200m-15km across; >30km long) are separated by low-lying sedimentary basins and meltwater channels filled by upper Dogger Bank outwash sediments. The impact of the second lobe was restricted to the western margin of Dogger Bank where it led to the construction of a large (5-20km wide) thrust-complex (“western moraine”) composed of a thick sequence (c. 100-150m thick) of glacitectonised sediments. The geometry of the structures within this deep-seated moraine are consistent with ice-push driven by ice advancing from the west. The boundary zone between the two moraine systems is structurally complex and overlain by an elongate basin (up to 7-8km wide) filled by upper Dogger Bank sediments (10-40m thick) which were primarily derived from the northeast. This sedimentary basin formed as the two ice lobes unstitched and retreated from Dogger Bank. However the exact timing of the “decoupling” of the two ice masses remains uncertain. Initial results indicate that the two ice masses were still in close proximity resulting in the interleaving of the glacitectonised sediments within the moraines, with the unstitching of the two ice lobes occurring during the early stages of the deglaciation of Dogger Bank. The role of the Irish Sea Ice Stream in the palaeo-landscape evolution of the Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the shelf edge Katrien Van Landeghem1, Edward Lockhart2, Richard Chiverrell1, James Scourse3, Daniel Praeg4, Claire Mellett5, Margot Saher6, Louise Callard7, Sara Benetti8, Colm O'Cofaigh7, Chris Clark9 1 Bangor University; 2University of Liverpool; 3University of Exeter; 4Géoazur; 5Wessex Archaeology; 6 Bangor University; 7Durham University; 8Ulster University; 9University of Sheffield The Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS) drained more than 17% of the British-Irish Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum. Integrating surface and sub-surface geophysical, sedimentological and geotechnical datasets allowed to better understand the dynamics behind ISIS ice margin retreat dynamics and how this shaped the palaeo-landscapes in the Irish Sea and Celtic Sea. In all areas investigated, the landscapes seems to have always been submerged during and after immediately after ice retreated. It appears that the ISIS terminated at the shelf edge, and the rapid retreat is dated from micro-fauna in the pro-glacial sequences. In the Irish Sea, the integrated analysis of a large dataset collected for offshore wind farm development was contextualised by the palaeo-ISIS geochronology (27-20 ka BP). It seems that during deglaciation, ISIS displayed on/off behaviour to ice streaming, with increasing topographical influence and realignment of ice flows. In the mid- to outer- Celtic Sea, the largest known linear sediment ridges contain glacigenic sediments. Sub-surface geophysical data analyses allowed to tentatively unravel the interaction between a retreating ice margin, iceberg turbation and strong tides with the existing Celtic Sea topography during early deglaciation. These megaridges could represent glacifluvial features eroded during the post-glacial sea level rise. Alternatively, the partiallyeroded glacial topography in the Celtic Sea could have been mantled by post-glacial tidal deposits, both subsequently eroded by a proposed mechanism of enhanced wave energy during decreasing tidal energy in the later stages of sea level rise. The integration of available data across all megaridges in the Celtic Sea would allow reconstruction of maximum ice margin extent across the Celtic shelf. It might also shed light on the processes behind the sediment supply needed to build these megaridges, whilst this exercise is relevant to build the increasingly important offshore sand inventories from our (outer) continental shelf areas. Geomorphological and seismostratigraphic evidence for multidirectional polyphase glaciation of the northern Celtic Sea Zsuzsanna Tóth1, Stephen McCarron2, Andrew Wheeler3, Stefan Wenau1, Stephen Davis4, Aaron Lim3, Volkhard Spiess1 1 University of Bremen; 2Maynooth University; 3University College Cork; 4University College Dublin A Quaternary stratigraphic succession preserved offshore Southeast Ireland (between Dungarvan to Hook Head) records a sequence of depositional and erosional events that supports regional glacial event models derived from nearby coastal sediment stratigraphies and landforms. Multichannel seismic and Sparker data are presented and reveal a five-fold event stratigraphy. A regionally widespread, largely acoustically massive facies (SU2) interpreted as the ‘Irish Sea Till’ infills an uneven, channelized bedrock surface overlying irregular mounds and discontinuous pockets of weakly stratified deposits (SU1) in bedrock lows that are likely remnant, earlier Pleistocene diamicts and associated sediments. SU2 is truncated throughout the study area by a strong, horizontal reflector and overlain by a thin, stratified acoustic facies (SU3), suggestive of the development of a regional ice dammed palaeolake or smaller ponded water bodies after the recession of ice. On the near shore bedrock platform to the north, a north to south oriented linear narrow ridge at seabed is interpreted as an esker, and represents southward flowing subglacial drainage associated with a restricted ice sheet advance onto the Celtic shelf postdating the SU1-SU3 seismostratigraphy. Onshore LIDaR data reveal drumlin orientations that corroborate the southerly advance of ice into the Celtic Sea from the mainland. The evidence supports palaeoglaciological models derived from nearby coastal localized sediment sequences comprising an LGM-aged crossshelf Irish Sea Ice Sheet flow from the east, followed by proglacial subaqueous deposition, and finally an episode of offshore-directed Irish Ice Sheet ice flow at a regional scale. The offshore topography marks a new limit for a restricted Late Midlandian Irish Ice Sheet advance from an inland ice dispersal centre onto the Celtic Sea shelf offshore County Waterford. The North Sea: a climatic and environmental archive Natasha Barlow University of Leeds The North Sea is exceptional location for reconstructing Quaternary environmental change. It provides known archives of sea level transgressions, was proximal to the ice sheets which were present over Europe during preceding glacial periods and is in the intermediate-field of the current Greenland ice sheet. Therefore it provides a unique opportunity to understand how the terrestrial, coastal and marine landscape has evolved over time in response to regional and global forcings during glacial-interglacial cycles. In this presentation I will explore how sediments buried within the North Sea allow us to reconstruct, with high precision, the nature of regional sea-level change and associate environmental change, both during the Holocene and previous late Quaternary interglacials. Developing such records provides an opportunity to be able to identify the source of ice melt which contributed to periods of sea-level rise due to the position of the North Sea within the distinctive geometry, or ‘fingerprint’, of sea-level change which occur with melting ice sheets. With a wealth of geophysical and sedimentary data becoming available from industrial surveys in the region, this is an exciting time to do research into the climatic and environmental changes in the North Sea. Land–sea coupling of early Pleistocene glacial cycles in the southern North Sea Timme Donders1, Niels van Helmond1,2, Roel Verreussel3, Dirk Munsterman3, Johan ten Veen3, Robert Speijer4, Johan Weijers1,5, Francesca Sangiorgi1, Francien Peterse1, Lucas Lourens1, Gert-Jan Reichart1,6, Jaap Sinninghe Damsté1,6, Henk Brinkhuis1,6, Gesa Kuhlmann7 Utrecht University; 2Radboud University; 3TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 4KU Leuven; 5 Shell Global Solutions; 6Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 7German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources 1 The North Sea Basin (NSB) sediment archive provides an excellent opportunity to reconstruct Plio- and Pleistocene climate. Due to the relatively isolated character of the basin and position on the hinge line of terrestrial and marine environments, the NSB is a highly sensitive recorder of regional climate change at the land-sea interface, and is key for improved definition of classic NW European terrestrial stages. As part of this effort, we analysed early Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles in a cored marine section located in the A/B blocks of the Dutch offshore sector. We assess disputed phase relations between forcing and climatic response in the early Pleistocene that operated in the obliquity-driven ’40-kyr world’ with a multi-proxy paleoenvironmental record. Paleomagnetic and palynological data provide a solid integrated timeframe that ties the obliquity cycles, expressed in the borehole geophysical logs, to Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 103 to 92, independently confirmed by a local benthic oxygen isotope record. Marine and terrestrial palynological and organic geochemical records provide high-resolution reconstructions of relative terrestrial and sea surface temperature (TT and SST), vegetation, relative sea level, and coastal influence. The record provides the first well-constrained stratigraphic sequence of the classic terrestrial Praetiglian stage. Terrestrial signals were derived from the Eridanos paleoriver, a major fluvial system that contributed a large amount of freshwater to the northeast Atlantic. Analysis of the phase relations in the data reveal a dominantly Northern Hemisphere-driven cooling that leads the glacial buildup and varies on the obliquity timescale. We aim to extend this approach in suitable sections for both the Pliocene and early to middle Pleistocene. Peat hunt: the 2017 and 2018 RV Pelagia early Holocene sea-level cruises on the North Sea Freek Busschers1, Marc Hijma2, Natasha Barlow3, Kim Cohen4, Rick Hennekam5, Bart Meijninger1, Chris Mesdag2, Tine Missiaen6, Gert-Jan Reichart4,5, Jelte Stam1, Sytze van Heteren1 TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 2Deltares; 3University of Leeds; 4Utrecht University; 5 Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research; 6Flanders Marine Institute 1 During the early Holocene the ice sheets of North-America and Fennoscandia were rapidly melting and sea level rose more than 30 m. In NW-Europe this transformed the vast plain of Rhine-ThamesDoggerland into the present North Sea and drove the people living there to higher grounds. But what were the rates of sea-level rise over this period and what does this tell us about future rates of sealevel rise? In order to answer these questions we carried out two research cruises with the RV Pelagia in 2017 and 2018 aiming to core the early Holocene transgressional contact, marked by a transition of terrestrial (peat) to tidal deposits (clays and sands). The research area comprised the Brown Bank, Oyster Ground and Dogger Bank and included (part of) the Dutch, German and British sectors. Because the Early Holocene peat layer is laterally discontinuous, and the overlying substratum has a variable thickness, a strict seismic survey and drilling campaign was designed in order to get the best vertical depth coverage of the transgressional contact. Using the DINO database and GeoTOP based modelling techniques, we first created a layer model of preserved early Holocene sediments and it overburden thickness. On basis of this model we were able to plan the optimal cruise route for in-situ high-resolution seismics and drilling. We then carried out Chirp and Sparker seismic surveys and subsequently drilled the early Holocene sediments using a vibrocore. For the Brown Bank area we used existing ultra-high-resolution seismic data for planning of the core locations. We collected a unique set of 129 vibrocores that record the early Holocene transgressional contact between -25 and -62m below MSL. Subsequently, the boreholes were macroscopically described, photographed and sampled for radiocarbon dating and diatom, pollen and XRF analysis. Initial results of these analyses are presented by Hijma et al. SLIP hunt: first paleo sea-level data from the 2017 and 2018 RV Pelagia Early Holocene sea-level cruises Marc Hijma1, Freek Busschers2, Kim Cohen1,3, Natasha Barlow4, Paolo Stocchi5, Sytze van Heteren2, Gert-Jan Reichart3,5, Wim Hoek3 Deltares; 2TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 3Utrecht University, 4University of Leeds; 5 Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research 1 The Netherlands has a long tradition of sea-level research from which vast amounts of data accumulated over the last 60 years. These data, however, are scattered across large numbers of papers and reports, were obtained using different sampling and dating techniques, have been in part revised, and as a whole had not been uniformly scrutinized on quality and usability today. We present new results for Greater Rotterdam (RMD) and the southern and central North Sea (Rhine-Thames land, Doggerland) regions. The data from the latter region have been obtained in dedicated sea-level research campaigns in 2017-2018 with research vessel the Pelagia and are still being analysed. The RMD-part of the database now holds 50 sea-level index points (SLIPs) and 56 upper limiting data points. The SLIPs cover an age-range of 8.8-3.0 ka, beginning at -21 m O.D. in the RMD near offshore. For upper limiting data points, the coverage reaches further offshore tracing the Rhine palaeovalley, back to 11 ka BP and down to -34 m O.D. For the pre-9 ka BP period, for which data is to be sampled offshore, SLIPs are currently not available from the Rhine palaeovalley. For the Brown Bank, Oyster Ground and Doggerbank region, only a few SLIPs existed before our new research, but these includes considerable uncertainties with respect to their sampled elevation, their indicative meaning and their age. The newly collected data come from peat beds between -60 and -25 m O.D. and directly link the offshore region to the RMD. Our presentation will include the preliminary results of the 2017-2018 research campaign, including XRFdata, diatom analysis, 14C-dates and sea-level index points. Relative sea-level change in northwest Europe and the southern North Sea during the Holocene: Determination of isostatic and (neo)tectonic subsidence in the German Bight Lutz Reinhardt1, Annemiek Vink1, Holger Steffen2, Manfred Frechen3 1 German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources; 2Swedish Land Surveying Office; 3 Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics A thorough understanding of the causes and effects of differential relative sea-level (RSL) rise in the southern North Sea region since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important to help predict future morphological development along the intensively utilised northwest European coastal zone. An observational database of Holocene RSL index points deriving mainly from dated basal peat layers from Belgium, the Netherlands, and northwest Germany was plotted on a common time-depth scale in Vink et al. (2007) and is expanded on here to include 20 more data points from the German Bight (collected during the GPDN-project 2009-2013). RSL-rise varies in magnitude and form between these regions, revealing a complex pattern of differential crustal movement attributed mainly to the variable effects of isostatic and (neo)tectonic subsidence. A non-linear, glacio- and/or hydro-isostatic subsidence component emerges, which is only small on the Belgian coast but increases significantly to a value of >15 m since 10 cal. kyr BP in the German Bight. This subsidence is at least in part related to the post-glacial collapse of the peripheral forebulge that developed around the Fennoscandian centre of ice loading during the LGM, but may also be associated with water and sediment loading of the North Sea Basin. Empirical and modelling analysis of the new dataset of RSL index points from the German Bight shows that (neo)tectonic subsidence has occurred in a direction approximately perpendicular to that of glacio-isostatic subsidence during the last 10 cal. kyr. Tectonic subsidence increases from almost negligible along the northwest German coast to ca. 0.5 m/kyr in the Dogger Bank area. Such estimates of present-day offshore tectonic subsidence rates in the German Bight may be of interest for companies dealing with commercial activities such as the installation of pipelines, offshore wind parks, cable lines, etc. Post-glacial vegetation history of the Dogger Bank, North Sea using plant macrofossil analysis Zicarlo van Aalderen1, Nathalie Van der Putten1, Tanya Lippmann1, Kees Kasse1, Marc Hijma2, Freek Busschers3 VU University Amsterdam; 2Deltares; 3TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands 1 Until now understanding of regional post-glacial terrestrial vegetation in the North Sea region was mainly established through pollen research. This means that local ecological conditions are inadequately understood as pollen are a less suitable proxy for local vegetation reconstruction. Here, light is shed on the local vegetation history using plant macrofossil analysis, through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of an Early Holocene sediment core from the Dogger bank in the North Sea. The results in this study use a subsampled core, taken from approximately 40 meters below sea level, of 1 meter length, consisting mostly Pleistocene sand layers at the base, but including 30 centimeters of Basal Peat. The peat is sharply overlain by marine clays related to Holocene transgression. A key feature is that major changes in vegetation occur within 1 centimeter. In general, plant macrofossil content in the peat deposits is dominated by bryophytes, both peat mosses and brown mosses. Peat accumulation started with Sphagnum papillosum, quickly replaced by the brown moss Tomentypnum nitens a centimeter above. Subsequently a mixture of brown mosses Warnstorfia spp. and Drepanoclades spp. occur, finally followed by the re-occurrence of Sphagnum spp. Plant remains in the layers dominated by Sphagnum spp. are well preserved, contrasting the remains in layers dominated by brown mosses. Besides macrofossil analysis of the peat a loss on ignition analysis on the entire core is included as well. High loss of mass values of the peat indicate organic matter. The types of vegetation and their succession provide indications on factors such as ground water level, acidity, salinity, as well as air temperature, but also sea level. For example, Tomentypnum nitens prefers less acidic conditions compared to Sphagnum papillosum, so based on these results it is possible to qualitatively reconstruct the local paleoecology and –environment, including its past climate. Towards integrated drowned landscape reconstructions of the North Sea Wim Hoek1, Marjolein Gouw-Bouman1,2, Nelleke van Asch2, Kim Cohen1, Freek Busschers3, Marc Hijma4 Utrecht University; 2ADC ArcheoProjecten; 3TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 4Deltares 1 Geomorphological and vegetation development since the end of the Weichselian is thoroughly investigated and synthesised for the dry part of the Netherlands. The development of vegetation during particularly the Lateglacial to Middle Holocene is very characteristic and related to both climate changes and the geomorphological setting. Brook and river valleys or interfluvial highs consisting of river terraces, coversands or ice-pushed ridges show specific vegetation patterns that developed in a different way though time. Based on the geomorphological characteristics it is possible to reconstruct vegetation cover patterns based on a dense network of palynologically investigated cores. During 2017 and 2018 the peat beds in the North Sea were mapped using geophysics and several shallow cores have been taken from buried peat layers at different depths for a.o. sea level reconstructions. Dating of the base and top of the peat which developed often on a soil that formed under dry local conditions represent water level rise and subsequent drowning of the former landscape. The peat layers, however, also contain valuable information about the local and regional environmental history before drowning, which can be used to reconstruct the former landscapes, including the vegetation cover, for which little is known for this (drowned) part of the Lowlands. Using an integrated approach to determine local conditions by e.g. lithological, sedimentological and macrofossil analyses together with palynological analyses to determine regional vegetation conditions it is possible to translate the coring locations to environmental landscape settings. With the combination of other data such as the geophysics and geochemistry the detailed investigation of the peat will provide a more comprehensive picture of the landscape before drowning. The Elbe Paleovalley and its tributaries: Late glacial to postglacial drainage system of the paleolandscape in today’s German Bight (North Sea) Daniel Hepp1, Ayobami Abegunrin1, Hanno Keil1, Katrine Andresen2, Tobias Mörz1 MARUM – University of Bremen; 2Aarhus University 1 During the Last Glacial Maximum sea level lowstand, the Elbe Paleovalley was a large structure which drained meltwaters along the southern margin of the Fennoscandian Ice Shield towards the North Sea. This large structure was fed by various larger and smaller rivers indicated by both the paleovalleys of the modern Weser, Ems, and Eider Rivers which drained the German low mountain range and a channel network which drained the Dogger Bank. Our research project aims to understand the development of the Elbe Paleovalley drainage system since the Last Glacial Maximum and its response to the rapid Holocene sea level rise and focus on: (1) The pre-transgressional sediment deposits of the Elbe Paleovalley, which where almost eroded, with exceptions of infill sediments from a channel network at the valley plain, and some brackish deposits along the upper valley flanks; (2) The Entenschnabel channel network, which drained the eastern Dogger Bank towards the Elbe Paleovalley. The channel network was influenced by postglacial sea level rise and developed from a single deep valley to a network of shallower rivers and tributaries. The morphology of this network is comparable to river structures known from the western part of the Dogger Bank; (3) The Paleo-Ems, which is the drowned extension of the modern Ems River discharged into the southern part of the Elbe Paleovalley. Sedimentological and micropaleontological records of the valley infills revealed that since 9,500 cal. yr. BP the depositional environment in the Paleo-Ems valley changed very rapidly, within ~200 years, from freshwater to brackish water and finally to marine conditions. This prevent the river from adjusting its gradient to the rapid rising sea-level. The infill sediments of the Elbe Paleovalley and its tributaries provide new insights into the rapid and drastic changing early Holocene coastal landscape in the German Bight. Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea level of north-west Europe Sarah Bradley1, Jeremy Ely1, Chris Clark1, Robin Edwards2, Ian Shennan3, Benoit Lecavalier4, Robert Barnett5, Marc Hijma6 1 University of Sheffield; 2Trinity College Dublin; 3Durham University; 4Memorial University of Newfoundland; 5University of Exeter; 6Deltares The last British and Irish ice sheet (BIIS) was one of the smaller marine-based ice-sheets that grew during the Last Glacial cycle, but it is by far the world’s best empirically constrained with the completion of the BRITICE-CHRONO (B-C) project. One key outcome of the project was the construction of a range of ice sheet advance and retreat histories for this region. The pattern of relative sea level (RSL) and glacial-isostatic-adjustment (GIA) across this region is spatially variable and highly non-monotonic. This is due to the temporally varying interplay between the regional GIA signal, driven by the BIIS and Scandinavian ice sheet (SIS), and the global signal which was driven by the deglaciation of the larger ice sheets. Extensive GIA modelling of this region has been conducted. However, the new data from the B-C project has radically altered the input ice sheet reconstructions required for the BIIS. In this study, we develop a new ensemble of GIA models using a range of input reconstructions for (i) the retreat history for the North Sea ice-sheet, although one outstanding challenge is constraining the offshore ice histories due the limited number of older (> 12 ka BP) sea level data available, (ii) the regional BIIS+SIS and (iii) the global ice sheets (including the North American ice sheet complex and Antarctica). By comparing predictions of RSL with the ever-expanding database of SLIP ( > 2000 data points) from across the British Isles and Netherlands we examine the interplay between the regional and global ice sheets. We present new reconstructions for the regional paleogeography, ice sheets and revised rates of ongoing GIA-driven sea-level rise across this region. Late Glacial surface rupturing earthquakes in the Roer Valley Rift System Ronald van Balen1,2, Kees Kasse1, Hessel Woolderink1, Marcel Bakker2 VU University Amsterdam, TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands The Roer Valley Rift System (RVRS) is an active rift system situated in the southern part of the Netherlands and adjoining areas in Belgium and Germany. The last extension phase started at the Oligocene-Miocene transition and is still ongoing. Previous and ongoing research show that the tectonic motions in the RVRS have affected the courses of branches of the Rhine-Meuse river system. Results of new and previous trenching studies demonstrate that the bounding faults of the RVRS experienced major surface rupturing earthquakes during the Late Glacial, contemporaneous with glacio-isostatic forebulge collapse. In a new trench we were able to estimate the moment magnitude to have been about 6.8 ± 0.3, based on a paleo-fault scarp height of ~1 m and a surface rupture length of at least 32 km (by correlation to a previous trench). In general these results suggest that, although the faulting is caused by rifting processes, it is the loading and unloading by ice-sheets which determines when the faults have their most important displacements, and thus also have their most important impacts on the rivers. These indirect effects of glacio-isostasy are in addition to the gradual impacts of forebulge motions on the gradients and directions of the rivers. The Roer Valley Rift system is part of the Lower Rhine Embayment, which in turn is part of the European Cenozoic Rift System. The potential continuation of the active fault system in northwestern direction, into the southern North Sea, is still a major question mark, because of lack of data and studies. New age and climate data from the Eemian sedimentary record in the Amsterdam Saalian glacial basin Kay Beets1, Johan W.H. Weijers2,3 1 VU University Amsterdam; 2Utrecht University; 3Shell Global Solutions The sedimentary infill of the deep Saalian glacial Basins in the Netherlands contains intriguing and detailed records of landscape and climate change over the late Saalian and the last Interglacial (Figure 1). New data on the carbonate oxygen isotope and MBT-CBT biomarker composition of the finely laminated lacustrine deposits from Amsterdam Basin show a distinct covariation forced by the dynamic temperature changes over the late Saalian-early Eemian stadial-interstadials. Reconstructed mean annual temperatures increase rapidly from 6.5°C at the end of the Saalian to 13.5°C for the lacustrine first part of the Eemian, pollenzones E1-E3. A return to severly cold conditions, of 5.5°C, occurs at the end of pollenzone E3 when the first marine influence starts to show in this record (Figure 2). Enrichment of authigenic uranium by diffusion from the overlying (marine) water into this early Eemian organic-rich marker-bed (“Harting layer”) sets its minimum age at 128.1±1.6 kyr based on mass-spectrometric 238U/232Th-230Th/232Th isochron dating. Combined oxygen and strontium isotope composition of the abundant mollusc Corbula gibba together with sediment MBT-CBT biomarker composition in the more than 30m-thick overlying Eemian lagoonal deposits illustrate the close inter-relationship between regional sea level history, temperature and precipitation-evaporation balance. Early warming to 26°C, after the initial very cold phase, precedes regional sea level highstand, and occurs together with an increase in sedimentation rate. Also, the repetitive finely laminated nature of the silty-clayey sediment generally persists throughout, although some intervals have a more crumbly-homogeneous nature. Nevertheless, the natural gamma-ray log of the Amsterdam Terminal drillcore shows a sedimentary cyclicity bundling at ~22 cycles over the ~34 meters of lagoonal Eemian deposits (Figure 3). Intriguingly, similar cyclic gamma-ray logs are observed in other cores from Amsterdam Basin suggesting strongly episodic external sediment fluxes into the Basin as function of landscape, climate and/or sea level variations. Lithostratigraphy Amsterdam Terminal after Kruk, 1998 and Van Leeuwen et al., 2000. MBT-CBT temperature reconstruction (orange) Lacustrine bulk carbonate d18O (black), mollusc (black)/benthic foram (purple/blue) d18O, natural gamma-ray log data (red). Natural gamma-ray log data over the lagoonal-marine Eemian sequence. Tracing the Eemian: coastal response to Last Interglacial sea-level rise in the southern North Sea Victor Cartelle, Natasha Barlow University of Leeds During the Last interglacial (LIG) global mean sea level was likely 6-9 m higher than present, which provides an ideal palaeo-laboratory to understand coastal response to sea-level rise. Buried LIG sequences in the southern North Sea provide a valuable record of marine transgression and are being unveiled in new geophysical and geotechnical datasets acquired as a consequence of offshore renewable energy development. Integration of this data as part of a new European Research Council project (RISeR), we aim to reconstruct the rate and nature of transgression during the LIG, from which to produce models of estuarine and coastal response. Preliminary analysis of sequences in two wind farm areas offshore the Netherlands (Hollandse Kust noord (HKN) and zuid (HKZ), Fig.1) allow identification of several seismic units corresponding to deposits from Holsteinian to Holocene age, recording contrasting preservation conditions in the two areas. An Eemian flooding surface is preserved in HKZ, which is overlaid by thick deposits that include extensive peats and channel fills (Fig.2A,B), bounded at the top by an irregular surface of Weichselian age (Fig.2C). Mapping of the Eemian flooding surface reveals the drowning of an irregular landscape with depths ranging from 58 to 37 m below modern sea level. By comparison, Eemian deposits in HKN seem to be condensed, together with late Saalian and early Weichselian sediments, as part of a single seismic unit (Fig.3A). Mapping of its lower bounding surface shows distinctive incisions, north to south oriented (Fig.3B), interpreted as glacial features of Saalian age, later filled by transgressive and regressive sediments. The upper limit of these deposits corresponds to the pre-Holocene landscape, where a complex network of channels running east to west has been mapped (Fig.3C). Further mapping of these deposits will allow us better understand the flooding of the North Sea basin during the LIG. Figure 1. Location of the Hollandse Kust noord (HKN) and zuid (KHZ) wind farm areas. Bathymetry from EMODnet. Figure 2. A) Seismic section showing the stratigraphy of seismic units identified in HKZ. B) Map of the base of seismic unit HKZ3 in the north sector of HKZ, interpreted as an Eemian flooding surface. C) Map of the base of seismic unit HKZ4 in the north sector of HKZ, displaying an irregular landscape of Weichselian age. Geophysical datasets are from the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (available at offshorewind.rvo.nl). Figure 3. A) Seismic section showing the stratigraphy of seismic units identified in HKN. B) Map of the base of seismic unit HKN2 in the north sector of HKN, interpreted as a Saalian erosive surface. C) Map of the base of seismic unit HKN3 in the south sector of HKN, corresponding to the pre-Holocene landscape. Geophysical datasets from the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (available at offshorewind.rvo.nl). Doggerland emerging: a survey of the archaeological potential of a vast prehistoric landscape Luc Amkreutz National Museum of Antiquities and Leiden University Apart from the geological developments in the North Sea Basin often going back to remote times, the area also harbours an important archaeological record. From the earliest occupation of northwestern Europe by early hominins to the final flooding of “Doggerland” some 8000 years ago finds and sites indicate the presence of a vast prehistoric archive. For a long time this was more or less taken for granted. There was an awareness that the geographical borders of Europe once ran differently from today and that this area was inhabited, both during the Ice Ages and in the more recent Holocene. However, attention for this lost landscape was limited as finds were sparse and far between and investigating sites in the turbulent grey waters of the North Sea often thought too complicated. As a result archaeological thinking often did not include this lost landscape and its inhabitants. Over the past decades this perspective has changed. Against the background of increasing economic activity archaeological attention also increased both off-shore and on shore. While the former benefits from industrial seismic and augering data in combination with new technology, coring and sampling campaigns, the latter benefits from a number of recent large infrastructural projects that yield numerous finds and an enthusiastic amateur community. In this paper we will focus on these recent developments with specific attention for the many finds from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods that have surfaced over recent years. Attention will be drawn to the new insights these finds have delivered by combining a rich array of research techniques. The paper underlines the importance of the North Sea area for understanding the early colonisation and occupation of Northwest Europe and the interaction between people and landscape against often intensive and dynamic climate change. Buried landscapes and the issue of seismic scale: A case study from Dogger Bank, southern North Sea Carol Cotterill1, Leo James2, Callum Duffy3, Kirsten Johnson1, Emrys Phillips1 1 British Geological Survey; 2RPS Energy Ltd; 3Logos Geoservices Geology, Geophysics and Geotechnics can be viewed as the three pillars of a ground model. Geotechnics tells a developer about the soil and rock properties and behaviour, Geology tells them about the physical structure of the soils and the history of the processes that have affected them. Geophysics is the window onto this hidden world, using acoustics to paint a picture of the sub-surface. However, one size does not fit all in the world of geophysics, especially when dealing with geology that is complex, or has undergone different processes across one specific project zone. One such example is Dogger Bank in the southern North Sea Basin. In 2009, the Forewind Consortium (Equinor, Statkraft, SSE Renewables and Innogy) won the right to take the Dogger Bank through to the planning and consenting stage, and began a comprehensive site survey. The regional seismic survey (Sparker) gave us glimpses of a glaciated, now buried landscape. The site survey dataset, with seismic inlines at 100m spacing showed that the glaciated landsystem comprised a number of moraine complexes, with a system of meltwater channels and topographic lows. However, when moving to the final turbine layout stage, where interpretations needed to identify variations in soil conditions within a 40m2 foundation zone, the previous surveys did not give the project team the resolution required. Therefore a third survey dataset was acquired. This ultra-high resolution 3D survey revealed significantly more detail about various land-features, including the different generations of channel infill, reverse thrusting within the moraine complexes and the lateral variability of sand lenses within the foundation zone. All of these new insights further guide the geotechnical design basis, whilst greatly enhancing our understanding of the evolution of this now buried glacial landscape. The Significance of inferred Quaternary coastal and intertidal landscapes Samuel Griffiths CITiZAN, Museum of London Archaeology The Gulf of Malo, with its associated Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, Alderney and associated smaller islands, which represent the high-points in a once low-lying plain, represents a significant area of Quaternary submerged landscape. At the beginning of the penultimate glacial (MIS 6) this landscape can be described a fluctuating coastal plain with variable habitats (e.g. grassland, salt marsh, intertidal flats) and numerous large mega-faunal species ideal for Neanderthal Middle Palaeolithic hunting strategies, as evidenced at sites such as La Cotte de St Brelade (Callow and Cornford 1986; Griffiths 2018), Grainfollet (Monnier 1986) and Nantois (Monnier 1986). Despite this apparent rich resource, by contrast, these landscapes can be seen as relatively resource-poor based on archaeological accumulations, palaeo-environment studies and landscape reconstructions (Griffiths 2018 and refs. there-in). This paper will argue the, often overlooked, importance of the past intertidal/coastal zone in the Quaternary for resource encounter(s) and the implications for a greater understanding of the preLGM North Sea region over the past 500 kyr, specifically in regards to early Human behaviour and resource access. Specifically using the Gulf of Malo/Celtic Shelf Edge as a proxy, resource encounter models can be drawn to show the potential importance with the coastal/intertidal zone in the low lying landscapes off the modern East Lincolnshire submerged offshore area and current intertidal zone. This research is part of a new research direction for CITiZAN (the Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network) aiming to discuss past landscapes studied in the Humberside Discovery Programme area over the next two years. These surveys can then be compared with similar studies being undertaken by CITiZAN teams working on submerged and semi-submerged landscapes on the coast in Essex, Kent, the Solent, Devon and Liverpool Bay. Targeting submerged Pleistocene landscapes off Happisburgh, UK Rachel Bynoe1, Nick Ashton2, Simon Lewis3, Simon Parfitt4 1 University of Southampton; 2British Museum; 3Queen Mary University of London; 4Natural History Museum London The archaeological site of Happisburgh 3, Norfolk, sits on the western shore of the southern North Sea, pushing back the date of occupation of northwest Europe to >0.8 million years ago. There have been hints of submerged landscapes here for over 100 years, with the likes of Clement Reid publishing on the search for these as early as 1890 and collectors referring to offshore oyster beds as the source of Pleistocene fauna back into the 1820s. However, the search for these landscapes has been both discontinuous and challenging. Recent efforts have begun to unravel this picture, with a large collection of derived stone tools appearing to, in part, derive from submerged deposits. The analysis of these, and associated fauna, has led to the discovery of a series of offshore exposures. With palaeoenvironmental evidence pointing towards their formation at the edge of an estuarine zone, we are beginning to piece together a series of early sites that have the potential to elucidate the use of these near-coastal environments by early hominins. This is allowing us to begin thinking about how and why these early hominins occupied these latitudes during such an early, and climatically challenging, period. The paper will discuss ongoing research into these submerged landscapes, specifically the methods used for their location and investigation, offshore finds and analysis, and future directions. Revealing the lost landscapes of Cardigan Bay, Wales: mapping the Holocene transgression using parametric echosounder data Rachel Harding1, Richard Bates2, Martin Bates3, Vincent Gaffney1 1 University of Bradford; 2University of St. Andrews; 3University of Wales Trinity Saint David Mythology has hinted at a lost landscape west of Wales in such legends as Cantre Gwaelod, fuelled by the 5,000-year-old submerged forests at Ynyslas and Borth and sightings of human habitation offshore between the rivers Ystwyth and Teifi. The ERC-funded Lost Frontiers Project has surveyed a buried palaeo-valley of late Glacial–Holocene age below ‘Trawling Ground’, a NE–SW-trending depression, 3–8 km offshore. The new high-resolution parametric echosounder data is the first to be acquired to understand the archaeological palaeo-landscape in decades. Initial mapping has revealed a NE–SW-trending dendritic valley with a maximum width of 2.6 km and a maximum depth of 20 m. South of Aberaeron, the channel swings E–W towards St. George’s Channel. The seismic character has been correlated to borehole data from the 1970s and has identified an estuarine–shallow marine sedimentary succession younger than 8740+/-110 years BP. The geomorphology follows the onshore drainage pattern, and the offshore continuation of presentday rivers (Rheidol, Ystwyth, and Aeron) fed into the trunk valley from present-day West Wales. The aggradational estuarine succession infilling the valley from the west suggests a high sediment supply slowing the rate of transgression from rising early Holocene sea level. The potential for archaeological prospecting is focused on a network of channels entering the valley from the now-drowned West, which is yet to be fully imaged by seismic survey and may have been inhabited during the Mesolithic. The mapping has also identified a ‘pinch point’ in the valley, where the antecedent geology results in a shallowing and narrowing. This could have acted as a crossing place for animals and humans and could be an area important for fishing. Further seismic acquisition and new borehole data are required to fully assess the archaeological potential of the area. High Tide – Low Tide. Bruges’ late-medieval harbor system as a maritime cultural landscape - an interdisciplinary research project Frieda Bogemans1, Vanessa Heyvaert1,2, Dante De Ruijsscher2, Jan Dumolyn2, Stephen Louwye2, Maxime Poulain2, Jan Trachet2, Wim De Clercq2 RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 2Ghent University 1 Medieval Bruges and its port system, composed of an interconnected structure of outports along the Zwin waterway, forms a classic historical example of a hub in an international trading system that connected the North Sea area with the Baltic and Mediterranean regions. For more than a century, researchers approached the medieval heyday of Bruges essentially by means of archival/historical studies and soil studies. Since the 1980’s archaeological research was also carried out, but the integration of historical and archaeological data was non-existent. Only recently, landscape-archaeological data (implying archaeological, geophysical, remotely sensed and cartographic data) and historical data were combined leading to a spatio-temporal and functional reconstruction of the lost harbor-towns of Hoeke and Monnikerede (Trachet 2016). To obtain an overall picture of the medieval evolution of the maritime cultural landscape near Bruges an interdisciplinary project is started, incorporating geological, archaeological and historical data. Research questions such as ‘How the medieval Zwin waterway came into being, how the port system interacted with the environment, how the connectivity within the port system operated and what was the spatial-temporal evolution of the infrastructural and functional organization of the harbour settlements along the Zwin waterway’ will be tackled for the first time. Hereby the landscape evolution is seen as the link between the different disciplines. Essential to achieve this goal is to start in a time slice before the development of the late medieval Zwin waterway because the nature of the subsurface may affect the impact and strength of the triggering factor(s). The reconstruction of the sedimentary environments (based on drillings -new and existing-, excavations, video CPT’s) will provide information concerning the driving mechanisms behind the paleogeographic evolution and their possible complex relationship. Out of Doggerland ? Early Holocene climate change and the Mesolithic ‘Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt culture’ Hans Vandendriessche, Philippe Crombé Ghent University Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the North Sea basin faced multiple climatic and environmental changes during the Early Holocene. Overall climatic amelioration led to eustatic sea-level rise and gradual reforestation, while abrupt cooling events (e.g. 9.3 and 8.3 ka calBP events) caused short-time decreases in ground water level/fluvial activity and increases in wildfires. The most dramatic environmental change, however, must have been the inundation of the North Sea basin, responsible for a loss of more than 100,000km² of habitable land between ca. 11 000 and 8000 cal BP. During the Middle Mesolithic (ca. 9 400 – 8 200 cal BP), the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt area, as opposed to the neighbouring regions, sees the development of an innovative type of projectile point (i.e. microlith with invasive retouch) and an increased use of Wommersom quartzite. These new projectile points however do not seem to hold any functional advantages over the previously used geometric and simple backed points. Instead, based on ethnographic parallels, we argue that this new arrowhead style was adopted to visualize group affiliation as a response to increasing competition for resources, territoriality and demographic pressures, triggered by the movement of people from the inundated Doggerland areas towards the southern fringes of the North Sea basin. References Ph. Crombé, 2019. Mesolithic projectile variability along the southern North Sea basin (NW Europe): Hunter-gatherer responses to repeated climate change at the beginning of the Holocene. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0219094. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219094 Last Glacial river valleys of the Southern North Sea Basin: continuous-cover context for spotty-cover finds and sites Kim Cohen Utrecht University Bones, peats, axes, antlers, tree trunks, skulls, molars and stories: when dredged up from the North Sea from drowned landscapes they are sure to come from either valleys (big and small) or interfluve areas neighboring these. The understanding of the valley networks that existed at various stages through the last glacial is quite developed, onshore buried by coastal plain deposits as well as offshore. Keeping palaeogeographical overview of the knowledge has turned out quite useful both for attributing landscape context to spot finds and analysing distributions and densities (in archaeology and paleontology), as well as in prospecting niche sites for targeted paleoenvironmental sampling (vegetation history, sea-level history, palaeoclimatology). Vice-versa, new finds and new surveying demand to update the understanding: improving the spatial and chronological resolution, replacing extrapolations with observational evidence in the mapping of valleys, notably using interpreted seismics (that are increasingly available lately). The presentation will show map-series of the valley network development drawing illustrations of how the mapping has been used in the publications below: Hijma et al. (2012) Pleistocene Rhine-Thames landscapes: geological background for hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region. Journal of Quaternary Science 27. Cohen et al. (2014) North Sea palaeogeographical reconstructions for the last 1 Ma. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 93. Cohen et al. (2017) The North Sea. In Flemming et al. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf Volume 1 Quaternary Paleoenvironments. Hijma & Cohen (2019). Holocene sea-level database for the Rhine-Meuse Delta, The Netherlands. Quaternary Science Reviews 214 Peeters et al. (2019) Preservation of Last Interglacial and Holocene transgressive systems tracts in the Netherlands. Earth-Science Reviews 188. Niekus et al. (2019) Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea. PNAS. Multiscale onshore-offshore valley network off the Rhine-Meuse delta (Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, local drainage) - from Hijma & Cohen (2019), with key sites for Holocene sea-level reconstruction. 'Peopling Doggerland': submerged stone age finds from the Dutch North Sea Bjørn Smit1, Marcel Niekus2, Luc Amkreutz3, Dimitri Schiltmans4 1 Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands; 2Foundation for Stone Age Research in the Netherlands; 3National Museum of Antiquities and Leiden University; 4City of Rotterdam Archaeological Service For several decades the Southern North Sea is known as a treasure trove of sediments, bones and artefacts dating from the Pleistocene and early Holocene. The area is crucial for our understanding of colonisation and occupation behaviour at these latitudes. The finds derive from former landscapes that have been, mostly gradually, inundated following the last glaciation. These bones and artefacts were fished or dredged from the North Sea bed or are transported to the beaches in sand which is used for coastal reinforcement and reclamation as part of the continuing struggle of the Netherlands to keep their country dry. The research of the artefact in combination with information on the formation and development of the landscape and environment is paramount in the understanding of prehistoric human-landscape dynamics. Mesolithic core axe found on the beach near The Hague (photo Donny Crispijn). Mesolithic antler axe found on the beach of Texel. The Scheur – a unique prehistoric fossil graveyard off the Belgian coast Tine Missiaen1, Maikel De Clercq2,3, Pascal Hablutzel1, Bram Langeveld4, Olivier Lambert5, Mietje Germonpré5 1 Flemish Marine Institute; 2Ghent University; 3Jan De Nul; 4Natural History Museum Rotterdam; 5 RBINS – OD Earth and History of Life Over the past decades fishermen have dredged up large amounts of unique prehistoric palaeontological material at the Scheur, a navigation channel near Zeebrugge (Belgium). Especially the large number of walrus bones from the Last Glacial (116,000-12,000 years ago) is striking. The bone material indicates that a large colony must have lived here, possibly the most southern walrus colony in the world. Two targeted surveys in 2017 and 2018 produced additional finds of Late Pleistocene land mammals, related to interglacial fauna (wild horse, aurochs, red deer, roe deer, rhinoceros, boar and hippo) as well as glacial fauna (brown bear; wild horse; red deer). All the bone material is most likely preserved in situ, derived from layers exposed at the seafloor. Due to maintenance dredging of the navigation channel 10 to 12 m of sediments was removed, thereby exposing older Late Pleistocene and even Paleogene strata. Determination and dating of the fossils are currently ongoing, including the screening for ancient DNA. Radiocarbon analysis of the walrus bone is ambiguous (the method only goes up to 40,000 years). Palaeogeographic reconstructions based on seismic and core data suggest the presence of an incised valley underneath Zeebrugge. During the last interglacial this fluvial landscape gradually transformed into an estuary protected by large (intertidal) islands composed of Paleogene strata. After the interglacial highstand climate deteriorated and sea levels started to fluctuate several tens of meters. This caused the recurrent emerging and submerging of the former islands on which walrus were now able to live. When sea levels continued to fall during the coldest stages of the Early Glacial, the landscape transformed once more into a fluvial landscape. The near-coastal position of the study area finally resulted in a complicated geological architecture rich in fossil from both glacial and interglacial periods. Using citizen science to study fossil vertebrates from the North Sea Bram Langeveld1, Bas van Geel2, Dick Mol1 1 Natural History Museum Rotterdam; 2University of Amsterdam The Dutch government dredges millions of cubic meters of sediment from the North Sea annually to nourish its beaches and to build large coastal infrastructures such as the extension to the port of Rotterdam (Maasvlakte 2). The dredged sediments are usually sandy and Pleistocene or Early Holocene in age and especially in the southern half of the country they are fossiliferous. This has not gone unnoticed with private fossil collectors and over the decades a significant and dedicated community of citizen scientists has emerged that collects and documents the dredged fossils (and artefacts) and saves them from weathering and erosion, ultimately making them available for scientific study and in many cases eventually depositing them in museum collections. Many of these collectors are united in the Werkgroep Pleistocene Zoogdieren (Working Group on Pleistocene Mammals) which together with social media enables very efficient sharing of finds, identifications and information. We demonstrate the power of citizen science in studying the drowned Pleistocene and Holocene vertebrate faunas of the North Sea using three examples: 1) abundant new material of the great auk, significantly adding to its rare North Sea fossil record, 2) paleo-environmental data from molar embedded vegetation remains, revealing herbivore diet composition and 3) abundant coprolites of cave hyenas, potentially acting as a rich source of paleo-ecological data. We quantify search effort by the citizen scientist fossil collectors and demonstrate that they indeed provide an invaluable contribution to saving and studying our paleontological heritage. The North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Agenda 2019 Hans Peeters1, Luc Amkreutz2, Kim Cohen3, Marc Hijma4 1 University of Groningen; 2National Museum of Antiquities and Leiden University; 3Utrecht University; 4 Deltares It is general knowledge that the southern North Sea harbours a vast array of submerged prehistoric archaeological and environmental remains. In 2009, the North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF) set out a broad set of research and management themes, topics and priorities which were deemed relevant regarding the prehistoric cultural heritage of the southern North Sea. Now, in 2019, we address the question: Where do we stand after a decade of work? In the past ten years, a lot of work has been done and progress has been made; however, we are still far from meeting all of the priorities defined. While the themes and topics of the NSPRMF 2009 remain relevant today, based on the experiences over the years, they have been revised and updated for this NSPRMF2019. The geo-archaeological potential of the eastern North Sea – initial considerations based on existing geophysical data Katrine Andresen1, Daniel Hepp2, Tobias Mörz2, Hanno Keil3, Volkhard Spiess3, Peter Moe Astrup4 Aarhus University; 2MARUM – University of Bremen; 3University of Bremen; 4Moesgaard Museum 1 The ancient but now drowned and buried Doggerland in the North Sea formed from the complex interplay of glacial and sea level forcing on erosion and deposition after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During this interplay, the North Sea region experienced several rearrangements, evolving from a partly ice-covered tundra, through fluvial drainage and estuarine deposition, to a marine intracontinental basin. Drowning of the Doggerland took place approximately 11-9 ka with the Dogger Bank and the eastern North Sea being submerged the latest, according to existing paleo-sea-level models. Archaeological artefacts have been recovered from the southern North Sea, indicating that prehistoric humans occupied at least parts of the Doggerland. In the western and southern North Sea, larger mapping campaigns based on geophysical data from the offshore industry have led to a good understanding of the paleolandscape evolution in these areas and in turn on the geological constraints set for the early human settlements. On the contrary, the eastern North Sea and its geo-archaeological potential remains poorly investigated since no similar coherent mapping studies have been undertaken in the Danish and German North Sea. Using existing geophysical data, sea-level models and the developed methodology for submerged landscape mapping, this project aims to produce a coherent mapping of the paleolandscapes in the eastern North Sea after the LGM. The objective is to test the geo-archaeological potential of this area of Doggerland. Compared to the inner Danish waters, where a wealth of findings document the inhabitation of prehistoric humans, no particular archaeological findings have been discovered in the eastern North Sea so far. Understanding the reasons for this, whether it be related to past and present geological processes of erosion, deposition or bypass (landscape preservation parameters) or early human migration patterns constitute elements in the process of investigating the geo-archaeological potential. Transnational seabed mapping and subsurface modeling Vera Van Lancker RBINS – OD Nature and Ghent University 1 Transnational mapping and subsurface modelling are by no means simple endeavours. Often, they start through groups or individuals willing to cooperate and add value to national datasets. More and more, producing transnational data products is becoming a goal on its own. This evolution is stimulated and facilitated by datasets that are increasingly free of charge and available in formats that are easily accessible and mergeable, as well as by technical advancement. Shifting mindsets, common regional to global socio-economic and environmental challenges, but of course also funding opportunities (e.g., EMODnet) have paved the way. However, significant optimisation is still needed on the data level. Nowadays, new data are mostly acquired using ‘sound’ protocols and calibration procedures, and data descriptions and interpretations benefit from common vocabularies. However, legacy datasets compiled from national, regional and local archives cannot be used immediately; they require many standardisation and harmonisation steps. Quality assessments, although a must, are only seldomly quantified and taken along in the mapping or modelling process. As of yet, few standardised procedures are in place to obtain products with estimated model ánd data accuracy at various spatial scales. To a typical end user, products from 3D (sub)surface modelling look more convincing than traditional paper maps, but they too are only as good as the underlying data. As with mapping, many complex techniques exist increasing the predictive power. Statistics now drive the delineation of seabed classes or facies, though geological expert knowledge and common sense are needed more than ever to guide the process. Speed and flexibility in visualisation are key, with mismatches emerging rapidly, different parameter settings demonstrating their advantages and disadvantages, but also unveiling knowledge gaps. Improving methodologies for querying data and data products enable the effective control of tailor-made model output. Data portals, and ideally decision support systems, are becoming increasingly powerful and therefore more relevant for applications. With web services, users can easily incorporate new products into their own geographic information systems, facilitating exploration and quantification of relationships between a wide range of multidisciplinary datasets. In this keynote, examples will be given of broad- to small-scale applications related to the mapping and modelling of seabed sediments, geomorphology, and subsurface geology. For all, tiered approaches are needed, including the necessary quality control. Mapping goals should be defined upfront, since ‘one size fits all’ seldomly delivers the best product. Importantly, underlying databases should be designed to have as much flexibility as possible. They should include the full spectrum of available data, original and standardised, and with quality parametrised, enabling fully customized products serving the purpose. Collaborative actions, shared data acquisition platforms, adequate technology, and aligned visions are more than ever desired. Danish North Sea marine geological data as input for transnational largescale projects Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen, Matthew Owen, Jørn Bo Jensen, Jørgen O. Leth, Ole Bennike Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) performs national mapping of the seabed and subsurface modelling for raw material exploration, windfarm foundations and archaeological screening, cable alignments as well as habitat mapping. Through this work, we have an extensive database (MARTA) of marine geophysical data and geological samples. Our knowledge of the record of glacial and interglacial sediments and past landscapes in the Danish North Sea is most extensive in the more shallow water parts where we have the highest data coverage . The northern part of the Danish North Sea is characterised by Late Weichselian ice sheet terminal moraine deposits, superimposed by relatively thick, late glacial glacio-marine deposits and various Holocene dynamic sandy units. South of the ice sheet limit, Weichselian meltwater deposits are extensively present, superimposing the older Saalian glacial landscape, and in some regions Eemian marine deposits. A network of buried glacial valleys known from most parts of the North Sea have repeatedly influenced drainage patterns and the progressive marine transgressions in the area. In addition, areas characterised by intense glaciotectonic deformation reveal former glaciodynamic patterns. Future work must emphasize transnational cooperation and networking for a number of reasons. First, in order to unravel the Middle-Pleistocene to Late-Holocene geological record and refine our understanding of the causes and effects of environmental changes. Second, the need of harmonization because the geological classifications and interpretation often changes at national boundaries due to age of interpretation and different backgrounds of the geologist. This causes significant challenges for future transnational construction projects, where the geological classification changes due to administrative boundaries. Thus, in order to facilitate future large-scale projects, such as interconnector cables and the ‘North Sea Hub’ there is an urgent requirement to harmonise the stratigraphic interpretation around the North Sea. High-resolution investigations of the shallow subsurface in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea for aiding the development of wind farm zones Menno Hofstra, Bogusia B. Klosowska, Emilia D. Piasecka, Daniël Brouwer, Marijn van Cappelle, Joek Peuchen Fugro Netherlands Mapping of the shallow subsurface of the North Sea was initiated in the last century, primarily relying on sparsely distributed sampling data and geophysical data intended for the deeper geology. In recent years, the Dutch Sector of the North Sea is seeing substantial investments in large-scale wind farms as part of the global energy transition. In order to reduce both environmental impact and risks associated with construction, large amounts of geodata for the shallow subsurface (< 100 m below seafloor below seafloor) are acquired. These datasets are unique as they cover vast areas (each in the order of 200 km2 to 1000 km2) and include integrated closely-spaced seismic reflection data, geotechnical data (CPT and sampling) and age-dating information. Furthermore, due to recent advancements in multitip sparker sources, the combination of ultra-high resolution multichannel and shallow profiler system data is specifically suited to allow detailed investigation of the shallow subsurface. An overview is presented of the geophysical and geotechnical site investigation data as well as the integrated geological ground models, which focus on tying in with existing knowledge of the shallow subsurface. It is shown that the integrated geodata for wind farm development can be a significant contribution to a more detailed understanding of the Late Quaternary record. The added value is predominantly the major increase in data density as well as the novel shallow-subsurface resolution of the seismic reflection data. The results highlight the potential to improve the geological framework with these new and publicly available datasets for the offshore shallow subsurface of the Netherlands. Planned wind farm development within the Dutch Sector of the North Sea (RVO) displayed on the geological map of The Netherlands (Geologische Dienst Nederland, TNO). Geomorphological mapping of the Belgian seabed and its submerged landscapes Lars Kint1, Maikel De Clercq2,3, Vera Van Lancker1,2 RBINS – OD Nature; 2Ghent University; 3Jan De Nul 1 Low- and high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) are available as interoperable gridded data layers and data products. These bathymetry data, together with increasing availability of various terrain analysis tools, give new impetus to a more uniform geomorphological mapping of the marine realm. To test approaches in sandy shelf areas, a multi-scale analysis was already performed on bathymetric data from the Belgian part of the North Sea using the Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) in ArcGIS and other GIS-related raster tools for analysing the topography of the seabed. Geomorphological features present on the Belgian Continental Shelf are sandbanks and crests, valleys and depressions, and sandwave fields. Recently, a derivative of the digital bathymetry model was constructed based on in-depth processing and re-interpretations of sediment cores in conjunction with extensive seismic records, resulting in a depth-converted structure map (DCSM) of the TopPaleogene surface at high-resolution scale of 1:250 000 (De Clercq et al., 2016). Similar GIS analyses have now been conducted on the appearing submerged landscapes from 120,000 to 100,000 years ago allowing revealing planation surfaces, escarpments, slope breaks, paleo-valleys and -ridges in an automated way. Both resulting geomorphological mapping products contribute to EMODnetGeology’s work packages on geomorphology and submerged landscapes. De Clercq, M., Chademenos, V., Van Lancker, V., & Missiaen, T. (2016). A high-resolution DEM for the Top-Palaeogene surface of the Belgian Continental Shelf. Journal of Maps 12(5), 1047-1054. A very high resolution geomorphological and habitat mapping investigation of the Northern Paleovalley, English Channel (La Manche) Riccardo Arosio, Jon Hawes, John Sperry Cefas The causes for Late Quaternary separation of Britain from continental Europe are a debated issue. Researchers have suggested that the opening of the Dover strait was caused by a catastrophic spillover of a proglacial lake ~450 ka ago. The spillover is thought to have caused a megaflood event into the subaerial English Channel that produced a drainage system and erosional features, amongst which the Northern paleovalley [1], [2] is a prominent example. An alternative theory suggests that the breaching and erosion of the region was incremental, as opposed to catastrophic. As part of the ongoing monitoring efforts of Offshore Overfalls Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ), the R.V. Cefas Endeavour collected high resolution multibeam bathymetric (1 m) and backscatter (0.5m) datasets over an area coincident with the Northern Paleovalley (Figure 1). These were ground-truthed against 32 sampling stations, where high definition videography data and Hamon grab sediment samples were acquired. Taking advantage of these new datasets, we aim to investigate the sedimentary and geomorphological features of the Northern Paleovalley in the greatest detail to date, determining the presence or absence of meso and micro geomorphological “forms”. These forms may then be correlated to the macroscale studies which have been carried out in the past, helping to further unravel the history of the English Channel [1]. Following on from the detection of microscale and mesoscale forms, we will undertake topographically driven habitat mapping of the paleovalley, further informed by substrate classification derived from backscatter intesnity. These maps will be created using object-based image analysis of both the bathymetry and backscatter datasets, in conjunction with ground-truthed habitat data and predictive modelling using supervised learning algorithms. We will then use these maps to ascertain the relationship between those epifaunal communities observed, and the broad-scale geomorphology present across the paleovalley system. Plate A shows a 3D presentation of portion of the data collected, with Plate B presenting an overview of the whole MBES data collection area (CEND0119 cruise). The blue area in plate A illustrates the central glacio-fluvial drainage channel [1], and the orange-red area to the right is a partial presentation of ‘teardrop’ island structure. The linear feature running through the image is the Wight-Bray fault [4], trending West to East through the study area. Hierarchies in geomorphological seabed mapping for multi-purpose end use Sytze van Heteren1, Marcel Bakker1, Freek Busschers1, Jelte Stam1, Vera Van Lancker2 TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 2RBINS – OD Nature and Ghent University 1 The pan-European digital terrain model (DTM) of European seas, provided on the EMODnet Bathymetry portal, has triggered a wave of geomorphological seabed mapping in which bathymetric features are interpreted in terms of origin and evolution. The latest version of the DTM, published in 2018, has a spatial resolution of roughly 100x100 m. Source data vary in type (single- versus multibeam) and density. For selected areas, separate high-resolution DTMs are available on the portal at 60x60 to 4x4 m resolution. The different resolutions enable mapping of geomorphology at varying scales. Whereas the relationship between data density and map scale is straightforward for bathymetry, with depth as its main indicator and visualized resolution a function of zoom level, it is more intuitive for geomorphology. In principle, bedforms as small as megaripples and tidal creeks are mappable but they need to be deleted or simplified when zooming out. Equally importantly, however, the number of feature classes shown onscreen or in print is best limited to a set maximum to ensure map legibility. Classification according to a consistent hierarchy enables the end user of online geomorphological seabed maps to render a scale and granularity that is fit for purpose. Main formative process (such as glacial, open-marine and coastal) is most suitable for a pan-European view and analysis. Increasingly specific subclasses at lower levels can be depicted when zooming in on transnational, regional or local issues. Mapping program of the coastal plain of the Netherlands Peter Vos, Sieb de Vries, Renée de Bruijn, Kay Koster TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands We present the southwestern part of the new geological map of the coastal plain of the Netherlands. This map is presently being developed by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (TNO-GSN). Previous maps covering just parts of this area were produced by TNO-GSN predecessors between the 1950-80s. Since then, new borehole data, changes in scientific insights, incomplete spatial coverage of previous maps, and the present-day focus on digital information systems, demanded this earlier work to be updated. Prime mapping input data encompasses several hundreds of thousands of boreholes, added with cone penetration tests (CPT) in areas of relative borehole data scarcity. These borehole and CPT data are stored in a national subsurface database managed by TNO-GSN, which we semi-automatically query to obtain insights in geological build-up. Geomorphological features are mapped with use of a nationwide high-resolution DEM. Combined, this extensive dataset allows for a map with a scale 1:10,000. The mapping project delivers two types of maps: (i) a geological map of the upper 5 meter of coastal plain stratigraphy with an overlay of relevant topographic features such as embankments, urban areas, and residual channels, and (ii) a geomorphological map of Pleistocene deposits underlying the coastal plain. Combined, these maps provide valuable insight in the local to regional scale development of the Holocene coastal plain of the Netherlands. The new mapping of the coastal plain also aid in TNO-GSN’s 3D geological model developments, paleogeographic reconstructions, and provide context for archaeological research. Furthermore, the newly mapped marine deposits can be correlated to coastal deposits offshore that drowned during Holocene relative sea-level rise. Lost Frontiers: Mapping and prospecting submerged Holocene landscapes Simon Fitch1, Vince Gaffney1, Richard Bates2, Rachel Harding1, Andrew Fraser1 1 University of Bradford; 2University of St. Andrews The ERC funded Lost Frontiers Project is a unique interdisciplinary archaeological project using legacy seismic combined with newly acquired cm-scale resolution sub-bottom and vibrocore data, to reveal Holocene submerged landscapes in unprecedented detail on a regional scale. The project has focused on the European submerged landscapes of the southern North Sea (Doggerland) and Irish Sea. Seismic mapping along with ground truthing from borehole allows the project to evaluate the potential for the recovery of both environmental, SedaDNA and archaeological material. The project has focused on several key palaeovalleys with the study area, which are beginning to reveal the story of the inundation of these once inhabited lands due to early Holocene sea level rise. Cores within these areas show sequences of terrestrial deposits to tidally-influenced laminated silts and muds to fully marine sediments. These sequences are tied to the seismic character and extrapolated away from the boreholes. This record of the early Holocene inundation not only has implications for our knowledge of the Mesolithic landscape but also is revealing insights into the nonuniform inundation of landscapes, which has occurred numerous times in the past 500 kyrs. Geo-archaeological mapping of the Zeebrugge area, Belgium Maikel De Clercq1,2, Vasilis Chademenos1, Tine Missiaen3 1 Ghent University; 2Jan De Nul; 3Flanders Marine Institute A pilot study was recently performed focusing on the accessibility of the harbour of Zeebrugge. Old studies suggest the presence of a buried palaeovalley and sandstone layers, which may cause stability and/or structural problems. At the same time, the large amount of fossil bones found offshore Zeebrugge indicates an archaeological ‘hotspot’. The aim of the pilot study was to obtain a detailed model of the subsurface and map the palaeolandscape evolution of the area. A dense network of high frequency acoustic subbottom data was obtained in 2016–2017. Due shallow gas this only provided limited information. In 2018 a series of deep CPTs and cores was performed. Continuous cores were photographed and described in detail, and sampled for environmental analyses (pollen, diatoms, shells, C14, OSL). Discontinuous cores were sampled every 0.5-1 m for lithological and geotechnical analysis. Integration with existing (not seldom old) data (both offshore and onshore) resulted in a 3D layer model of the Zeebrugge area as well as a highly detailed 3D voxel model (voxel size 50x50x0.5m). Palaeogeographic reconstruction suggest that the palaeovalley underneath the harbour formed during the Saalian due to glacio-isostatic forebulge updoming and river deflection. The following Eemian sea-level rise combined with forebulge relaxation resulted in gradual transformation into an estuarine coastal landscape dominated by large islands composed of various Paleogene strata. During the Eemian highstand the complete area was submerged until sea levels started to drop in the Weichselian Early Glacial and the islands emerged again. As sea levels continued to fall the rivers retained their former position. During the more temperate episodes of the Weichselian, precipitation and permafrost melting created a peaty overbank environment. At the onset of the Holocene the area inundated and transformed into a back-barrier environment controlled by a balance between sediment supply and accommodation space. Mapping the southernmost Weichselian ice margin on the Dutch shelf using multibeam bathymetry, sidescan backscatter and 3D seismics Marcel Bakker, Sytze van Heteren, Freek Busschers TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands In recent years, the offshore extent of the MIS2 British-Irish Ice Sheet has been mapped in increasing detail. High-quality bathymetric data and targeted surveys of closely spaced seismic lines in British waters have helped understand its dynamics and complex behavior. The current consensus is that this margin advanced and receded multiple times after 32 ka. At the time of their maximum extent, the British-Irish and Fennoscandian Ice Sheets were connected. During a final readvance at 18 ka, they were probably uncoupled, with the North Sea Lobe leaving till and tunnel valleys offshore Lincolnshire and Norfolk. Thus far, bathymetric and seismic data with sufficient quality to identify traces of the Weichselian ice were unavailable for Dutch waters. The resulting gaps in mapped ice extent in this crucial area between Britain and Scandinavia hamper reconstructions of ice-marginal positions through time. New Dutch multibeam data for the Cleaver Bank area show its glacially sculpted bathymetry in unprecedented detail. Seabed slope in particular highlights parallel glacial grooves, terminal and recessional moraines, and tunnel valleys. This set of landforms correlates well with British geomorphological data. Backscatter analyses of sidescan-sonar data from the same area show that the terminal moraine coincides with the southern margin of gravel at the present-day seabed. The spatially matching hummocky landscape visible on shallow time slices from 3D seismics provides additional information on the preserved glacial sedimentary environments and facies. Although detailed analyses of the observed patterns still have to be conducted, it is clear that multiple moraine ridges extend well into the Dutch part of the North Sea. If we can trace these ridges and related features farther northeast with future multibeam surveys, it may become possible to understand how the Weichselian ice sheets disintegrated, as an analog for the expected collapse of modern-day Antarctic ice on the other side of the globe. Coastal plain mapping for archaeological research: a new geological map of the cities of The Hague and Rijswijk (the Netherlands) Kay Koster1, Peter Vos1, Christiaan Rieffe2, Jeroen de Jong2, Hans Siemons2, Okke Dorenbos2, Hans Koot2, Oscar Holthausen2, Chris Sueur2, Everhard Bulten2 TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 2Municipality of The Hague 1 We present a new geological map of the cities of The Hague, Rijswijk, and adjacent coastal plain (the Netherlands). The geological map is the result of a collaboration between the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (TNO-GSN) and the archaeological departments of the municipalities of The Haque and Rijswijk. The map concerns an update of a map produced in 2007. This update was required, because additional borehole data and archaeological information became available that allowed for more detail and provided new insights in the natural and human development of the area. The objective of the presented map is to support archaeological research by means of archaeological prospection, paleogeographic reconstructions, and provision of off-site landscape context of archaeological sites. The map is based on semi-automated queries on some 17,000 boreholes that are stored in a national subsurface database managed by TNO-GSN. Furthermore, a high-resolution DEM was used to map geomorphological features. Archaeological information regarding sites and age of finds are plotted as an overlay on the map. The map reveals the interplay between human occupation and late Holocene natural inundation forced by relative sea-level rise, changing tidal amplitudes, upstream river avulsions, and embankment breaching. This is reflected in the presence of severely decayed peat layers as a result of artificial drainage, alternating with clay layers deposited during floods surrounding an estuary, tidal inlets, and creeks. Furthermore, the new map shows a higher frequency of beach ridge – swale alternation in the coastal barrier underlying The Hague than previously assumed. The map also shows that early human occupation was primarily concentrated on higher areas. Construction of a transnational offshore sand-resource model for the southern North Sea area Jelte Stam1, Jan Stafleu1, Sytze van Heteren1, Vasilis Chademenos2, Tine Missiaen3, Lars Kint4, Vera Van Lancker2,4 TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 2Ghent University; 3Flanders Marine Institute; 4RBINS – OD Nature 1 The TILES consortium has developed a 3D sand-resource model of the Quaternary deposits of the Belgian and Netherlands part of the North Sea to support marine spatial planning and exploitation (TILES-Transnational and Integrated Long-term Marine Exploitation Strategies; Van Lancker et al., 2019: http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brain-be/projects/FinalReports/TILES_FinRep_AD.pdf). Creating a transnational model requires a large effort in data compilation, integration and harmonization. For best insights and quality control, models were constructed per area using similar workflows and definition of common denominators. A stratigraphic layer model was first developed using 2D seismic data differentiating between Paleogene, Pleistocene, lower and upper Holocene units. This layer model served as a framework for the creation of a voxel model, a stack of voxels layers on regular grid in 3d-space. The voxel model consists of a few million 200m x 200m x 1m voxels with lithological attributes derived from a coding of descriptions of borehole and grab sampling data. For the transnational model, the Belgian and Dutch databases were combined and further harmonized using automated routines (Phyton) ensuring a repeatable workflow. Voxel attributes comprise the main lithology (e.g. gravel, sand, clay), Wentworth classes (e.g. fine, medium, coarse sand), and (adjusted) Folk (e.g. sandy mud, gravelly sand, muddy gravel). Admixtures were also added (e.g. shell content, percentage fines (clay/silt, or < 63 µm) and/or gravel; organic and glauconite content). Uncertainties were quantified as well, and relate to model and data uncertainty. The latter was based on sampling type, positioning accuracy and year of drilling. The resulting voxel model shows important trends in sediment composition and distribution, some of them, hitherto not distinguished. The uncertainty parameters indicate areas where further data gathering would be required to get a better understanding of the geology and sediment composition. Figure 1. Probability that a voxel contains medium sand (from TILES final report 2019). How tides and rivers shape levees and crevasses: Holocene overbank phases of the Old Rhine river, the Netherlands Harm Jan Pierik1, Jelle Moree1, Lonneke Roelofs1, Marcio Boechat Albernaz1, Antoine Wilbers2, Bert van der Valk3, Marieke van Dinter4, Jasper Leuven1, Tjalling de Haas1, Maarten Kleinhans1 1 Utrecht University; 2IDDS Groep bv; 3Deltares; 4ADC ArcheoProjecten Despite their importance for safety around estuaries, the formative controls on natural levees and crevasse splays around estuaries are not well known. Here we focus on the levees and crevasses of the Old Rhine estuary (active ca. 6500-1000 yr BP). Compilation of large amounts of geological data and new field data allowed us to reconstruct levee and crevasse evolution over time, which we then correlated to changing fluvial discharge, tides, and sediment supply. Numerical modelling in Delft3D were used to test the inferred mechanisms. Orientation, abundancy and size of crevasse splays indicates increasing tidal influence towards the estuary mouth. Field data furthermore reveals two distinct phases of overbank deposition. Large scale crevassing started as soon as floodplain vegetation changed from reed swamp to alder swamp from 5000 cal yr BP onwards. This occurred at that time that the tidal influence was large, because the coastline was relatively close and the mouth was wide. Our model results confirm this by showing that the tidal backwater effect penetrated far into the tidal river and that high frequency water level fluctuations trigger crevasse formation. In the middle of the channel belts’ lifespan around 3800-3000 cal yr BP, - the thickest and siltiest levees formed and several crevasses closed, while new ones opened. This coincides with infilling phases of the mouth, reducing the tidal backwater effect that feed the crevasses, and as well as with increased river discharge from the Old Rhine. Our modelling demonstrates that, besides these external forcings, floodplain setting (especially vegetation density) and river discharge are important drivers in levee dimensions and phasing. These insights provide important clues on what could be the effect of human induced changes in land use, sediment load or river discharge on how sediment distribution in vulnerable wetland landscapes. Classification and mapping of small-scale ‚complex’ Pleistocene seismoacoustic facies in the Eastern North-Sea Hanno Keil University of Bremen The glacial/interglacial history of the Pleistocene exposed the North Sea area to a variety of sedimentation environments and processes. These ranged from a highly erosive shallow marine environment including estuarine tidal processes to coastal development (e.g. dunes, marches), from lowlands (e.g. meandering rivers, sand banks, lakes and swamps) to glacio-generic processes (e.g. moraines, sanders, meltwater channels). Several ice advances further complicated the situation by partially reworking and deforming the underlying sediments. High-resolution multichannel seismic and sub-bottom profiler data consequently reveal laterally heterogeneous structures that, despite some well-studied large-scale features like buried tunnel valleys, often lack dominant reflector packages and shapes. They rather appear as complex small-scale Pleistocene reflection patterns and are usually generally described like that as well (Fig. 1). A systematic classification of these shallow subsurface patterns and a mapping of their distribution on a broader regional scale shall therefore help to better decode and describe the regional exposure of the North Sea to different sedimentation environments during glacial and interglacial periods. Questions regarding the detailed extensions of individual ice advances, the transition between meltwater controlled and terrestrial controlled drainage deposits, the extent of proglacial lake regimes as well as the interglacial marine realm can be better addressed if their imprints on the depositional structures are better understood. Multichannel seismic profile in the Southern North Sea. Several different small scale depositional units can be recognized. How tidal ingressions along the North Sea grow and heal: impact of storms Harm Jan Pierik Utrecht University The Southern North Sea coastal plain has dramatically changed over the past thousands of years. The position of the coastline shifted while the vast lowlands of the coastal plain experienced drowning, displacement of rivers, or recovery by sediment import. Collapse of peatlands under human impact and long term sediment balances played an important role in the coastal evolution. Besides these gradual developments, however, major events such as storms, occurred. Currently, the relative importance of storms on long-term coastal evolution is unknown. I aim to make detailed reconstructions of storminess of the late Holocene using existing and new geological and historical records. This will be combined with data (e.g. maps, boreholes) from archaeology, geology, and geomorphology a new overview rises on landscape evolution. Understanding the relative important of such events will help to better understand past coastal evolution and possible impact of future threats of sea-level rise and changes in storminess. Quaternary paleodrainage in NW Europe: a marine perspective Samuel Toucanne Ifremer Reconstruction of paleolandscapes and drainage systems is a central topic in Quaternary sciences, especially in NW Europe that is characterized by huge continental shelves that were dry and drained by large rivers during glacial sea-level lowstands. This type of reconstruction evolved from the 2000’s from a descriptive, ‘static’ approach to a more ‘dynamic’ one, due to the development of dating methods that allowed, in an important way, the synchronization of the fluvial and glacigenic sequences from the continental interior of Europe (e.g. North Sea, Baltic lowlands) to the marine archives from the North Atlantic. My talk will aim to show how marine archives, together with the terrestrial records, participated to this change and to the exciting results published these last years. This includes the dating of the opening of the Dover Strait ca. 450 kyr, the subsequent routing of sediment and meltwater from the European ice-sheet to the Bay of Biscay (via the Channel River) as well as some discussions about mass balance changes of the European ice-sheet during the Middle and Late Quaternary. Finally, I will discuss how meltwater floods, and the glacial NW European drainage system as a whole, impacted on the thermohaline circulation and, by extension, on global climate change. Specifically, I will present new results from the Channel River and the European icesheet that call for a paradigm shift in our understanding of millennial-scale climate change. Exploiting sedaDNA to trace the impact of the Storegga slide tsunami on the Doggerland paleolandscape Roselyn Ware, Becky Cribdon, Rosie Everett, Martin Bates2, Richard Bates3, Simon Fitch4, Benjamin Gearey5, Tom Hill6, Timothy Kinnaird3, Vincent Gaffney4, Robin Allaby1 1 University of Warwick; 2University of Wales Trinity Saint David; 3University of St. Andrews; University of Bradford; 5University College Cork; 6Natural History Museum at South Kensington 4 Metagenomic sequencing of ancient sediment DNA (sedaDNA) is a valuable tool for reconstructing the dynamics of palaeoenvironmental change. Doggerland was a fertile land-mass in what is now the southern North Sea. This submerged landscape retains valuable evidence about local Mesolithic communities, prior to its submersion and subsequent excision of Britain from Europe. This submersion is considered a consequence of sea level rises in the mid-Holocene, with the catastrophic tsunami triggered by the Storegga landslides speculated to have played a pivotal role. Whilst there is extensive evidence for this tsunami observed across the northern areas of the North Sea, there is little of evidence from the south, despite this area having been predicted to within the expected range of the impact of the tsunami. Sediment cores were taken from across Doggerland, guided by extensive seismic mapping. Evidence based on established methods of traditional paleoenvironmental analysis, geochemical analysis, coupled with sedaDNA analysis, has enabled the first identification of tsunami deposits. This is supported by dating (radiocarbon and OSL) which places these deposits as contemporary to the Storegga slide. Sequencing of sedaDNA identified microbial signatures of sulphur metabolism within the tsunami deposits. We also identified sweeping shifts in plant communities, with an influx of incongruous plant taxa within the deposit, consistent with the catastrophic effects of a tsunami. We will discuss how these data enable us to identify potential tsunami deposits, assess the environmental impacts, and establish how the morphology of the landscape impacted the tsunami’s progression. Resurfacing Doggerland genomes. Whole genome analysis of hunter-gatherer remains from Doggerland Eveline Altena1, Cosimo Posth2, Kathrin Naegele2, Johannes Krause2, Peter de Knijff1 1 Leiden University Medical Center; 2Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Between the end of the last glacial maximum (~13000 BC) and approximately 6000 BC the area that is now the North Sea was widely inhabited by Late Paleolithic and Middle Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The North Sea sealed and preserved the archaeological archive they left behind and because of the excellent preservation of organic materials, their skeletal remains are regularly found on the Dutch beaches or by fishermen. On land, however, early prehistoric human remains are rare and mostly poorly preserved. The excellent preservation of the human bone makes it potentially suitable for DNA analysis. Despite the fast-growing number of ancient genomes, data from northwest European hunter-gatherers are still rare. Therefore, human remains from the North Sea can play a crucial role in studying early prehistoric northwestern European populations. Even though they lack a precise context, their approximate origin is usually known, and they can be radiocarbon dated. Tests we performed to investigate the preservation of DNA in divers bone fragments indicate that the material is generally well suitable for DNA analysis. Based on these results we set up a project based on a unique collaboration with private collectors who provided us so far with a collection of nearly 100 human bones. This continuously growing collection will significantly increase the presently published dataset of hunter-gatherer’s genomes and allow for a more detailed insight in early prehistoric society in northwestern Europe than ever before. Specifically, we aim to estimate the sex to enable a detailed study on sexual dimorphism, get an insight in temporal and spatial genetic variation in the North Sea area and how these people relate to contemporary populations in other areas and learn about the biological selection these people underwent. Here we present our first results. The greenhouse gas emission potential of North Sea peat sediments Tanya Lippmann1,2, Michiel in ’t Zandt3,4, Ove Meisel1,3, Nathalie Van der Putten1, Han Dolman1,3, Freek Busschers5, Marc Hijma2, Mike Jetten1,3,5, Cornelia Welte3,5, Caroline Slomp3, Pieter van der Velden4 VU University Amsterdam; 2Deltares; 3Utrecht University; 4Radboud University; 5TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands; 1 Globally, marine sediments store 150 Gt carbon. Most of this carbon is deposited in shallow sediments. These marine sediments are widespread, but little is known about their role in the global carbon cycle. The methane emissions of carbon rich sediments into the atmosphere are largely controlled by methane oxidizing bacteria and archaea. We investigated the geochemistry, methane concentrations and microbial community composition of Early Holocene drowned peat in shallow North Sea sediments. We analysed and compared two sediment cores that were extracted using a vibrocorer. DNA was extracted using an optimized PowerSoil extraction protocol. Microbial species abundance and diversity were assessed by targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA gene). Nutrient and methane concentrations of the porewater were measured alongside sediment physicochemical parameters. Geochemical data confirmed the marine nature of the sediments with occurences of nitrate, ammonium and phosphate in the millimolar range. High levels of methane were found in the core with lower relative abundances of methanogenic archaea. Both cores were dominated by archaea. The potentially heterotrophic species, Bathyarchaeota, whose contribution to methane generation is not understood, accounted for over 50% [of the] relative abundance in all archaeal communities. Methanogenic archaea were most abundant in the younger peat sediments. Bacterial communities were highly diverse in both cores and [were] dominated by aerobic and anaerobic organic matter degrading guilds, indicative of marine carbon-rich sediments. The abundance of methanogenic bacteria in one core but not the other indicates a complex relationship between methane concentrations and its production and oxidation in North Sea sediments. It is unclear whether this is related to peat degradation/humification, peat vegetation type, or compaction as a result of Holocene climate change induced sea-level rise. Future culture-based analysis and greenhouse gas flux measurements are needed to confirm the role of in situ microbial communities in global carbon cycling. Reconstructing environmental change in the North Sea using novel XRF-corescanning methods Rick Hennekam1,2, Tatiana Goldberg3,4, Marc Hijma5, Freek Busschers3, Sytze van Heteren3, Jasper Griffioen2,3, Gert-Jan Reichart1,2 Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research; 2Utrecht University; 3TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands, 4Helmholtz Centre Potsdam; 5Deltares 1 Geochemical profiling of sediments is performed for multiple environmental purposes, such as (1) for reconstructing past conditions (e.g., bottom water oxygenation, marine productivity, and sea level change), (2) characterization of pollutants, and (3) forecast geochemical behavior to technology implementation (e.g., thermal heat storage, and aquifer recharge). For these objectives, multielement analysis of discrete samples is used routinely as a procedure to geochemically characterize sediments. Over the last 2 decades, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) core scanning has been established as a fast and relatively inexpensive tool to obtain geochemical data from geological material. We developed and implemented novel detector technology in the XRF core scanner, allowing the scanner to provide quantitative data of trace elements – in addition to major and minor elements. The suitability of quantitative XRF-core-scanning for geochemical characterization of sediments from the North Sea is explored. Specific focus lies on the use of quantified XRF core scanning to deliver data on sea-level rise (e.g., pinpointing marine inundation surfaces) during the Holocene. North Sea sediments in a new light - possibilities and limitations of luminescence dating Jakob Wallinga, Tony Reimann, Alice Versendaal Wageningen University & Research Luminescence dating is a widely used Quaternary dating method that determines the last exposure to light of quartz or feldspar mineral grains, i.e. the time of deposition and burial of sediments. In this contribution, I will outline recent developments in luminescence dating and challenges for applying luminescence dating in North Sea underwater settings. Luminescence dating requires samples that are undisturbed and not exposed to light during sampling. This is possible by obtaining sediment cores, that are opened and sampled in a darkroom equipped with safelights. Two quantities need to be determined to obtain an age: 1) The environmental dose rate, which is calculated from radionuclide concentrations of the sediments. The dose rate experienced by mineral grains also depends on the burial depth and especially time-average water content of the sediment. The latter may be difficult to reconstruct for fine-grained sediments for which water contents may vary over time due to swelling and/or compaction. 2) The total dose absorbed by mineral grains since burial, referred to as palaeodose. For Holocene deposits, and those from the last glacial-interglacial cycle, quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is usually the method of choice. The quartz OSL signal is rapidly reset upon light exposure, and stable over the time-scales of interest. For older deposits, the post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signal of feldspar grains is more appropriate as it saturates at higher doses. The pIRIR method largely overcomes problems of signal instability associated with previous feldspar IRSL methods, but at the expense of using a signal that is less-readily reset upon light exposure. Other methods for palaeodose estimation of relatively old sediments are under development (e.g. quartz TT-OSL and VSL). Possibilities and limitations of luminescence dating North Sea sediments will be illustrated by some recent applications, including new developments to use luminescence methods as sediment tracing tool. GEN-EX – Application of metagenomic analyses to extreme wave deposits in the Shetland Islands, UK Vanessa Heyvaert1,2, Tasnim Patel1, Max Engel2, Philipp Kempf1, Sue Dawson4, Isa Schön5 RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 2Ghent University; 3University of Cologne; 4University of Dundee; 5RBINS – OD Nature 1 The GEN-EX project addresses the issue of identifying extreme wave deposits through the application of metagenomic techniques. Metagenomics, also known as environmental genomics or environmental DNA (eDNA), is a technique where DNA is extracted directly from environmental samples. GEN-EX has sampled tsunami deposits from coastal peat sections at three sites on the Shetland Islands, UK (Dury Voe, Garth Loch and Maggie Kettle's Loch), dated to approximately 1.5, 5.5 and 8 ka BP (Storegga) and modern inter- to subtidal sediment sources. It is the first study in this area to compare the results of foraminifera diversity using both classic and genomic approaches. By applying classical micropalaeontological techniques, no foraminiferal tests have been found in any of the Shetland tsunami deposits analysed to date. Inter- to subtidal offshore source deposits show moderate to high foraminiferal concentrations, indicating that post-depositional dissolution of foraminifera in the onshore tsunami deposits has most likely occurred. Currently, Foraminifera are an underrepresented taxonomic group in genetic databases such as GenBank and BOLD. Therefore, the project is firstly developing a molecular reference database of recent North Sea foraminifera specimens. Using stringent precautions to avoid extraneous contamination, foraminiferal DNA has been successfully extracted from individual modern foraminifera and from palaeo- and modern sediments. Secondly, GEN-EX is now applying metagenomics to the three tsunami deposits sampled in the Shetlands, UK. Amplification of this DNA using primers for nuclear markers and Sanger DNA sequencing is in progress. All molecular analyses have been complimented with an integrative and comparative approach utilising geoscientific techniques such as grain-size distribution, CT scanning, multi-sensor core logging and geochemical analyses. It is envisaged that the final eDNA results will be integrated with and extend the classic ‘extreme wave event’ tool kit, which currently includes techniques ranging from sedimentology, macro- and micropalaeontology, to geomorphology and geochemistry. New developments in seismic techniques for archaeological prospection at sea Tine Missiaen1,, Wim Versteeg1, Maikel De Clercq2,3, David García Moreno2,4, Simon Fitch5, Vincent Gaffney5 Flanders Marine Institute; 2Ghent University; 3Jan De Nul; 4RBINS – Geological Survey of Belgium; 5 University of Bradford 1 One of the main challenges in continental shelf prehistoric research is the wide variety in encountered scale and environment. Both will strongly affect the applied seismic methodology or technique. Over the last years much progress has been made in ultra-high resolution (UHR) subbottom imaging in very shallow water (< 10m water depth). Using a novel multi-transducer parametric echosounder, unique 3D images were obtained from buried peat excavation patterns as well as remnants of old medieval harbor structures in the intertidal zone off Ostend (Belgium), both with unprecedented detail (dm level). Archaeological prospection in deeper water still remains a challenge, and direct evidence of human presence within the submerged prehistoric landscapes is seldom obtained. In 2018-2019 an important breakthrough was made during two surveys in the southern North Sea. Combining HR sparker and UHR parametric echosounder (PES) resulted in a continuous subbottom record ranging from the seafloor down to 50-100m. The sparker data allowed identification of deeper structures such as river valleys and lake depressions, whereas the PES data allowed the identification of prehistoric land surfaces in the shallow sub-bottom in very high detail. Subsequent targeted dredging resulted in the recovery of numerous samples of peat, wood, tree roots and other plant remains from the seabed. The evidence strongly suggests the presence of prehistoric woodlands. In one location, two pieces of worked flint were recovered. The latter not only demonstrates that these landscapes were inhabited but also that we can, for the first time, prospect for evidence of human occupation in the deeper waters of the North Sea with some certainty of success. It also clearly illustrates that guided prospecting is the way forward, and we expect that this approach will allow an important increase in archaeological finds in the near future. Buried channels revealed by magnetic data Seger van den Brenk1,, Robert van Lil1, Martin Koelman2, Michiel Küntzel2, Jan Graven3, Johan Opdebeeck4 1 Periplus Archeomare; 2League Geophysics; 3DEEP Hydrography and Geophysics; 4Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands In the recent years, the number and extend of the offshore areas which were surveyed with geophysical equipment experienced a strong growth due to the development of offshore wind farm zones. Magnetometers are used by default in geophysical research to map buried ferromagnetic objects such as pipe lines and cables. However, the main application of the magnetometer is used search for unexploded ordnance (UXO’s). Possible UXO’s can be located after processing and filtering the raw data. The normal procedure is to remove all background noise until only the larger individual magnetic anomalies remain. In this paper we reverse this process and focus on the background noise of raw magnetometer data. The datasets of various surveys were re-examined by enhancing and amplifying the background noise using different frequency filters. In some cases, the results show clear channel-like patterns caused by the effect of the different magnetic characteristics by various sediment types. The information of borehole data and seismic profiles at the locations confirms the presence of sub-bottom channels, sometimes covered by meters of sediment. Different examples will be presented, both of the inshore areas (such as the fresh water lakes in the Netherlands) as offshore areas in the North Sea. With this new approach, both future and existing magnetometer datasets can be (re)examined and provide new information on geomorphological phenomena like prehistoric channels. Magnetic lineations in the Markermeer area. The Marine Prehistoric Sampler, new ways of survey on water Axel Muller, Wouter Roessingh ADC ArcheoProjecten Collecting data about prehistoric occupation from submerged landscapes is common practice in Dutch archaeology. Especially in the west of the country, there are many examples of surveys in drowned landscapes, in areas that are reclaimed (polders). Fieldwork in areas that are still open water is very rare. But recent sand and gravel extraction gave an opportunity to search for solutions or to improve existing methods and practices. In recent years there have been archaeological surveys of submerged landscapes in one of the large lakes of central Netherlands (Markermeer). In collaboration with important stakeholders a new sampling technic was developed for sampling areas of a submerged landscape. Due to this project progression was made in the practical challenge of collecting artefacts form a difficult to reach place, but also in the process of assessment and evaluation of survey data to get a better view of occupation and land use in submerged landscapes. Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (1): testing a new methodology Hans van Hateren1, Unze van Buuren1, Bas Arens2, Ronald van Balen1, Maarten Prins1 1 VU University Amsterdam; 2Bureau for Beach and Dune Research The way in which sediment is transported (creep, saltation, suspension), is traditionally interpreted from grain size distribution characteristics. However, the grain size range associated with transitions from one transport mode to the other is highly variable because it depends on the amount of transport energy available. In this study we present a novel methodology for determination of the sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis. The data are integrated into grain size-shape distributions and primary components are determined using endmember modelling. In real-world datasets, primary components can be interpreted in terms of different transport mechanisms and/or sediment sources. Accuracy of the method is assessed using artificial datasets with known primary components that are mixed in known proportions. The results show that the proposed technique accurately identifies primary components with the exception of background components (components that do not form a dominant contribution to any sample in the dataset). Applications of this novel technique using size-shape data from two real-word sedimentary systems - a present-day dune system (Van Buuren et al) and a secondary tidal inlet system (Prins et al) along the Dutch North Sea coast - will be presented elsewhere during the conference. Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (2): application to an active coastal dune system Unze van Buuren1, Hans van Hateren1, Bas Arens2, Ronald van Balen1, Maarten Prins1 1 VU University Amsterdam; 2Bureau for Beach and Dune Research In this study we present a first application of a novel methodology for determination of sediment transport modes based on end-member modelling of grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (Hateren et al). Sediment samples from an active sandy coastal dune system along the Dutch North Sea coast (National Park Zuid-Kennemerland) are used to assess the physical meaning of the method’s output. Using end-member modelling, the grain size-shape distribution dataset is unmixed into three primary components. The spatial distribution of these components is restrained by geomorphology and reflects the three dominant aeolian transport processes known to occur along a beach-dune transect: bedload (creep/saltation) on the beach and in notches that were dug by man through the shore-parallel foredune ridge, modified saltation on the windward and leeward slope of the intact foredune and suspension in the vegetated hinterland. The three transport modes are characterised by distinctly different trends in grain shape with grain size: bedload shows a constant grain regularity with increasing size, modified saltation a minor decrease and suspension a strong decrease. These trends, or in other words, the shape of the grain size-shape distributions, can be used to determine the transport mode(s) responsible for a sediment deposit. Results of the method are therefore less ambiguous than those of traditional grain-size distribution end-member modelling, especially when multiple transport modes occur in the sediment deposit and in the cases that primary components overlap in terms of grain size but differ in grain shape. Determination of sediment transport mode based on grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (3): application to a secondary tidal inlet system Maarten Prins1, Youri Cuijpers1, Hans van Hateren1, Jan-Berend Stuut2, Simon Troelstra1 1 VU University Amsterdam; 2Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research In this study we present a second application of a novel methodology for determination of sediment transport modes based on end-member modelling of grain size and shape data from dynamic image analysis (Hateren et al). Sediment samples from an active secondary tidal inlet system along the Dutch coast – the Slufter nature reserve on the island of Texel – are used to assess the physical meaning of the method’s output. The grain size-shape distribution dataset is decomposed into a series of primary components by end-member modelling. The spatial distribution of these components is controlled by the dominant transporting media (water, wind), geomorphology and vegetation cover and reflects the main processes of sediment transport in this mixed aeolian-tidal sedimentary system: wave- and tidalcurrent-dominated bedload transport of ‘coarse’ sand on the beach and in the main inlet channel, (modified) aeolian saltation of ‘fine’ sand in the coastal dunes, and suspension transport of ‘very fine’ sandy mud in the vegetated salt marsh. The different transport modes and transporting media are characterised by different grain size-shape distributions. Bedload transport by water is characterised by coarse sand and a constant grain regularity with increasing size. Bedload transport by wind is also characterised by a constant grain regularity with increasing size, but the distribution is finer-grained. Modified saltation transport by wind is characterised by a minor decrease in grain regularity with increasing size. Suspension transport by water shows a strong decrease in grain regularity with increasing size. The grain size-shape distributions can thus be used to determine the transport mode (see also Van Buuren et al) and potentially also the transporting medium for a sediment deposit. Recycling vintage geophysical and geological data for cost optimization of offshore wind farm design Stefan Carpentier1, Jelte Stam2, Vincent Vandeweijer1, Bart Meijninger2, Koen Hermans1, Bob Paap1, Anuska Kaliar2 TNO Applied Geosciences; 2TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands 1 With the growing development of offshore wind farms the demand for parametrized subsurface models, (i.e. GeoTOP developed by TNO) as input for site selection and/or preliminary foundation design rises. The geology of the upper 100 meters of the North Sea is highly variable but the amount of (publicly available) geotechnical data from boreholes and cone penetration tests (CPT) is very low compared to the onshore domain. To overcome this data shortage, we investigate how geophysical techniques using vintage data can give new insights into the shallow subsurface. We plan to do this by reprocessing vintage 2D and 3D seismic reflection data (originally acquired for exploration and mapping purposes) to the point that it can be used to parametrize large parts of the subsurface aiding in the optimization of wind farm design. Using 3D seismic data the post stack reprocessing workflow starts by conditioning the seismic data through broad-banding and denoising of the data with various techniques including Sparse Spike Decon (SSD) and Non Local Means (NLM) algorithms. An example of how the SSD algorithm works is shown in Figure 1. The NLM algorithm is also applied on a series of noisy 2D high-resolution seismic data. Vintage logs and well data were gathered and digitized where needed (CPT, gamma ray, sonic, density, checkshot) and tied to the 3D and 2D seismic data, completing the initial data set. The next step is to create waveform inversions and attributes from the tied seismic data and wells/CPTs to characterize and parametrize the shallow subsurface. This data will then be used in offshore wind foundation design tools to evaluate the improvements in foundation costs of early design iterations based on actual subsurface data. Figure 1. 300 ms two-way-time vertical and 7,5 km horizontal in 2D Inline of 3D seismic cube in the Dutch offshore. A) original post-stack section and B) broadband re-processed post-stack section. B) has far more high-resolution features and details than are visible in A). Figure 2. 100 ms two-way-time vertical and 5 km horizontal in 2D high-resolution seismic line in the Dutch offshore. A) original post-stack section and B) NLM re-processed post-stack section. B) has far more coherent features and continuity than A). Figure 3. Overview figure of integrated dataset containing tied 3D seismic, 2D seismic, gamma ray logs and CPT logs. Reconstructing vintage seismic data for geological mapping of the Dutch North Sea sector Jelte Stam1, Maurits Beudeker2, Stefan Carpentier3 TNO Applied Geosciences; 2TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands 1 The Geological Survey of the Netherlands has a large archive with historical North Sea data. A vast volume of vintage seismic data recorded in the 2nd half of the 20th century is recorded on paper scrolls. These data are commonly of very high quality and can be the only available seismic information for particular areas. They give valuable insights into the geological architecture and distribution of sediment types in the North Sea subsurface. Over the past years, we scanned all paper sections to make them available for further digital processing. A method to transform these scanned images to a digital seismic format (SEG-Y) has been optimized and tested for several datasets. In the SEG-Y format the historical data now fit the “create once, use many times” principle and can easily be included in modern-day mapping and modelling programs. The aim for the near future is to make these datasets easily accessible for the public through our open-access portal, helping users in science, government and industry to increase their understanding of the North Sea. Scan of a seismic section that was printed on paper scrolls. The same seismic section as in figure 1, but now converted to a digital SEG-Y and displayed in 3D. NewRV: A new multidisciplinary research vessel to replace the RV A962 Belgica Lieven Naudts1, Pierre De Block2, David Cox3, Mark Arnalsteen1, RBINS-OD Nature MSO1, Defence Mr Sys-n2, Patrick Roose1, Peter Degraer2, Luc Lams2, Yves Dupont2, Frank Monteny3 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; 2TNO – Belgian Defence; 3Belgian Science Policy 1 The new RV Belgica will be a multipurpose, silent, green, ice-strengthened and full ocean research vessel being able to work in water depths up to 5000 m and being able to deploy a large variety of European marine infrastructure (incl. AUVs, ROVs, 3D seismic systems, sediment coring & rock drill devices, etc.). The ship will have 13 labs with a total lab space of more than 400 m2. There will even be deck space for seven gear and lab containers. The ship will be equipped with a full acoustic underwater instrumentation suite which will allow the scientists to map and analyze the full water column (incl. fauna), the seafloor and the subsurface. New capabilities will be available such as dynamic positioning (DP-2), two integrated drop keels allowing ad hoc instalment of subsea sensors and a roll stabilization system. All these systems will allow the 28 scientists and marine technicians to perform their work as comfortable and as safe as possible and this for the coming 30 years. The new ship will be at sea for 300 days per year and this with a 30-day autonomy. Based on these capabilities the new RV Belgica can support the complete Belgian marine science community and will also strengthen the Belgian role in the Blue Economy via its researchers, training centers and maritime industry. Ship time exchange with European research institutes will allow us to enhance the research capacity and to enlarge the study areas based on shared costs. We also foresee a financial return by deploying the new RV Belgica as an exploration- & test platform, a research- & monitoring ship and an education- & training platform. The delivery of the new Belgian research vessel is foreseen in autumn 2020. Themes for discussion How can we optimize public availability of data? How can we streamline communal use of sample repositories? How can we preserve (legacy) industry data and samples? How can we set up a virtual research community? How can we stimulate partner willingness to provide/share ship time and coring equipment (EUROFLEETS)? What are the key upsides and downsides of (combined) analytical methods? What are the needs and requirements for training next-generation researchers? How can we align national and European scientific funding (agencies)? What is the usefulness of archeological data in geological mapping and research, and vice versa? What is needed to link up well-known areas through newly surveyed corridors? How can we generate transnational applied-geological maps? How can we optimize the preservation of submerged heritage? Panel: • • • • • • • dr. Josef Stuefer (Dutch Research Council) dr. Koen Lefever (Belgian Federal Science Policy Office) dr. Bob Hoogendoorn (Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands; European Federation of Geologists) dr. Margaret Stewart (British Geological Survey) prof. dr. Volkhard Spiess (University of Bremen) drs. Barbara Speleers (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands) dr. Mieke Mathys (IMDC)

RELATED PAPERS

Sustainability Concepts: Industrial Ecology

Οδυσσεας Κοψιδας

View PDF

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications

Modification of Porous Materials by Saturated Fatty Amine as CO2 Capturer

2015 •

Azizul Hakim Lahuri

View PDF

Leila Nessa Anggelita Simorangkir

Laporan Keuangan Perusahan Jasa

2021 •

Leila Simorangkir

View PDF
A convent of sisters without a mother superior ? – Discussing abstract nodes in the constructional network

Lotte Sommerer

View PDF

Jurnal Agripet

The Effectiveness of Lugol on the Increasing of Pregnancy Rate in Aceh Cow with Endometritis

Hafizuddin Hafizuddin

View PDF

Archives of Microbiology

Spore germination in Dictyostelium discoideum

1976 •

Joseph Morin

View PDF

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology

Study of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in response to different doses of dobutamine

1997 •

Alicia Maceira

View PDF
Major trends in the development of ankle rehabilitation devices

M. Oliver

View PDF

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology

Position Statement: The Role of Physician Assistants in Interventional Radiology

2009 •

Stefanie Rosenberg

View PDF

Marine Ecology

Short-term dynamics in fish assemblage structure on a sheltered sandy beach in Guanabara Bay, Southeastern Brazil

2010 •

Marcio Busi Da Silva

View PDF

Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi

Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Okula Bağlılık Durumlarına İlişkin Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi Investigation the Opinions of Secondary School Students with Regard to Their School Engagement

2022 •

akif akto

View PDF

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The Mechanism of Selective Recognition of Lipid Substrate by hDHHC20 Enzyme

Anton O Chugunov

View PDF
Tassi di cambio fluttuanti, deprezzamento valutario e domanda effettiva (Floating exchange rates, currency depreciation and actual demand)

2012 •

Julio Lopez

View PDF

Lingua Rima: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia

Kesantunan Berbahasa Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia DI Kelas VIII SMP N 7 Kota Jambi

Salsabila Rahadatul' Aisy

View PDF

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Organelle Crosstalk Regulators Are Regulated in Diseases, Tumors, and Regulatory T Cells: Novel Classification of Organelle Crosstalk Regulators

2021 •

Fatma Saaoud

View PDF

Universitas (León)

Cálculo de la incertidumbre por simulación de Monte Carlo en la determinación de aflatoxina B1 en maní de exportación por HPLC-FD. Aplicación a la evaluación de la conformidad. Parte II

2009 •

Gustavo DELGADO

View PDF

Scientific Reports

Cardiolipin enhances the enzymatic activity of cytochrome bd and cytochrome bo3 solubilized in dodecyl-maltoside

2021 •

Duncan McMillan

View PDF

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

Sex-based transmural differences in cardiac repolarization and ionic-current properties in canine left ventricles

2006 •

Zhiguo Wang, PhD, FAHA, FESC

View PDF
Montserrat in Maps

2017 •

Neil How

View PDF

Journal of computational fluids engineering

Numerical Study on the Effect of the Shape of the Heat Transfer Plate on the Thermal Performance of the Radiator

2015 •

Jeong Hoon Doo

View PDF

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Salmonella enterica in Soils Amended with Heat-Treated Poultry Pellets Survived Longer than Bacteria in Unamended Soils and More Readily Transferred to and Persisted on Spinach

2019 •

Patricia Millner

View PDF

Koneksi

Komunikasi Ritual Pembacaan Pengakuan Iman Rasuli dalam Ibadah Gereja Kristen Protestan

2019 •

Harry Susanto

View PDF

THE SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

Evaluation of Standard Changes in Enthalpy During Complex Formation of Mn(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) with p-fluorobenzoylthioacetophenone

2022 •

Ch hashmat Ali

View PDF

European Journal of Immunology

Correlation between cell‐mediated immunity and degree of infection in subjects living in an endemic area of schistosomiasis

1993 •

maria catalina araujo araujo

View PDF
La inserción laboral de los titulados de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información como indicador de empleabilidad en la sociedad digital: evaluación, problemática y perspectivas

2019 •

Jennifer Garcia Carrizo

View PDF

RELATED TOPICS

Mesolithic ArchaeologyDoggerlandNorth Sea