CONTRIBUTIONS
IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY
Volume 14
Contributions in New World Archaeology (ISSN 2080-8216) is a semi-annual journal
dealing with various aspects of North and South American archaeology, anthropology and
ethnohistory. Its main aim is to publish results of archaeological excavations and surveys
conducted in various parts of the New World as well as to present papers devoted to the
studies of collections of archaeological artefacts discovered in either American continent.
Moreover, the journal addresses such subjects as theory, methodology and practice in New
World archaeology.
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EDITORIAL BOARD:
Robert H. Brunswig
Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, USA
Víctor González Fernandez
Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
Christophe Helmke
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CONTRIBUTIONS
IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY
Volume 14
Proceedings of the 24th European Maya Conference
Cracow, November 11-16, 2019
3DUW
Edited by
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Cover image:
Details of the murals from the chapel of Santa María Xoxoteco, Mexico.
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Cover art design
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© Copyright by:
Jagiellonian University – Institute of Archaeology
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ISSN 2080-8216
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The print version of Contributions in New World Archaeology
is the primary, reference version of this journal
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Indexed on
Contents
)rom the editors
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Dora Maritza García Patzán
33
Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial murals of Santa María
Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico
Mikkel Bøg Clemmensen
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Bruce Love
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before and after the conquest
Igor Vinogradov
97
New World words and thingsLQWKH2OG:RUOG KRZWKH$PHULFDVFRQTXHUHG
the world
Harri Kettunen
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Lorraine A. Williams-Beck
FROM THE EDITORS
This issue of the Contributions in New World Archaeology journal contains the second
set of papers presented at the 24th (XURSHDQ 0D\D &RQIHUHQFH (0& WKDW WRRN SODFH LQ
.UDNyZEHWZHHQWKHth and 16th of November, 2019. The title of the 24th EMC was Contact
and Conquest in the Maya World and Beyond, and it concentrated on the events 500 years
ago, since the start of the conquest of Mexico, as well as the colonization and collision of
cultures from the early sixteenth century onwards, the changes it brought about, and the dawn
of globalization. The conference also addressed the subject of conquests and contacts between
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contributions has been published in volume 13 of CNWA. The present volume contains another
set of six papers that are mostly concentrated on the subject of Spanish conquest and changes it
brought to Mesoamerica as seen in the art, ceramic production, languages, and religion, and how
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7KH YROXPH EHJLQV ZLWK DQ DUWLFOH E\ 'RUD 0DULW]D *DUFtD 3DW]iQ WLWOHG Vasijas no
conquistadas: Patrones de continuidad de la cerámica maya. The author describes changes
brought by conquest and colonization in the process of ceramic production in Guatemala and
Mexico. The author also shows that despite the introduction of new European ceramic modes,
many production techniques and decorations of pre-Columbian origin were maintained in the
manufacture of ceramics not only during the colonial period but even up until today.
The following article, Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial
murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico E\ 0LNNHO %¡J &OHPPHQVHQ UHSRUWV RQ
the fascinating colonial period murals that were used in the process of evangelization and
conversion of indigenous people of central Mexico. Clemmensen concentrates on presenting
many iconographic elements of pre-Columbian origin that were used by friars and local artists
to describe the most important concepts and elements of the Christian religion.
7KHQH[WSDSHULQWKHYROXPHLVE\%UXFH/RYHDQGLVWLWOHGChilam Balam ‘prophecies’
and the Spanish invasion and occupation of Yucatan. The author discusses the famous passages
IURPWKH%RRNVRI&KLODP%DODPDWWULEXWHGWR¿YHah kin, the ritual specialists and diviners who
LQWHUSUHWHGWKHZRUGVRIWKHJRGVLQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\<XFDWDQ7KHVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWWKHah kin
were contemporary cohorts from neighboring polities in the western and northern peninsula and
that they urged their old enemy, the Itza Maya, to accept the new religion and people from the
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8
From the editors
,JRU9LQRJUDGRY¶VSDSHULinguistic archaeology in the Poqomchi’-speaking area: tracing
language contacts before and after the conquest focuses on language contacts in the Maya
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DQG4¶HTFKL¶,QWHUHVWLQJO\KRZHYHU3RTRPFKL¶PDLQWDLQVWKHWHQGHQF\WRERUURZOLQJXLVWLF
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In the next paper, New World words and things in the Old World: How the Americas
conquered the world, +DUUL .HWWXQHQ H[DPLQHV WKH OLQJXLVWLF DQG ELRORJLFDO H൵HFWV RI WKH
Columbian exchange by analyzing the history of lexical borrowings from Indigenous languages
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Whereas the Columbian exchange brought numerous plants and animals, as well as technology
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more restricted, involving primarily cultivated plants. However, the author points out that if
we consider the Columbian exchange to be an ongoing process, there are numerous species
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XQLQWHQWLRQDOKHOSRIKXPDQV)XUWKHUPRUH.HWWXQHQSRLQWVRXWWKDWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHRULJLQV
of the species and cultigens, the history of their global dispersal, and the Indigenous methods
that foster diversity, provides us with better tools to understand the interconnectedness of culture
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RI1HZ:RUOGSODQWVDQGIRRGVWX൵VGLGQRWDOZD\VWUDYHODORQJZLWKWKHSURGXFWVOHDGLQJDW
times, to unwanted consequences, as in the case of malnutrition or famines caused by maize
in Africa and potatoes in Ireland. Besides these, the study discusses loanwords that originate
in Indigenous American languages and reveals interesting generational patterns in their usage
outside the area of the origin of the terms: some terms that were common a few decades ago
have all but disappeared today, while others have started a new life in popular culture.
7KHYROXPHFORVHVZLWKDQDUWLFOHE\/RUUDLQH$:LOOLDPV%HFNWLWOHGThe peninsular Maya’s
XQ¿QLVKHG VSLULWXDO FRQTXHVW The author continues with the topic of indigenous responses
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:LOOLDPV%HFN FRQFHQWUDWHV RQ WKH VXEMHFW RI UHOLJLRXV IXVLRQ DQG V\QFUHWLVP DV ZHOO DV WKH
FRQWLQXLW\RISUH&ROXPELDQHOHPHQWVLQFRORQLDODUWDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGEHOLHIVLQWKH<XFDWDQ
3HQLQVXOD IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH PXQLFLSDO VHDW FKXUFK DQG FRQYHQW FRPSOH[ LQ RQH DXWRQRPRXV
political jurisdiction near the Spanish viceregal administrative seat in Mérida, and other
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the northeastern peninsular Maya hinterlands. The study suggests a more autonomously derived
divine substrate to characterize Maya religious practice – rather than a Roman Catholic and
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religious conquest in the area.
Contributions in New World Archaeology 14: 97-200
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NEW WORLD WORDS AND THINGS IN THE OLD WORLD:
HOW THE AMERICAS CONQUERED THE WORLD
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Dedicated to the memory of Mike Coe (1929–2019)
Abstract
What would world cuisine be without New World ingredients? What would pizza be without tomatoes, oriental
food without chili, and Spanish omelette or NOXVNLĞOąVNLH without potatoes? How would vanilla ice cream taste without
vanilla? And what would movie nights be without popcorn and life without chocolate? New World products have
enriched the lives of people globally for the past half a millennium, but how did all this happen? How did chili travel to
$VLD"$QGZK\LVWXUNH\FDOOHGturkey in English, hindiLQ7XUNLVKperuLQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG³5RPDQFKLFNHQ´LQ$UDELF"
This article explores the ongoing conquest of the world by New World words and things, tracing their origins and travel
routes, as well as the ever-changing nature of indigenous American loanwords in the languages of the world, including
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a “tactical intercontinental missile”?
.H\ZRUGV loanwords from Indigenous American languages, Columbian exchange
Resumen
¿Qué sería de la cocina mundial sin los ingredientes del Nuevo Mundo? ¿Qué sería de la pizza sin tomates, de
la comida oriental sin chiles y de la tortilla española o NOXVNLĞOąVNLH sin papas? ¿A qué sabría el helado de vainilla sin
YDLQLOOD"¢<FyPRVHUtDQODVQRFKHVGHSHOtFXODVLQSDORPLWDVGHPDt]\ODYLGDVLQFKRFRODWH"/RVSURGXFWRVGHO1XHYR
0XQGRKDQHQULTXHFLGRODYLGDGHODVSHUVRQDVHQWRGRHOPXQGRGXUDQWHHO~OWLPRPHGLRPLOHQLRSHUR¢FyPRVXFHGLy
WRGRHVWR"¢&yPRYLDMyHOFKLOHD$VLD"¢<SRUTXpHOSDYRVHOODPDturkey en inglés, hindi en turco, peru en portugués
y “pollo romano” en árabe? Este artículo explora la contínua conquista mundial de palabras y cosas del Nuevo Mundo,
rastreando sus orígenes y rutas de viaje, así como la naturaleza cambiante de los préstamos de lenguas indígenas de
$PpULFDHQORVLGLRPDVGHOPXQGRLQFOXLGDVODVSHUFHSFLRQHVGHORVQLxRVHQHGDGHVFRODU ¢3RUTXpHORFHORWHHVXQ
³JDWRGH0LQHFUDIW´XQDQRUDNXQD³FKDTXHWD¿QD´\XQWRPDKDZNXQ³PLVLOWiFWLFRLQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO´"
Palabras clave:SUpVWDPRVOLQJtVWLFRVGHODVOHQJXDVLQGtJHQDVGH$PpULFDLQWHUFDPELRFRORPELQR
98
Harri Kettunen
INTRODUCTION
The Conquest of the Americas was shortly followed by the conquest of the world by New
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the conquest and colonization of the Americas, the spread of New World items continued – and
still continues to this day – around the world. While the initial introduction of new things from
the New World was relatively rapid in Europe, these were mostly treated as novelty items until
quite late. It was really not until the 18th and 19th centuries when most of the cultivated plants
so common in our cuisine today, such as potatoes and tomatoes, became common in Europe –
QRWWRVSHDNRIOX[XU\LWHPVVXFKDVSLQHDSSOHFDFDRFKRFRODWHDQGYDQLOOD±RUQHZFRPHUV
such as avocado, papaya, pitaya, chia, quinoa, and cashew nuts. Exceptions include the
relatively fast adoption of maize in Africa, chili in southern parts of Asia, and tobacco around
the world.
While the Columbian exchange brought numerous plants and animals, as well as technology
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more restricted, involving primarily cultivated plants. The only considerable early exception
EH\RQGÀRUDLVWKHWXUNH\1. However, if we consider the Columbian exchange to be an ongoing
SURFHVVWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVVSHFLHVRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDWKDWDUHFRQWLQXDOO\VSUHDGLQJWRQHZDUHDV
mainly with the intentional or unintentional help of humans. Relatively recently introduced fauna
from the New World to, e.g., Europe include the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the
North American beaver (Castor canadensis WKH$PHULFDQPLQN Neovison vison WKHPXVNUDW
(Ondatra zibethicus), the eastern cottontail (6\OYLODJXV ÀRULGDQXV) the eastern gray squirrel
(Sciurus carolinensis), the pond slider (Trachemys scripta), the American bullfrog (Lithobates
catesbeianus WKH EODFN EXOOKHDG Ameiurus melas WKH HDVWHUQ PRVTXLWR¿VK Gambusia
holbrooki DQGWKHPRQNSDUDNHHW Myiopsitta monachus), just to name a few.
What is interesting about the spread of New World species around the world, is that in most
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the case with chili peppers in southern and southeastern Asia where the plant is considered by
many to be native to the area. While most European languages use the Nahuatl-origin word
for the fruit of the plant, southern and southeastern Asian languages have their own words for
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WKHRULJLQVLVDOVRDSSDUHQWLQWKHVFLHQWL¿FQDPHRIDFKLOLVSHFLHVLQZKLFKHJWKHKDEDQHUR
belongs, the Capsicum chinense, or the “Chinese chili.” Another confusing example is the
DERYHPHQWLRQHGWXUNH\,Q(QJOLVKWKLVLQWHUQDWLRQDOELUGRIP\VWHU\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK7XUNH\
LQ7XUNLVKDQGPDQ\(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVWR,QGLDLQ3RUWXJXHVHWR3HUXLQ6FRWWLVK*DHOLFDQG
.KPHUWR)UDQFHLQ0DOD\WR+ROODQGLQ%UHWRQWR6SDLQLQSDUWVRI*UHHFHWR(J\SWDQGLQ
(J\SWWR³5RPH´ LQUHDOLW\*UHHFHDQG7XUNH\ 2.
Today New World things are relatively common outside the Americas. This is especially
the case with edible plants – but also with a variety of animals that have become familiar to us
IURPERRNVQDWXUHGRFXPHQWDULHVDQGPRYLHV7KHVDPHJRHVIRUFXOWXUDOREMHFWVDQGFRQFHSWV
LexicalLWHPVRQWKHRWKHUKDQG LQFRQWUDVWWRDFWXDO1HZ:RUOGSK\VLFDOLWHPVWKDWWUDYHOHGWRWKH2OG
:RUOG WKDWDUHQHLWKHUÀRUDRUIDXQDDUHREYLRXVO\QXPHURXVDQGLQFOXGHWHUPVVXFKDVcannibal, canoe,
hurricane, and totem.
2
These will be explored in more detail towards the end of the article.
1
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
99
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outside the Americas, some that were familiar to us in Europe in the 20th century are becoming
obsolete in the 21st century. Consequently, in order to understand how and why these concepts
DUHLQFRQVWDQWFKDQJHDQRQJRLQJORDQZRUGVWXG\LVEHLQJFDUULHGRXWE\WKHDXWKRULQGL൵HUHQW
countries and languages, primarily in elementary schools. In many cases, the familiarity is tied
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LQIRUPDWLRQRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDDQGLQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQFRQFHSWVDQGREMHFWVLQGL൵HUHQWPHGLD
Revealing examples from the surveys carried out in schools include the following answers:
cannibal ³HDWVKXPDQV ,NQRZLWIURP7KH)RUHVWJDPH ´opossum ³DQLPDONQRZQIURPWKH
Ice Age movies,” and tomahawk ³VNDWHERDUG´ DQG ³WDFWLFDO LQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO PLVVLOH´ 2WKHU
revealing examples include: avocado: “nasty vegetable, green and disgusting” vs. “a yummy
RPHJD¿OOHGSLWWHGYHJHWDEOH´DQGtequila ³DOFRKROWKDWQRERG\RYHU\HDUVGULQNV´
The etymologies in this article have been quarried from the earliest sources available and
NQRZQ WR WKH DXWKRU +RZHYHU DV QHZ VRXUFHV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV VXUIDFH SHUSHWXDOO\ WKHVH
HW\PRORJLHVDUHLQFRQVWDQWÀX[7KHREMHFWLYHKRZHYHUKDVEHHQWRJRad fontes whenever
possible, although in some cases the very earliest source has already been lost. Wikipedia and
Wiktionary (and even many authoritative etymological dictionaries) are great sources for the
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GHWDLOHGDQDO\VLV7RTXRWH-DQ1RRUGHJUDDI ³>R@YHUFRQ¿GHQFHOD]LQHVVRU>WKH
IDFWRIPDWWHUVEHLQJ@MXVWEH\RQGRQH¶VFRQWURORIWHQSUHYHQWVWKHUHVHDUFKHUIURPJRLQJDG
fontes.”3$V WKH WDVN RI WUDFLQJ WKH WHUPLQRORJLFDO DQG FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ RI DOO WKH 1HZ:RUOG
FRQWULEXWLRQVDOORYHUWKHJOREHLVDQLQVXUPRXQWDEOHXQGHUWDNLQJVRPHLWHPVLQWKLVDUWLFOHDUH
GLVFXVVHGPRUHH[WHQVLYHO\WKDQRWKHUV3DUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVLVJLYHQWRWKH1HZ:RUOGLWHPV
WKDWKDYHVSUHDGZLGHVWDQGIXUWKHVWLQFOXGLQJFKLOLFKRFRODWHSRWDWRDQGWXUNH\
7KH¿UVWVHFWLRQRIWKHDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVJHQHUDOSDWWHUQVDQGSURFHVVHVRIOH[LFDOERUURZLQJV
ZLWK H[DPSOHV IRU FRPSDUDWLYH SXUSRVHV IURP GL൵HUHQW ODQJXDJHV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH GL൵HUHQW
VWUDWD RI ,QGR(XURSHDQ ORDQV LQ )LQQLVK DQG LWV DQFHVWUDO ODQJXDJHV7KLV LV IROORZHG E\ DQ
introduction to loanwords from indigenous American languages, followed by a systematic study
of the most common terms from each area that produced a substantial number of loanwords to
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contact with – and conquest of – the Americas: from the Caribbean to Mesoamerica, the
Andes, Brazil, and northeastern North America (concentrating on major donors of loanwords,
HVSHFLDOO\7DLQR1DKXDWO4XHFKXD2OG7XSLDQG$OJRQTXLDQODQJXDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHVH
are followed by a discussion of terms that originate in languages that have produced only a few
loanwords to distant languages, along with loanwords of debated origins. The last two sections
RIWKHDUWLFOHFRQFHQWUDWHRQ1HZ:RUOGÀRUDDQGIDXQDZLWK2OG:RUOGµODEHOV¶LHµLWHPV¶
WKDW RULJLQDWH LQ WKH 1HZ:RUOG EXW UHFHLYHG 2OG:RUOG QDPHV IRU RQH UHDVRQ RU WKH RWKHU
DQG¿QDOO\GHOLEHUDWLRQVRQWKH&ROXPELDQ([FKDQJH,QGLJHQRXVNQRZOHGJHDQGWKHJOREDO
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ad fontes te gaan” in the original text.
3
100
Harri Kettunen
DISTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS AMERICAN LOANWORDS
While loanwords from Indigenous American languages are relatively frequent in Spanish
HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHYDULRXVGLDOHFWVWKURXJKRXW/DWLQ$PHULFD 4 and somewhat numerous in the
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their six-volume Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (for the analysis of the terms
in the volumes, see Carriazo Ruiz 2014), while, for example, Montemayor et al. (2009) list over 2,600
Nahuatlisms, i.e., terms in (Mexican) Spanish that derive from Nahuatl, in their Diccionario del náhuatl
en el español de México,Q&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO '(&+ WHUPVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREH
from the Andes (86 from Quechua and four from Aymara), 76 from the Caribbean (41 from Taino, 17
IURP &DULE IURP$UDZDN DQG WZR IURP &XPDQDJRWR 7KH SUREOHP ZLWK WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI WKH
ODQJXDJHVLVWKDWLWLVQRWFOHDUZKHWKHU&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDODUHUHIHUULQJWRODQJXDJHVRUODQJXDJH
JURXSVIDPLOLHV RU LI WKH\ KDYH XQGHUVWRRG WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ WKH ODQJXDJHV DV 7DLQR LV DQ
$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHDQG&XPDQDJRWRLVD&DULEDQODQJXDJH WKHWHUPVLQ&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO>
1991] are taíno, arahuaco, caribe, and cumanagoto 7KHVDPHDSSHDUVWREHWKHFDVHZLWK&DUULD]R5XL]¶V
(2014) analysis of the Indigenous American loanwords in the aforementioned volumes in his article Los
indigenismos en el Diccionario Crítico Etimológico Castellano e Hispánico de Joan Corominas y José
Antonio Pascual. After the Andean and Caribbean languages, the most frequent Indigenous American
donor language in the DECH is Nahuatl with 41 loanwords, followed by Tupi-Guarani languages with
25 loanwords, and various other lexical donors with fewer terms. Based on these entries, Quechua has
provided over twice as many loanwords to Spanish than Nahuatl. Although the author of this article is a
Mesoamericanist and might have a bias towards Nahuatl-derived loanwords based on personal experience,
RQHPXVWZRQGHUZKDWZDVWKHXOWLPDWHORJLFRI&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDOZKHQWKH\VHOHFWHG,QGLJHQRXV
American loanwords to their dictionary, i.e., which terms were (are) considered to be acceptable to an
HW\PRORJLFDOGLFWLRQDU\RIWKH6SDQLVKODQJXDJH/RRNLQJDWWKHLQYHQWRU\RIWKHVHORDQZRUGVRQHFDQ
QRWLFH WKDW PDQ\ WHUPV UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH GRQRU ODQJXDJH DUH TXLWH UDUH DQGRU UHJLRQDO )RU H[DPSOH
basically all the eight terms of Araucanian, as noted by Carriazo Ruiz (2014) are Chilenisms (chilenismos)
ZLWKYHU\OLPLWHGGLVWULEXWLRQZKLOHDWOHDVWDTXDUWHURIWKHWHUPVGHULYHGIURP1DKXDWODUHZHOONQRZQRU
UHODWLYHO\ZHOONQRZQRXWVLGHRI0H[LFRQDPHO\aguacate, cacahuete ~ cacahuate, cacao, chicle, chile,
coyote, guacamole, ocelote, tiza, and tomate)XUWKHUPRUHDVWKH'(&+ LVDQHW\PRORJLFDOGLFWLRQDU\
of Spanish, the compilers have chosen to include words of Indigenous American origin that were passed
directly into Spanish. This means that all loanwords originating from north of Mexico are missing in the
dictionary, including most of the areas in the modern United States that once used to be part of Mexico or
New Spain – except for one term, cíboloIURP=XQLVSRNHQLQ1HZ0H[LFRDQG$UL]RQDDQGUHIHUULQJWR
a bison (an abbreviated term from ganado de Cíbola or toro de Cíbola), according to DECH, from Zuni
šiwona, referring to the territorio de Cíbola. In his Diccionario de mejicanismos, Santamaría (1974: 240)
has “Nombre que se daba a los habitants de una ciudad, país o reino imaginario, llamado Cíbola, que los
españoles buscaron con afán hacia el norte, sin encontrarlo nunca” (“Name given to the inhabitants of an
LPDJLQDU\ FLW\ FRXQWU\ RU NLQJGRP FDOOHG &tEROD ZKLFK WKH 6SDQLDUGV HDJHUO\ VHDUFKHG QRUWKZDUGV
QHYHU¿QGLQJLW´ DQG³'DVHHOPLVPRQRPEUHDODSLHOGHODQLPDOFXUWLGDGHTXHSRUORHVSHVR\EODQGR
GHVXSHORVROtDQVHUYLUVHORVFDPLQDQWHVHQYH]GHFROFKyQ´ ³7KHVDPHQDPHLVJLYHQWRDWDQQHGDQLPDO
KLGHZKLFKGXHWRLWVWKLFNDQGVRIWIXUWUDYHOHUVXVHGWRXVHLWLQVWHDGRIDPDWWUHVV´ 6PHDG
TXRWLQJ5XEHQ&RERV¶A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish, adds that in “New
Mexico and southern Colorado Spanish, the animal is also called vaca de Cíbola µFRZ IURP &tEROD¶´
Carlisle (1939: 81) has also ciboleroIRU³RQHZKRKXQWVEX൵DOR´DQGDGGVDTXRWHIURP6WDQOH\9HVWDO¶V
ERRNKit Carson, the Happy Warrior of the West S ³%X൵DORDSSHDUHGDQGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH
.LWHQFRXQWHUHGWKH6SDQLVKEX൵DORKXQWHUVFLEROHURV´)XUWKHUPRUH&DUOLVOH KDVDJORVVIURP
6XVDQ(:DOODFH¶VERRNLand of the Pueblo S ³&LEROD,QGLDQQDPHIRUEX൵DOR´7KHKLVWRU\
RIWKHWHUPLVUDWKHUPXUN\,IWKHVKLSZUHFNHG6SDQLVKH[SORUHUVRIWKH1DUYiH]H[SHGLWLRQRI±
ÈOYDU1~xH]&DEH]DGH9DFD$ORQVRGHO&DVWLOOR0DOGRQDGR$QGUpV'RUDQWHVGH&DUUDQ]DDQG0XVWDID
$]HPPRXUL>DND(VWHYDQLFR'RUDQWHVGH&DUUDQ]D¶V0RRULVKVHUYDQW@ SLFNHGXSWKHQDPH³&tEROD´
during their travels across the Southwest, from Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, and whether that
happened in the Zuni region, is still debatable. Zuni has si:woloIRUµEX൵DOR¶ (QJOLVK±&LEROD/DQJXDJH
4
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
101
YDULDQWVRI(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFKVSRNHQLQWKH$PHULFDVWKH\DUHIDUOHVVIUHTXHQWLQDQ\ODQJXDJH
outside the Western Hemisphere. This, of course, is due to a natural process: languages and
cultures that have co-existed for a long time tend to borrow words and ideas (and things) from
HDFKRWKHU$QGZKHQWKLVFRQQHFWLRQGRHVQRWH[LVWWKHERUURZLQJSURFHVVLVYHU\GL൵HUHQW
JHQHUDOO\VFDUFHRIWHQLQYROYLQJVHYHUDOLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHV/LNHZLVHZKHUHDV
WKH¿UVWRIWKHVHORDQZRUGVHQWHUHG6SDQLVKDQG3RUWXJXHVHULJKWDIWHUWKH¿UVWFRQWDFWZLWKWKH
indigenous peoples in the Americas, these words reached the majority of the other languages
TXLWHODWHLQPRVWFDVHVGXULQJWKH WKDQGWKFHQWXULHV$VDQH[DPSOH)LQQLVKKDVERUURZHG
words from Indigenous American languages predominantly via neighboring Indo-European
languages, primarily via Swedish. As in the case of other languages, most of these words (ca.
KDYHWRGRZLWKWKHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRIWKH$PHULFDV±RUWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGLQJHQHUDO
,W LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKH VWDWXV RI WKHVH ZRUGV LV LQ FRQVWDQW ÀX[ ZKDW XVHG
to be an uncommon word decades or centuries ago is nowadays an everyday word in many
ODQJXDJHV:RUGV DQGLWHPVSURGXFWV VXFKDVavocado, cashew, and even chili were rare in
most languages until very recently. And although introduced in Europe already in the 16th
FHQWXU\ZRUGVLWHPVOLNHpotato and tomato became household names only in the 18th and 19th
centuries. As in many other parts of the world, people and cultures are rather resistant to changes
LQGLHWXQOHVVWKHLQWURGXFHGIRRGVWX൵VDQGGULQNVDUHFRQVLGHUHGRQDSDUZLWK±RUVXSHULRUWR±
the native products. Besides cultural preferences and habits, also social status, religion, beliefs,
and mistrust play an important role in the history of the introduction of exotic plants, foods, and
GULQNVDURXQGWKHZRUOG)XUWKHUPRUHLQPHGLDHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHZLGHVSUHDGLGHDV
EDVHGHJRQLQWHUSUHWLQJ$ULVWRWOHDQG*DOHQ RIZKDWLVKHDOWK\DQGZKDWLVQRWD൵HFWHGDOVR
the reception of newly introduced plants. A revealing example of existing preconceptions is a
SDVVDJHIURP)UDQFLVFR1XxH]GH2ULD¶VRegimiento y aviso de sanidad from 1586:
“But let us not bring examples from distant lands, but come to our lands instead, in
ZKLFKE\H[SHULHQFHZHVHHWKDWWKRVHZKRPDNHIRRGIURPVDODGVDQGYHJHWDEOHVKDYH
more colors in their complexions and faces than a rainbow, and this I do not say, to stop
SHRSOHIURPXVLQJVDODGVEXWWRGRVRLQPRGHUDWLRQDQGWRPDNH>WKHIRRG@IURPKRW
and cold vegetables, so that they temper each other.”5
With regard to the lexicalERUURZLQJVWKHSRSXODULW\RILQWURGXFHGWHUPVVHHPVWRÀXFWXDWH
a great deal as well. In many cases, the familiarity is tied to the changing culinary habits of
GL൵HUHQWFRXQWULHVRUDUHDVEXWDOVRWRIDVKLRQDQGOLWHUDWXUH$FDVHLQSRLQWRIWKHODWWHUWZRLQ
)LQQLVK EDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\V6GRQHLQVFKRROVOHVVWKDQRIWKHVFKRROFKLOGUHQLQ)LQODQG
=XxL9RFDEXODU\6KLZL¶PD'LFWLRQDU\>QG@ EXWRQHZRXOGKDYHWRH[SODLQKRZWKLVWHUPFDPHWRUHIHU
to the Zuni settlement and then to the legendary “Seven Cities of Cibola.”
5
³0DVHPSHURQRWUD\JDPRVH[HPSORVGHWLHUUDVOH[DQDVǕLQRYƝJDPRVDQXHǕWUDVWLHUUDVHQODVTXDOHV
SRUH[SHULHQFLDYHPRVTXHORVTXHKD]ƝFRPLGDGHHQǕDODGDV\RUWDOL]DVWLHQHQHQǕXVJHǕWRV\FDUDVPDV
GLXHUǕRVFRORUHVTѺHODUFRFHOHǕWLDO\HǕWRQRORGLJRSRUTXLWDUHOYǕRGHODVHQǕDODGDVǕLQRSDUDTXHHQHOODV
ǕHSRQJDPRGHUDFLRQ\TXHǕHKDJDGHRUWDOLoDVFDOLHQWHV\IULDVSDUDTXHODVYQDVǕHWLHPSOHQDODVRWUDV´
1XxH]GH2ULD IROLRV Y U
6
7KHWRSRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQWHUPVIURPHLJKWVFKRROVLQIRXUFRXQWULHV )LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFR
DQG WKH 86 LV DW SUHVHQW WKH IROORZLQJ LQ UDQNLQJ RUGHU FKLOL LJORR FDQRH DYRFDGR MDJXDU
hurricane, coyote, llama, puma, and piranha. These are, however, conditioned to change the more answers,
areas, countries, and languages are added to the survey in the future.
102
Harri Kettunen
NQHZ ZKDW anorakki DQRUDN PHDQV DQG RQO\ ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH WHUP mokkasiini
PRFFDVLQ DOWKRXJKERWKWHUPVDUHFRPPRQNQRZOHGJHWRWKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQRI)LQQV
7KHUHDVRQPD\EHWKDWDQRUDNVZHUHLQIDVKLRQVRPHGHFDGHVDJREXWQRWVRPXFKDQ\PRUH
$QG PRFFDVLQV ZHUH NQRZQ WR HYHU\RQH ZDWFKLQJ PRYLHV DQG UHDGLQJ VWRULHV ERRNV DQG
FRPLFVRQ1DWLYH$PHULFDQVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\EXWOHVVVRWRGD\/LNHZLVHLIVRPHRQHZHUH
to read this article a few decades or centuries from now, we can expect that many rare words
have probably turned into common words whereas many common words might have ceased
being in daily use.
PATTERNS OF LEXICAL BORROWINGS
2QHLQWHUHVWLQJIHDWXUHRILQWURGXFHGLWHPVLVWKDWVRPHWLPHVWKH\UHWDLQRQHRIWKHWHUPV
LQWKHVRXUFHGRQRUODQJXDJHZKLOHRFFDVLRQDOO\DQHZWHUPLVFUHDWHGLQWKHWDUJHWUHFLSLHQW
language. There are historical, accidental, and linguistic reasons why, for example, cacao, chili,
coca, maize, papaya, and tomatoKDYHNHSWWKHLU,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQOH[LFDORULJLQLQPRVW
of the languages of the world, while, for example, allspice, peanut, vanilla, turkey, and guinea
pig have not. The case of turkey is particularly interesting, and will be discussed further down.
In general, the frequency of loanwords varies considerably among the languages of the
ZRUOG$FFRUGLQJWRWKH:RUOG/RDQZRUG'DWDEDVH +DVSHOPDWKDQG7DGPRU 0DQGDULQ
&KLQHVH KDV WKH ORZHVW QXPEHU RI ORDQZRUGV ZKLOH 6HOLFH 5RPDQL KDV WKH KLJKHVW
)RUDUHIHUHQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVDPHVRXUFH(QJOLVKKDVERUURZHGRILWVOH[LFDO
LQYHQWRU\+RZHYHUWKHWHUPµORDQZRUG¶LWVHOILVVRPHZKDWSUREOHPDWLFDVWKHUHLVDQLQGH¿QLWH
continuum of words that start as foreign words and end up as common vocabulary of a given
language (following the progression foreign word!uncommon loanword!common >XVXDOO\
nativized] loanword)72Q WKHRWKHUKDQGDV/\OH&DPSEHOO SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
QRWHV ³LI D ZRUG¶V RULJLQ LV NQRZQ WR EH YLD ERUURZLQJ WKHQ LW LV FRQVLGHUHG D ORDQZRUG QR
matter how long ago or how integrated it may be into the language that received it.”
Consequently, we might go even further in history and consider all words that are not
derived from a proto-language of a given language to be loanwords (with the exception of
LQYHQWHGDQGVRXQGV\PEROLFZRUGV±DQGZRUGVRIXQNQRZQRULJLQ )RUH[DPSOHRXWRIWKH
7KH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ GL൵HUHQW ³OHYHOV´ RI IDPLOLDULW\ RI ORDQZRUGV LV UDWKHU DPELJXRXV ± DQG
XOWLPDWHO\ HYHQ LPSRVVLEOH ± DV GL൵HUHQW SHRSOH ZRXOG VXUHO\ UHDFW GL൵HUHQWO\ WR DQ\ TXHVWLRQQDLUH
UHJDUGLQJIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKDQ\YRFDEXODU\)XUWKHUPRUHWKHVHWHUPVDUHLQFRQVWDQWÀX[DVWKHORDQZRUG
studies carried in schools have demonstrated (see the results of the surveys below). Moreover, what is
considered a foreign word, jargon, or uncommon vs. common loanword GL൵HU QRW RQO\ IURP SHUVRQ
WRSHUVRQEXWDOVREHWZHHQOLQJXLVWVDQG³QRQH[SHUWV´ FOHDUFDVHVRIORDQZRUGVDUHXVXDOO\LGHQWL¿HG
LQWXLWLYHO\E\DVSHDNHURIDJLYHQODQJXDJHZKHUHDVRQO\DQH[SHUWPD\EHDEOHWRWHOOZKHWKHUDZRUG
(usually of great antiquity) is a loanword or not. Consider, e.g., the following sentences: “Because people
MXVWXVHGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV´DQG³9DULDWLRQLQJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\RISK\WRSKWKRUDLQIHVWDQVSRSXODWLRQVLQ
0H[LFRIURPWKHFHQWHURIRULJLQRXWZDUGV´ WKHODWWHUWDNHQIURPWKHWLWOHRI6KDN\Det al>VHHWKH
UHIHUHQFHVFLWHG@ 7KHIRUPHUKDVORDQZRUGV IURP)UHQFK ZKLOHWKHODWWHUKDVRQO\ /DWLQDWH
>YLD)UHQFK@*UHHNDQG1DKXDWORULJLQ ORDQZRUGVZKLOHWKHUHVW in, of, from, the, and outwards) are
LQKHULWHG QDWLYH*HUPDQLF ZRUGV)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKHFDVHRIWKHIRUPHUVHQWHQFHWKH¿UVWIRXUZRUGV
DUHDPRQJWKHPRVWFRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVK 2(& &2&$ &RQVHTXHQWO\,ZRXOGDVVXPHWKDWD
QDWLYH(QJOLVKVSHDNHUZRXOGLQWXLWLYHO\FRQVLGHUWKDWWKHODWWHUVHQWHQFHLVPRUH³IRUHLJQ´ RUFRPSRVHG
of foreign words or loanwords), although technically (linguistically) it is the other way around.
7
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
103
QRQ,QGR(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV RI (XURSH )LQQLVK DQG LWV DQFHVWUDO ODQJXDJHV KDYH ERUURZHG
terms from the neighboring Indo-European languages since the earliest contact between the
VSHDNHUV RI WKH WZR IDPLOLHV DQG LW LV HVWLPDWHG WKDW RQO\ DURXQG ZRUGV FDQ EH WUDFHG
EDFN WR 3URWR8UDOLF +lNNLQHQ 8 +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK WKH 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ
FRUSXVLVPRUHWKDQWZLFHWKHVL]HRIWKH3URWR8UDOLFFRUSXVWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHGL൵HUHQFHPD\
be numerous, including the fact that there are a lot more languages within the Indo-European
language family (and, consequently, more materials for the study of the proto-language), and
that some Indo-European languages were recorded in written format at an early stage, as well
DVWKHVKHHUQXPEHURIOLQJXLVWVZRUNLQJRQERWKIDPLOLHV .DOOLR +lNNLQHQ
$QDGGLWLRQDOFKDOOHQJHPD\GHULYHIURPWKHGL൵HUHQWDFDGHPLFWUDGLWLRQVLQVWXG\LQJ
,QGR(XURSHDQDQG8UDOLFODQJXDJHVDVZHOODVWKHGL൵HUHQWPRGHOVRIWKHFROODSVH EUHDNXS
RI3URWR8UDOLFE\GL൵HUHQWVFKRODUV
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG DOWKRXJK WKH QXPEHU RI ZRUGV WKDW FDQ EH WUDFHG EDFN WR WKH SURWR
ODQJXDJHPD\EHVFDUFHPDQ\RIWKHVHZRUGVDUHYHU\FRPPRQ)RUH[DPSOHLWLVHVWLPDWHG
+lNNLQHQ WKDWDURXQGRIWKHPRVWFRPPRQ EXWRQO\RIWKH
PRVWFRPPRQ ZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKDUHIRXQGLQWKH3URWR8UDOLFFRUSXV)XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJK
WKHUHLVDFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURIORDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKWKDWFDQEHWUDFHGWRGL൵HUHQWSKDVHVDQG
ODQJXDJHVIRUWKHSDVW\HDUVWKHUHDUHDOVRQDWLYHZRUGV HJLQ3URWR)LQQLF WKDWFDQQRW
EH WUDFHG EDFN WR 3URWR8UDOLF EXW FDQQRW EH LGHQWL¿HG DV ORDQZRUGV HLWKHU ,Q FRPSDULVRQ
(QJOLVKKDVLQKHULWHGQXPHURXVZRUGVYLDGL൵HUHQWVWDJHVIURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQDQGZKLOH
WKHQXPEHULVVRPHZKDWKLJKHUWKDQLQWKHFDVHRI)LQQLVKDQG3URWR8UDOLFWKHGL൵HUHQFHLV
that there are fewer non-Indo-European loanwords in English than Indo-European loanwords
LQ)LQQLVK9. Consequently, although it is often claimed that the majority of English words are
ORDQZRUGVRQHPXVW¿UVWGH¿QHZKDWµORDQZRUG¶PHDQV,QWKHFDVHRI(QJOLVKFDRIWKH
PRGHUQYRFDEXODU\LVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWREHRI/DWLQRU)UHQFKRULJLQ HLWKHUGLUHFW>ROG@
ORDQZRUGV IURP /DWLQ)UHQFK ORDQZRUGV ZLWK /DWLQRULJLQ RU /DWLQEDVHGVSHFLDOVFLHQWL¿F
OHJDORUPHGLFDOYRFDEXODU\ +RZHYHUDOWKRXJKµIRUHLJQ¶WR(QJOLVKVSHDNHUVSUHWKHVH
WHUPVDUH,QGR(XURSHDQQRQHWKHOHVV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHFRQFHSWRIµORDQZRUG¶RXJKWWRKDYHDW
least two levels: (1) loanwords that are borrowed from languages in the same language family,
DQG ORDQZRUGVWKDWDUHERUURZHGIURPDQXQUHODWHGODQJXDJH)XUWKHUPRUHDVLVWKHFDVHRI
)LQQLVKPDQ\FRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVKDUHLQGHHGµQDWLYH¶LHLQWKHFDVHRI(QJOLVK:HVW
*HUPDQLF,QIDFWLIZHORRNDWWKHPRVWFRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVKWKHYDVWPDMRULW\
RIWKHPDUHRI*HUPDQLFRULJLQ &2&$ 2(&10).
*RLQJ EDFN WR WKH KLVWRU\ RI OH[LFDO ERUURZLQJV LQ 8UDOLF ODQJXDJHV WKH IDFW LV WKDW WKH
direction of borrowings between the two language families was almost exclusively one-way, from
,QGR(XURSHDQWR8UDOLFVSHDNVIRUVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV)XUWKHUPRUH
WKH GL൵HUHQW VWUDWD RI ,QGR(XURSHDQ ORDQZRUGV LQ GL൵HUHQW 8UDOLF ODQJXDJHV SURYLGHV XV D
ZLQGRZRIORRNLQJLQWRWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHVHSHRSOHV:KDWW\SHRIORDQZRUGVDUHWDNHQ
into the lexical inventory of the recipient language in a given time of history, always has a
'HSHQGLQJRQFULWHULDWKHQXPEHURI3URWR8UDOLFZRUGVYDULHVIURPDVORZDVWRDVKLJKDVFORVH
WR +lNNLQHQ
9
This does not mean that there is not a considerable number of non-Indo-European loanwords in English,
some even very common, such as alcohol, FRৼHH, cotton, jar, magazine, soda, and zeroIURPYLD$UDELF
amen and ciderIURP+HEUHZ teaIURP&KLQHVH ketchupIURP&KLQHVHYLD0DOD\ tattooIURP3RO\QHVLDQ
6DPRDQ7DKLWLDQ DQGsaunaIURP)LQQLVK
10
See the References Cited for the abbreviations of dictionaries and other linguistic sources.
8
104
Harri Kettunen
rationale behind it. Do we always understand the rationale, is another question. Before going
EDFNWRWKHSURFHVVHVRIOH[LFDOERUURZLQJVIURP,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVZHVKDOOWDNH
DORRNDWWKHKLVWRU\RI,QGR(XURSHDQORDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKDQGLWVDQFHVWUDOODQJXDJHVJRLQJ
EDFNWR3URWR8UDOLF
(DUO\ SUH %& ,QGR(XURSHDQ ORDQZRUGV IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ WR 3URWR
Indo-Iranian)11 WR WKH 8UDOLF 3URWR8UDOLF WR 3URWR)LQQR8JULF ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH HJ WKH
IROORZLQJUHÀH[HVLQ)LQQLVK jyvä µJUDLQNHUQHOFRUQ¶ XOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ
\pZHV a \pZRV >µJUDLQ FHUHDO¶@ marras DUFKDLF IRU µGHDG SHUVRQ¶ DQG µRPHQ RI GHDWK¶
SRVVLEO\IURP,QGR,UDQLDQDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ PUࡢWyV>µGHDGPRUWDO¶@
mehiläinen µEHH¶ IURP 3UH3URWR)LQQLF PHãL DQG 3URWR)LQQR8JULF PHNãH ERUURZHG
IURP ,QGR,UDQLDQ PpNã RU PiNã ZLWK DQ XQFHUWDLQ RULJLQ porsas µSLJOHW¶ IURP 3URWR
)LQQLF SRUFDV ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ SyUNࡂRV >µSLJOHW¶ OLWHUDOO\ ³GLJJHU´ @
sata µKXQGUHG¶ IURP 3URWR)LQQR8JULF ĞDWD ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ üDWiP
DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ Nࡂmࡢ WyP varsa µIRDO¶ IURP 3URWR)LQQLF YDUVD
ERUURZHG IURP3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ ZĚࡢãƗ DQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ ZHUVƝQ
>µPDOH¶@ vasara µKDPPHU¶ IURP 3URWR)LQQLF YDVDUD ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ
ZiଏUғ DVDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ ZH۪>µVWURQJOLYHO\¶@ DQGviha µDQJHU
KDWUHGKRVWLOLW\¶DQGµZDU¶>DUFKDLFREVROHWH@ IURP3URWR)LQQLF YLKDDQG3UH3URWR)LQQLF
ZLãDERUURZHGIURP3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ GZLãD 0RVWWHUPVSRLQWWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHOHQGHU
DQGWKHERUURZHUZHUHHQJDJHGLQGL൵HUHQWOLYHOLKRRGV
The same pattern, and intensive relationship, continues in loanwords (ca. 150-200 in
QXPEHU IURP%DOWLF DQGVSHFL¿FDOO\IURP3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF ODQJXDJHV VWDUWLQJFD±
2000 BC). These include the following: ansa µWUDS¶ 3URWR%DOWLF ąVD" >FI /LWKXDQLDQąVD,
µH\HRIDQHHGOH¶ /DWYLDQùosaµKDQGOHH\HOHW¶ DQG2OG3UXVVLDQansisµKRRN¶@XOWLPDWHO\
IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ KၷHQVHKೈ µKDQGOH¶ hammas µWRRWK¶ IURP 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF
ĨiPEDV heimo µWULEH¶ IURP3URWR%DOWLF ãHLPD>FI/LWKXDQLDQšeimàDQG/DWYLDQsàime,
µ PHPEHUVRID IDPLO\KRXVHKROG¶@ hirvi µHONaPRRVH¶ IURP3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF ĞLUZDV
µGHHU¶ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ রpUKၷV µKRUQ¶ kirves µD[H¶ FI /LWKXDQLDQ
kirv˾ is DQG /DWYLDQ círvis µD[H¶ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ >V@NHU µFXW >R൵@¶
laiha µOHDQVOLP¶ FI3URWR%DOWLF OLHVDV/LWKXDQLDQlíesasDQG/DWYLDQliessµWKLQOHDQ¶@
metsä µIRUHVW¶ SRVVLEO\ IURP 3URWR%DOWLF PHGåLDV" µIRUHVW ZRRGV¶ morsian µEULGH¶
IURP 3URWR%DOWLF PDUWL" FI /LWKXDQLDQ martì >³EULGH GDXJKWHULQODZ´@ DQG 2OG 3UXVVLDQ
PƗUWLQ >³EULGH´@ siemen µVHHG¶ IURP 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF VƝ௧PHQ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR
,QGR(XURSHDQ VpKၶPHQµVHHG¶ tarha µJDUGHQ¶ FI/LWKXDQLDQdarå˾ DVDQG/DWYLDQGƗU]V,
µJDUGHQ¶ terva12 µWDU¶ tyttö, tytär µGDXJKWHU¶ 3URWR%DOWLF GXNWƝ FI /LWKXDQLDQ GXNWơH
XOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ GހXJKၷWখU DQGvilla µZRRO¶ 3URWR%DOWLF ZLO௧QƗ௧ FI
/LWKXDQLDQYuOQD XOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ KၷZĎࡢ KၶQHKၷa ZĎࡢ KၷQHKೈ 13
/RDQZRUGVIURP(DUO\*HUPDQLF (DUO\3URWR*HUPDQLF143UH3URWR*HUPDQLF3DOHR
Germanic15 DUHHYHQPRUHQXPHURXV FD LQ)LQQLVK7KHERUURZLQJVWDUWVDURXQG±
1000 BC (and in some cases possibly even earlier), and includes, e.g., the following terms:
7KH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQIRUPVDUHSUHGRPLQDQWO\IURP0DOORU\DQG$GDPV
(LWKHUIURP%DOWLF 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF GpUZD" RU*HUPDQLF 3URWR*HUPDQLF WHUZą
13
.DOOLR -XQWWLOD 'HUNVHQ +RORSDLQHQ 66$
14
Van Coetsem 1994.
15
Vennemann 1984.
11
12
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
105
hallita µWRUXOHJRYHUQ¶ 3*PF KDOGDQąµWRKROG¶ kuningas µNLQJ¶ 3*PF NXQLQJD]
kansa µSHRSOH IRON¶ " 3*PF KDQVƗ µJDWKHULQJ FRPSDQ\ FURZG WURRS¶ rikas µULFK¶
3*PF UƯND] UƯNLMD]µNLQJO\QREOHSRZHUIXOULFK¶ valta ZDOGąµSRZHUPLJKW¶ runo
µSRHP¶ 3*PF UnjQǀµVHFUHWP\VWHU\UXQHOHWWHU¶ hauta µJUDYHWRPE¶ 3*PF VDXìD]
µZHOOSLWIRXQWDLQ¶ kangas µFORWKIDEULF¶ 3*PF JDQJD]µZDUS¶" raha µPRQH\¶ 3*PF
VNUDKƗµVTXLUUHOVNLQ¶ ruoka µIRRG¶ 3*PF UǀNƗµFDUH¶ leipä µEUHDG¶ 3*PF KODLED]
µ>XQOHDYHQHG"@ EUHDG aura µSORXJK¶ 3*PF DUìUą µSORXJK¶ karja µFDWWOH¶ " 3*PF
KDUMD] µDUP\¶ lammas µODPE¶ 3*PF ODPED] µODPE¶ kauppa µVKRS WUDGH¶ 3*PF
NDXSD] 2OG 1RUVH NDXSD laiva µVKLS¶ 3*PF ÀDZMą µVKLS¶ kulta µJROG¶ 3*PF
JXOìąµJROG¶ laina µORDQ¶ 3*PF ODLKQąµORDQ¶ rengas µULQJ¶ 3*PF KUHQJD]µULQJ
FLUFOH¶ miekka µVZRUG¶ 3*PF PƝNLMD]µVZRUG¶ tauti µGLVHDVH¶ 3*PF GDXìX]3URWR
1RUVH GDXÿLµGHDWK¶ varas µWKLHI¶ 3*PF ZDUJD]µRXWODZ¶DQGµZROI¶ ja µDQG¶ 3*PF
MDKZµDQGDOVR¶ DQGäiti µPRWKHU¶ 3*PF DLì༎ࡃ).16
/RDQZRUGVIURP6ODYLFODQJXDJHVDUHODWHUDQGIHZHUEXWQRQHWKHOHVVLQWHUHVWLQJLQKLVWRULFDO
DQGFXOWXUDOUHVSHFW2OG(DVW6ODYLF WKFHQWXU\$'RQZDUGV KDVSURYLGHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ
terms: lusikka µVSRRQ¶ 2(6ɥɴɠɶɤɚ>OǎåƱND@µVSRRQ¶ pappi µSULHVW¶ 2(6ɩɨɩɴ>SRSǎ@
µSULHVW¶ DQG pakana µSDJDQ¶ 2(6 ɩɨɝɚɧɴ >SRJDQǎ@ UDDPDWWX µELEOH¶ 2(6 ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ
>JUDPDWDJUDPRWD@ µOHWWHU>V@ ZULWLQJ¶ DQG risti µFURVV¶ 2(6 ɤɪɶɫɬɴ >NUƱVWǎ@ µFURVV¶ 17.
$OWKRXJKUHODWLYHO\IHZWKHZRUGVSRLQWWRWKHHDUO\&KULVWLDQL]DWLRQRI)LQQV/RDQZRUGVIURP
Swedish are, on the other hand, particularly frequent. Numerous loanwords of Swedish origin,
from 9th until the 20th century, and many terms from other (more distant) languages have arrived
LQWR)LQQLVKYLD6ZHGLVKLQFOXGLQJPDQ\WHUPVIURP,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHV6ZHGLVK
has contributed, e.g., the following terms: housut µWURXVHUV¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK hosa µOHJJLQJV
WURXVHUV¶ mestari µPDVWHU¶ 6ZHGLVK mästare µPDVWHU¶ mylläri µPLOOHU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK
myllare ~ mylnare lääkäri µPHGLFDO GRFWRU¶ 6ZHGLVK OlNDUH µPHGLFDO GRFWRU¶ renki
µIDUPKDQG¶ 2OG6ZHGLVKdrängµER\VHUYDQW¶ naapuri µQHLJKERU¶ 2OG6ZHGLVKnabor,
µQHLJKERU¶ katu µVWUHHW¶ 2OG6ZHGLVKgataµVWUHHWURDG¶ kellari µFHOODU¶ 6ZHGLVKkällare,
µFHOODU¶ sali µKDOO¶ 6ZHGLVKsalµKDOOODUJHURRP¶ talli µVWDEOH¶ 6ZHGLVKstallµVWDEOH¶
uuni µRYHQ¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK ughn µRYHQ¶ tuoli µFKDLU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK VWǀO µFKDLU VHDW¶
sänky µEHG¶ 6ZHGLVKsäng2OG6ZHGLVKsiangµEHG¶ lamppu µODPS¶ 6ZHGLVKlampa,
µODPS¶ peili µPLUURU¶ 6ZHGLVKspegelµPLUURU¶ lasi µJODVV¶ 6ZHGLVKglasµJODVV¶ vaaka
µZHLJKLQJVFDOHV¶ 2OG6ZHGLVKYƗJKµZHLJKLQJVFDOHV¶ koulu µVFKRRO¶ 6ZHGLVKskola,
µVFKRRO¶ paperi µSDSHU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK paper µSDSHU¶ kumina µFDUDZD\ 3HUVLDQ FXPLQ¶
6ZHGLVKkumminµFDUDZD\3HUVLDQFXPLQ¶ neilikka µFORYHFDUQDWLRQ¶ 6ZHGLVKnejlika,
µFORYH FDUQDWLRQ¶ pippuri µSHSSHU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK pipar µSHSSHU¶ sinappi µPXVWDUG¶
6ZHGLVKsenapµPXVWDUG¶ DQGtilli µGLOO¶ 6ZHGLVKdillµGLOO¶ 18. Besides these, the most
recent loanwords are of English origin, as is the case with many other languages around the
world.
The interesting issue to consider, in regard with the topic of this article, is: when does a
ZRUGEHFRPHDFRPPRQORDQZRUGDQGVWRSEHLQJD³IRUHLJQZRUG´"0RVW)LQQVZRXOGQHYHU
WKLQNWKDWZRUGVVXFKDVäiti µPRWKHU¶ kansa µSHRSOH¶ DQGja µDQG¶ DUHORDQZRUGVDVWKH\
DOO ¿W WKH )LQQLVK SKRQRORJ\ ± DQG WKHUH DUH QR SKRQHWLFDOO\ VLPLODU H[LVWLQJ ZRUGV LQ WKH
66$ .DOOLR VHHDOVR.RLYXOHKWR
SSA2-3.
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16
17
106
Harri Kettunen
modern languages19. The same may also be true of peruna µSRWDWR¶ DOWKRXJKERWKWKHWHUPDQG
WKHSODQWDUHQRWQDWLYHWRWKHDUHD+RZHYHUPRUHUHFHQWORDQZRUGVDQGµH[RWLF¶SODQWVVXFKDV
chili or bataatti (sweet potato), are much easier to recognize as foreign words, especially if they
FRQWDLQVRXQGVRUJUDSKHPHVWKDWDUHQRWQDWLYHWR)LQQLVK2OGHUORDQZRUGVIURP,QGLJHQRXV
American languages, such as suklaa µFKRFRODWH¶ tomaatti µWRPDWR¶ DQGtupakka WREDFFR¶
DUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGWREHH[RWLFDVERWKWKHLWHPVDQGWKHWHUPVKDYHEHHQµQDWXUDOL]HG¶LQWRWKH
language and the everyday life.
+RZHYHUWKHVLWXDWLRQLVTXLWHGL൵HUHQWLQDUHDVZKHUHFRQVWDQWFRQWDFWZLWKVSHDNHUVRI
other languages or language families have not occurred. A notable case is the history of isolation
RI,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVIURPWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGXQWLOWKH¿UVWFRQWDFWZLWK(XURSHDQ
settlers. The loanwords that were introduced to various European languages (mainly Spanish,
3RUWXJXHVH(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFK DQGIURPWKHVHWRYDULRXVRWKHUODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG
had lived in isolation from the rest of the world (although obviously not from other Indigenous
languages in the area), so the borrowing process from these languages to other languages in
WKH ZRUOG LV FRQVLGHUDEO\ GL൵HUHQW:KLOH QHLJKERULQJ RU FROLYLQJ FXOWXUHV DQG ODQJXDJHV
have shared ideas, customs, and words for decades, centuries, or millennia, many terms from
Indigenous American languages were introduced to a few European colonists in the New World
DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQWURGXFHG LQ (XURSH WR D IHZ SHRSOH DQG WKHUHDIWHU TXLFNO\ RU VORZO\
to the rest of the population and the rest of the world. This process is still underway, as new
lexical items are introduced to new areas all the time. Also, some of these terms have always
UHPDLQHGH[FOXVLYHWRVSHFL¿F³DXGLHQFHV´ HJQDPHVRIUDUHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRUJHRJUDSKLF
terminology) while others have been quite widespread (words such as chili, cacao, chocolate,
tomato, coca, and jaguar).
Similar processes of introducing loanwords from distant languages (with a minimal number
of intermediary languages or a long time span) have occurred elsewhere and earlier as well,
especially after the beginning of maritime explorations. These include especially terms of East,
6RXWKHDVWDQG6RXWK$VLDQRULJLQVXFKDVWKHGL൵HUHQWWHUPVIRUtea in various languages, based
RQWKH+RNNLHQZRUGIRUWHD te) or the Cantonese term (cha) or the Northern Chinese(?) variant
WKDWZDVERUURZHGLQWR3HUVLDQLQWKHIRUPchai2WKHUVLQFOXGHZRUGVVXFKDVcurry (from Tamil
୷>ND܄LµVDXFH¶ZLWKFRJQDWHVLQVHYHUDO'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHV@ shampoo (from Hindi ýĭŁ čļ
>FKƗPSR@ DQGtattoo (from Samoan tatau>µWRWDSVWULNH¶@ +RZHYHUPDQ\RWKHUORDQZRUGV
of Asian origin had a lengthy route via numerous intermediary languages before they arrived
LQGLVWDQWSODFHVVXFKDV(XURSH,QPDQ\RFFDVLRQVWKHLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJHVZHUH3HUVLDQ
and Arabic.
In the case of Indigenous American loanwords, the terms arrived directly into the European
ODQJXDJHVVSHDNHUVRIZKLFKKDGH[SORUHGFRQTXHUHGDQGFRORQL]HGWKHUHVSHFWLYHDUHDV)URP
these languages, the terms were borrowed into other European languages, and later also to other
languages around the world. A good example is the word cacaococoa: while the etymology
JRHV EDFN WR 3URWR0L[H=RTXHDQ NDNDZD WKH GRQRU ODQJXDJH IRU WKH ZRUOGZLGH VSUHDG
RI WKH WHUP ZDV &ODVVLFDO 1DKXDWO cacahuatl> kakawatl ZLWK 6SDQLDUGV LQ 1HZ 6SDLQ
DFWLQJDVLQWHUPHGLDULHV)URP6SDQLVKcacao, the term spread to other European languages,
LQFOXGLQJ%DVTXH)UHQFKDQG,WDOLDQcacao, German Kakao, Swedish kakao)LQQLVKkaakao,
Russian ɤɚɤɚɨ*UHHNțĮțȐȠ, Arabic ᓆቲᝏቲᝣᑢቨ (kakao 3HUVLDQϮΎ̯Ύ̯(kakao), Hindi øļøļ (NǀNǀ),
$V-RKDQQD/DDNVR KDVQRWHG³,WLVZLGHO\NQRZQWKDWLQWKHFDVHRIYHU\LQWHQVLYHODQJXDJH
FRQWDFWVSUDFWLFDOO\DQ\WKLQJFDQEHERUURZHGIURPZRUGVWRD൶[HVDQGVWUXFWXUHV´
19
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
107
Tamil ୷ஏ୷ஜ୷ஏ (NRNNǀ), Khmer ȗȗʹ (kakav), Chinese⏖⏖ (NČNČ), Japanese: カカオ
NDNDR .RUHDQ카카오 NDNDR 4XHFKXDkakau, and Kivalliq kuku. As one can easily see, the
term has not really changed either in time or from one language to another, however distant and
unrelated. This is typical for exotic luxury items in lexical borrowings, and less so with initially
exotic but later commonplace items, such as potato.
&RQWUDU\ WR FDFDR RU FKRFRODWH SRWDWR ZDV PRUH µPXQGDQH¶ DQG DIWHU WKH LQLWLDO VORZ
reception by European farmers, potato became a staple in many European countries, especially
in the 19th century (i.e., almost 300 years after its initial introduction in Europe). In general
WHUPV µSRWDWR¶ LQ (XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV LV HLWKHU D ORDQZRUG IURP 7DLQR RU 4XHFKXD batata
and papaUHVSHFWLYHO\ D³WXEHU´RU³WUX൷H´³HDUWKDSSOH´RU³HDUWKSHDU´7KHWXEHUWUX൷H
grouping can be seen, e.g., in Aragonese trunfa, German .DUWRৼHO DQG 5XVVLDQ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ
NDUWRIHO DOOLQLWLDOO\IURP,WDOLDQtartufoloDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP/DWLQterrae tuber3RWDWRDV
“earth apple” is manifested in Dutch aardappel :HVW )ULVLDQ LHUGDSSHO a HDUSHO a LHUSHO a
MLUSHOaLHUDSSHO)UHQFKpomme de terre, as well as Basque lursagarra3RWDWRDV³HDUWKSHDU´
appears, e.g., in Bosnian krompir (from German Grundbirne), Swedish jordpäronDQG)LQQLVK
peruna (from the Swedish term, but leaving out the jord-part).
,QWHUHVWLQJO\ DOWKRXJK H[SHFWHGO\ LQ FXOWXUDO FURVVURDGV WKHUH DUH D ORW RI GL൵HUHQW
WHUPVIRUSRWDWR/RPEDUGVSRNHQLQ1RUWKHUQ,WDO\DQGSDUWVRI6RXWKHUQ6ZLW]HUODQG DQG
marginally also in Southern Brazil), exhibits a variety of these forms: pòm da tèra, tartúfola,
and patàtaZKLOH2FFLWDQVSRNHQLQ6RXWKHUQ)UDQFH:HVWHUQ3LHGPRQWLQ1RUWKZHVWHUQ,WDO\
0RQDFRDQG9DOG¶$UDQLQ1RUWKHUQ6SDLQSDUDGHVDZKROHVSHFWUXPRISRWDWRWHUPLQRORJ\
including trifa, trifòla, tripola, WURÀD, WUzÀD, WUXHÀD, trufa, trufe, truha, tura, turra, WRÀD, trefa,
trèfa, WUHÀD, WUqÀD, trefòla, WDUWLÀD, WDUWLÀH, patana, pom de tèrra, poma ar tèrra, poma de tèrra,
pomeitèrrapoma-pòrc, pompira, mandòrra, and coca.
English is somewhat more restricted, but also shows some variety of potato terminology.
The term potato has also changed over time in English. Variant forms include botata, bat(t)ata,
potato, potaton, potade, and potatus (16th to 17th centuries), patata (16th to 18th centuries),
potatoe (16th to 19th centuries), partato, potado, potata, pottato, and puttato (17th century),
and dialectal or regional tater, tatie, tattieDQGVSXG 2('>KHQFHIRUWK2('@ )XUWKHU
meanings in English for (or incorporating) potato include US slang term potatoesIRUµPRQH\¶
DQG³VPDOOSRWDWRHV´IRUVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVLQVLJQL¿FDQWRURIOLWWOHYDOXHZKLOHLQ$XVWUDOLDQ
rhyming slang, potater is a girl or a woman (from potato peeler, rhyming with Sheila 2('
)XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJKWKHWHUPLQ)LQQLVKIRUµSRWDWR¶LVperuna (as explained above), there
DUH D QXPEHU RI FROORTXLDO WHUPV LQ )LQQLVK WKDW VKRZ D൶QLW\ WR WKH WHUP µSRWDWR¶ VXFK DV
potaatti and pottu7KHVHWHUPVDUULYHGLQWR)LQQLVKYLD6ZHGLVKLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ 66$
Early accounts mention “potatoesten istuttamisen muoto” (1729) and “potatin caali” (1776),
with the former being very close to the abovementioned (16th to 19th century) English form
potatoe20 – a potential source for the Swedish form potatis / potat WKDW SURYLGHG WKH )LQQLVK
ZRUG 0RUHRYHU WKH LPSRUWDQFH DQG ZLGH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRWDWRHV LQ )LQODQG KDV SURGXFHG
an abundance of dialectal variants of the term. These include such forms as potaatti, potatti,
potaati, poteeti, potjetti, putaatti, putietti, pottu, potu, potto, poto, potti, pota, putti, potas, potes,
poteri, potakka, potokka, potikka, and potko ,WNRQHQDQG-RNL 66$
6HHHJ6HUHQLXV 327$72(6MRUGSlURQHQQlUDQGHURWI|UǕWNRPPHQLIUnQGH:LOGDL
:HǕW,QGLHQ!
20
108
Harri Kettunen
LOANWORDS FROM INDIGENOUS AMERICAN LANGUAGES
Expectedly, the vast majority of loanwords from indigenous American languages are related
WRÀRUDIDXQDDQGIRRGVWX൵V±DVRQHZRXOGH[SHFWHQWHULQJDSUHYLRXVO\XQNQRZQWHUULWRU\,Q
(QJOLVKFDIDOOLQWRWKLVFDWHJRU\ FDÀRUDIDXQDDQGIRRGVWX൵V ZKLOH
the rest is composed of cultural (e.g., canoe, moccasin) and geographic or climatological (e.g.,
savanna, hurricane) terminology.
7KHFLUFXPVWDQFHVEHKLQGWKHLQLWLDOERUURZLQJVDUHVRPHWLPHVNQRZQLQJUHDWGHWDLOZKLOH
LQRWKHUFDVHVZHFDQRQO\VSHFXODWHKRZWKHZRUGZDVSDVVHGIURPDVSHDNHU RUVSHDNHUV
RIDJLYHQ,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHWRDVSHDNHURI SUHGRPLQDQWO\ (XURSHDQGHVFHQW
VSHDNLQJLQPRVWFDVHVRQHRIWKH,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV7KHURXWHDQGVSHHGRIWKHVHQHZ
words to new areas and languages around the world varies considerably, from oral communication
WRZULWWHQUHFRUGV OHWWHUVDFFRXQWVUHSRUWVDUWLFOHVERRNVDQGPDSV DQGIURPIDVWWRVORZ
GLVWULEXWLRQ2EYLRXVO\LIWKHUHIHUHQWIROORZHGWKHWHUPLHLIWKHQHZLWHPZDVLQWURGXFHGLQ
the new area alongside the new term, the borrowing process was more intense than in the cases
where only the term entered the recipient language. In other words, when the tomato plant was
introduced in Europe, alongside the word tomato, the success of the dispersal of the term was
usually more successful than with words that were only described in, e.g., geographic treatises.
+RZHYHULWZDVQRWDOZD\VQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHµLWHP¶WRIROORZWKHWHUPHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDVHRI
H[RWLFDQLPDOVWKDWZHUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQERRNVGHVFULELQJWKHQHZO\GLVFRYHUHGDUHDV:RUGVVXFK
as jaguar, cannibal, or eskimo entered the vocabulary of European languages with little or no
FRQWDFWWRWKHUHIHUHQWV,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHFRQFHSWVZHUH³NQRZQ´WR(XURSHDQVFUDYLQJIRU
VWRULHVIURPODQGVDIDUIURPLOOXVWUDWHGERRNVDQGPDSV
6RPHWLPHVLWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRSLQSRLQWWKHH[DFWWLPHZKHQWKHERUURZLQJWRRNSODFHRU
ZKHQWKHWHUPZDV¿UVWLQWURGXFHGWRDZLGHUDXGLHQFHLQWKH2OG:RUOGDQGZKHQDQGKRZ
the word arrived to distant languages. However, in most cases, there are considerable gaps in
WKHVWRU\OLQHWKDWPD\RUPD\QRWEH¿OOHG$VDQH[DPSOHWKHZRUGmoccasin was borrowed
IURP DQ $OJRQTXLDQ ODQJXDJH SUREDEO\ 0DOLVHHW RU 0L¶NPDT WR )UHQFK LQ WKH HDUO\ WK
FHQWXU\7KH¿UVWNQRZQDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHWHUP LQWKHIRUPmekezin LVLQ0DUF/HVFDUERW¶V
Histoire de la Nouvelle-France IURP )URPWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKWKHZRUGZDVERUURZHG
to other European languages with varying success. As is the case with many other loanwords,
WKHVXFFHVVGHSHQGVRQWKHXVDJHRIWKHWHUPDQGRULWVUHIHUHQW&RQVHTXHQWO\DOWKRXJKNQRZQ
LQPDQ\ODQJXDJHVDQGE\PDQ\JHQHUDWLRQVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHZRUGDSSHDUVWREHWLHGHLWKHU
with using footwear that has been labeled as “moccasin” or with literature, cartoons, and movies
on Native American cultures, including Westerns. Based on a survey on Indigenous American
ORDQZRUGV VHHEHORZ WKHZRUGZDVUHODWLYHO\XQNQRZQWRPDQ\\RXQJSHRSOH H[FHSWIRUWKH
86$ ZKLOHWKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQKDGQRSUREOHPLGHQWLI\LQJWKHWHUP7KLVLVTXLWHOLNHO\
DUHVXOWRIWKHSRSXODULW\RIWKLQJV:HVWHUQ :HVWHUQPRYLHVERRNVDQGFRPLFV LQ(XURSHLQ
WKHWKFHQWXU\EXWOHVVVRLQWKHVWFHQWXU\2EYLRXVO\WKHVDPHLVWUXHZLWKPDQ\RWKHU
W\SHV RI ORDQZRUGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH QDPHV RI SODQWV DQG IRRGVWX൵V ZKRVH SRSXODULW\ FRPHV
and goes.
Returning to the topic of the processes involved in borrowing words from the New World,
there are two important things to consider: one is that these loanwords originate in a rather
UHVWULFWHGDUHDLQWKH$PHULFDV±DQGWKDWWKH\DUULYHG¿UVWWRUHVWULFWHG(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV
PRVWO\ 6SDQLVK DQG 3RUWXJXHVH DQG ODWHU (QJOLVK DQG )UHQFK 7KH RWKHU LV WKDW RQO\ DERXW
RIDOOLQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVKDYHSURYLGHGORDQZRUGVWRODQJXDJHVRXWVLGHWKH
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
109
Americas. We will next see what these restricted areas and languages are, in chronological order
following the initial European contact with these areas.
2QHRIWKHNH\DUHDVLVWKHUHJLRQWKDWZDV¿UVWRFFXSLHGDQGLQKDELWHGE\WKH(XURSHDQV
LHWKH&DULEEHDQLVODQGV)URPKHUHVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKKDVUHFHLYHGFDRILWV,QGLJHQRXV
ORDQZRUGV$OPRVWDOORIWKHPDUHRI$UDZDNDQ PRVWO\7DLQR RULJLQ:KDWLVXQLTXHDERXWWKLV
DUHDDQGWKHHDUO\ERUURZLQJVLVWKDWPDQ\RIWKHPZHUHXVHGE\WKH¿UVWZDYHRI&RQTXLVWDGRUV
and used later throughout the Americas, while later Nahuatl and Quechua loanwords rarely
spread across the equatorial isogloss (Zamora 1982). This, according to Zamora (1982), points
to the Caribbean loanwords as “prestige” items that signaled to the later waves of Conquistadors
WKDWWKH¿UVWZDYHKDGEHHQWKHVSHDUKHDGRIWKH&RQTXHVW7KHVHORDQZRUGVLQFOXGHWHUPVVXFK
as cacique, maize, and tobacco (cacique, maiz, and tabaco in Spanish, from Taino kasike, mahis,
and tabako>"@ UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKDW ZHUH QRW UHSODFHG E\ RWKHU WHUPV HYHQ GXULQJ DQG DIWHU WKH
Conquest of Mexico when Spanish received hundreds of loanwords from Nahuatl.
2WKHU ORDQZRUGV IURP $UDZDNDQ ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH barbecue, caiman, canoe, cassava,
cay, ceiba, guava, hammock, hurricane, iguana, maguey, mamey, manatee, pitaya ~ pitahaya,
savanna ~ savannah, mangrove, and papaya in English and related terms in numerous other
ODQJXDJHVDVZHOODVGL൵HUHQWWHUPVIRUVZHHWSRWDWRLQYDULRXVODQJXDJHVEDVHGRQWKH7DLQR
word batata, which also provided us with the word potato (via Spanish patata) (Granberry and
Vescelius 2004). These will be discussed further down in separate entries.
2WKHU$UDZDNDQWHUPVLQWR6SDQLVK EXWQRWWRRWKHUODQJXDJHV LQFOXGHají µFKLOLSHSSHU¶
from Taino ahi21 bejuco22 µOLDQD¶IURP7DLQREHKXNR guanábana23 µVRXUVRSFXVWDUGDSSOH¶
Annona24 spp. from Taino wanabana guanajo &XEDQ'RPLQLFDQDQG3XHUWR5LFDQ6SDQLVK
7KH HQWU\ µFDSVLFXP¶ LV JORVVHG DV D[L DML DJHV! LQ 0DUWLXV ZKLOH /DV &DVDV
Chapter XII) has “el axi que es la pimienta.” Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 102) provide the phonetic
IRUPDKLIRUWKHVRXUFHIRUP D[L!+RZHYHU*UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV DOVRSRLQWRXWWKDW
³>W@KH OHWWHU [! SRVHV VRPHWKLQJ RI D SUREOHP LQ WKDW LWV SUHFLVH SKRQHWLF YDOXH LQ VL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\
6SDQLVKFRXOGÀXFWXDWHEHWZHHQ>K@>V@DQG>ã@>«@1RDWWHPSWKDVFRQVHTXHQWO\EHHQPDGHWRVWDWHLWV
SKRQHWLFSKRQHPLFVWDWXVDQGLWKDVVLPSO\EHHQOHIWDV [!WKRXJKZKHQIRUPLQLWLDORUIRUP¿QDO [!
ZDVXVXDOO\LQWHUSUHWHGDV>K@DQGZULWWHQLQRXUWUDQVFULSWLRQDV K!>«@EDVHGRQWKHPRUSKHPHLQWHUQDO
characteristics of the form and the phonetic nature of its cognates, if any, in related Northern Maipuran
$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHV´
22
/DV &DVDV &KDSWHU ;,, ZULWHV WKH WHUP DV EH[XFR! DQG SURYLGHV XV ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ
GHVFULSWLRQ ³2WUDFRVDSDUDSXUJDUQRVpSDUDTXpHQIHUPHGDGHVKD\HQHVWD,VOD\VRVSHFKRTXHGHEH
VHUSDUDPDOHVGHÀHPD\pVWDHVXQDFRUUHDyUDt]QRSRUTXHHVWpGHEDMRGHWLHUUDVLQRTXHWLHQHVX
raíz debajo della y encarámase por los árboles de la manera de la hiedra, y así parece algo, no en la hoja,
SRUTXHQRODWLHQHVLQRHQSDUHFHUFRUUHD\HQFDUDPDUVHFRPRODKLHGUD OODPiEDQODORVLQGLRVEH[XFROD
SHQ~OWLPDVtODEDOXHQJD3XHGHQDWDUFXDOTXLHUDFRVDFRQHOODFRPRXQDFXHUGDSRUTXHHVQHUYRVD\WLHQH
yEUD]DV\PiVGHOXHQJR JHQHUDOPHQWHKD\PXFKRVEH[XFRVHQWRGRVORVPRQWHV\VLUYHQSDUD
todas cosas de atar y son muy provechosos.”
23
/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, QRWHVWKHIROORZLQJ ³+D\RWUDHQHVWD,VODTXHOODPDQJXDQDEDQDVOD
SHQ~OWLPDVtODEDEUHYHTXHVRQWDQJUDQGHVFRPRXQDVERODVGHMXJDUELUORV ODFRUWH]DWLHQHYHUGHFODUD
\XQDVFRPRWHWLOODVGHQLxRFRQXQDVHVSLQLWDVHQHOODV ORGHGHQWUR\TXHHVGHFRPHUDOJRDPDULOOR\
FRPRXQPX\PDGXUR\WLHUQRPHORQ6RQPX\VDEURVDVFRQXQSRFRGHDJURTXHOHGiHOEXHQVDERU KD\
en cada una que comer dos hombres.”
24
The term annonaLVXVHGE\/DV&DVDVLQUHIHUHQFHWRDIUXLWWKDWKHGHVFULEHVMXVWSULRUWRGHVFULELQJ
guanabana7KHUHDSSHDUVWREHVRPHFRQIXVLRQDVWRWKHVSHFL¿FVSHFLHV/DV&DVDVLVUHIHUULQJWR,QERWK
cases, however, we are dealing with genus Annona/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, KDVWKLVWRVD\DERXW
annona: “Habia otra mucho buena y suave, muy sabrosa, puesto que no odorífera, tan grande como un
PHPEULOORTXHQRHVRWUDFRVDVLQRXQDEROVDGHQDWDVyPDQWHTXLOODV\DVtHVEODQFR\PiVUDORyOtTXLGR
21
110
Harri Kettunen
IRUµWXUNH\¶IURP$UDZDNDQ>7DLQR"@wanaxu" DQGjaiba 6SDQLVKYDULDQWVRI/DWLQ$PHULFD
IRU µFUDE¶ IURP D 7DLQR VRXUFH SRVVLEO\ xaiba). Another term, tuna µSULFN\ SHDU IUXLW¶
from Taino tuna25, has been incorporated into other languages via Spanish, although with a
rather restricted distribution. And yet another Taino-derived term, maniRUµSHDQXW¶ *UDQEHUU\
and Vescelius 2004: 109) has been borrowed in the form maní to some variants of Spanish
(including the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and the Canary Islands), along with
7DJDORJ LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV ZKLOH LQ 0H[LFR WKH WHUP LV cacahuate and in Spain cacahuete,
both from Nahuatl WOƗOFDFDKXDWO (WOƗONDNDZDWO), where the WOƗOPHDQVµHDUWK¶LH³HDUWKFDFDR´
(Karttunen 1992: 18)26.
Besides the early Taino terms, also Cariban languages introduced a few loanwords into
(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV$V WKH &DULEDQ VSHDNHUV KDG VWDUWHG H[SDQGLQJ LQWR WKH /HVVHU$QWLOOHV
(from the South American mainland) just prior to the Conquest, and as they habitually adopted
DQ$UDZDNDQ ODQJXDJH RI WKH H[LVWLQJ SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKH DUHD DQG RQO\ SUHVHUYLQJ D OLPLWHG
vocabulary from Cariban), the borrowing processes are not that straightforward to understand.
,WLVOLNHO\WKDWVRPHRIWKHWHUPLQRORJ\ZDVFRPPXQLFDWHGRQWKHFRDVWRIWKHPDLQODQGZLWK
&DULEDQ VSHDNHUV OLYLQJ LQ WKHVH DUHDV 7KH$UDZDNDQ ODQJXDJH RI WKH ,VODQG &DULEV ,VODQG
&DULE,JQHUL,xHUL WKDWFRQWDLQHGDUHGXFHG&DULEDQYRFDEXODU\EHFDPHH[WLQFWE\ V
+RZHYHUWKH*DULIXQDODQJXDJH VSRNHQE\WKH*DULIXQDRIPL[HG$UDZDN&DULEDQG$IULFDQ
ancestry in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), retains some Cariban-derived words
DOWKRXJKEHLQJ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJH>ZLWKLQÀXHQFHVIURP)UHQFK(QJOLVK'XWFK6SDQLVKDQG
African languages]).
0DUWLXV OLVWV DQQRWRFRXWVDXZH!DVBixa Orellana as part of the “Dictionnaire
*DOLEL 'LFWLRQDULXPJDOOLFHODWLQHHWJDOLEL 3ODQWDH´VHFWLRQRIKLVBeiträge zur Ethnographie
und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens, II7KHWHUP DQQRWR!LVFOHDUO\WKHVDPHZRUG
¿UVWUHFRUGHGE\5REHUW+DUFRXUWLQKLVA relation of a voyage to Guiana (Harcourt 1613: 32):
“There bee many rare and singular commodities for Diers, of which sort there is a red
Berry called Annoto, which being rightly prepared by the Indians, dyeth a perfect and
VXUH2UDQJHWDZQ\LQVLONH LWKDWKEHHQVROGLQHolland for twelue shillings starling the
pound, and is yet of a good price.”
This word is also the source of the most frequent term for Bixa Orellana (besides the Nahuatlderived term achiote) in the languages around the world, i.e., annatto 7KH FRXWVDXZH!
TXHHVSHVRFRPRPDQWHFDPX\EODQGDORTXHGHOODHVFRPHVWLEOH WLHQHGHQWURDOJXQDVSHSLWDVQHJUDV\
OXFLDVFRPRVLIXHUDQGHD]DEDMDWDQJUDQGHVFRPRSLxRQHVFRQVXVFiVFDUDVDXQTXHPX\PiVOLQGDV OD
FiVFDUDyEROVDGRQGHHVWiORFRPHVWLEOHHVFRPRHQWUHYHUGH\SDUGDODFXDOOODPDEDQORVLQGLRVDQQRQD
ODSHQ~OWLPDOXHQJD´
25
2QHRIWKHHDUOLHVWPHQWLRQVRItunaLVIURP/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, ³(QODVULEHUDVGHODPDU
hay una fruta que llamaban los indios tunas, de hechura de las bolsas en que están las adormideras, pero
VRQYHUGHVFODUDV\OOHQDVODVFiVFDUDVGHXQDVHVSLQLWDVGHOJDGDViWUHFKRVSRUyUGHQELHQSXHVWDV QDFHQ
HQ XQRV DUEROLOORV GH KDVWD i FXDWUR SDOPRV SRFR PiV DOWRV GHO VXHOR WRGRV HVSLQRVRV \ ¿HURV OR TXH
WLHQHGHQWURHVWDIUXFWDTXLWDGDODFiVFDUDHVGH]XPR\FDUQHFRPRORGHODVPRUDVGHQXHVWUDWLHUUD
comiéndola, toda va á parar al orina, y á los principios, cuando no sabíamos qué era, la comieron algunos,
no sin gran miedo, creyendo que era sangre lo que salia y que se debian de haber rompido todas las venas.”
26
Interestingly, besides maní, Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 107) have kakawete FDFDKXHWH!DQGkawe FDJXH!IRUµSHDQXW¶LQ7DLQR
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
111
KRZHYHUXQGRXEWHGO\UHÀHFWVWKHDWWHVWHG&DULEDQWHUPkusewe (see Courtz 2008: 307, 451) for
Bixa Orellana. This leaves open the question where the term annatto derives from.
)XUWKHUPRUH DOWKRXJK QRW UHDOO\ D WHUP LQ GDLO\ XVH WKH ERWDQLFDO JHQXV QDPH bixa of
DQQDWWRDFKLRWH Bixa orellana DWUHH RUDVKUXE EHVWNQRZQDVWKHVRXUFHRIDQDWXUDORUDQJH
UHGFRQGLPHQWDQGIRRGFRORULQJGHULYHVIURPWKH7DLQRZRUG EL[D!27 (e.g., Martius 1867: 318)
or biha (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 104)28, while the epithet orellana refers to the explorer
RIWKH$PD]RQ)UDQFLVFRGH2UHOODQD$QQDWWRZDV DQGVWLOOLV XVHGIRUFRORULQJIRRGVWX൵V
DQGGULQNVLQFOXGLQJFKRFRODWHULFHPHDWV29, and today also cheese (e.g., Cheddar), butter, and
PDUJDULQH 0RUWRQ %HVLGHVLWZDVXVHGDVDSDLQWLQ3UH&ROXPELDQDQG&RQWDFW
3HULRGPDQXVFULSWVLQ0HVRDPHULFDDQGKDVEHHQXVHGDVDQLQVHFWUHSHOOHQWDQGVXQVFUHHQDQG
as a ritual and decorative body painting, e.g., among the Brazilian Indigenous people and beyond
New World also by various West African cultures, as well as in Samoa and Caroline Islands
LQWKHZHVWHUQ3DFL¿F2FHDQ 0RUWRQ $FFRUGLQJWR0RUWRQ DQQDWWR
ZDVRQHRIWKH¿UVW1HZ:RUOGSODQWVWREHLQWURGXFHGLQWRVRXWKHUQ$VLDDQGWURSLFDO$IULFD
3URVSHFWLYH&DULEDQGHULYHGORDQZRUGV RXWVLGHWKHFRUH&DULEDQDUHD DUHYHU\IHZ2QH
of them is peccary&RXUW] KDVSDNLUD SDNLUD>SDJLݐD@ IRUµFROODUHGSHFFDU\¶
or Tayassu tajacu in Carib30 ZKLOH WKH µZKLWHOLSSHG SHFFDU\¶ >Tayassu pecari] is called
pyinko). Another, but more regional, term from Carib(an) is the Spanish araguato ~ zaraguato
~ saraguato ~ saraguate µKRZOHUPRQNH\¶>Alouatta spp.])31. Courtz (2008: 465) has arawata
IRUµKRZOHUPRQNH\¶ Alouatta seniculus). The species are not present (at least today) in the
Antilles, except for Trinidad close to the South American continent, so if the animal was seen by
WKH6SDQLVKDQGWKHWHUPVXEVHTXHQWO\ERUURZHGWKLVRXJKWWRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQWKHVRXWKHUQ
/HVVHU$QWLOOHVRUPRUHOLNHO\RQWKHFRDVWRIWKHPDLQODQG6RXWK$PHULFD
3RVVLEOH VSHFLHV IRU WKH VRXUFH RI WKH 6SDQLVK araguato ~ zaraguato ~ saraguato ~
saraguateDUHOLNHO\OLPLWHGWRWKUHH RXWRIWKH¿IWHHQNQRZQ KRZOHUPRQNH\VSHFLHVZKRVH
GLVWULEXWLRQ RYHUODSV ZLWK WKH &DULEDQVSHDNLQJ DUHDV WKDW WKH 6SDQLVK KDG FRQWDFW ZLWK$OO
of them belong to the Alouatta seniculusJURXSDQGDUHWKHIROORZLQJ 9HQH]XHODQ&RORPELDQ
red howler (Alouatta seniculus>ZHVWHUQPRVW$PD]RQ%DVLQ ZHVWHUQPRVWSDUWRI9HQH]XHOD
&RORPELD ZHVWHUQ (FXDGRU QRUWKZHVWHUQ 3HUX DQG QRUWKHDVWHUQ %UD]LO@ XUVLQH KRZOHU
(Alouatta arctoidea >QDWLYH WR 9HQH]XHOD@ DQG *X\DQDQ UHG KRZOHU Alouatta macconnelli
>HDVWHUQ9HQH]XHOD7ULQLGDG6XULQDPH*X\DQD)UHQFK*XLDQDDQGQRUWKHUQ%UD]LO %RXEOLet
al %LFFD0DUTXHVet al 8UEDQLet al. 2018).
27
In Catalan, the term for Bixa Orellana is simply bixa±WKHRQO\ODQJXDJHNQRZQWRWKHDXWKRUWKDWXVHV
directly the Taino term (or, more precisely, its 16th century Spanish orthographic variant).
28
A derivative of the term, bixin DOVR NQRZQ DV E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z,18E)-20-methoxy4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxoicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid, is an apocarotenoid found in
annatto (Mercadante et al 7D\$JER]Ret al. 2018).
29
Including the cochinita pibilIURP<XFDWDQ IURP<XFDWHFSLELONҲpHNҲHQ).
30
&DULE LV RQH RI WKH GR]HQV RI &DULEDQ ODQJXDJHV , XVH KHUH WKH WHUP &DULE WR WKH ODQJXDJH NQRZQ
DXWRFKWKRQRXVO\DV.DUuQDDXUDQRU³ODQJXDJHRIWKH&DULEV´DVGHVFULEHGE\&RXUW] DQGNQRZQDV
&DULEHLQ6SDQLVK*DOLELLQ)UHQFKDQG.DUDwHELQ'XWFK
31
7KHLQLWLDOVLQzaraguato ~ saraguato ~ saraguate does not appear in Carib, so it must have been added
LQWKHERUURZLQJSURFHVV7KHUHLVQRXQDPELJXRXVH[SODQDWLRQIRULWEXWLWLVQRWLPSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHV
ZDVDGGHGE\D6SDQLVKVSHDNHULQDQXQNQRZQFRQWH[W VXFKDVVLQJXODUDUDZDWD!SOXUDOODVDUDZDWDV
!ODVBVDUDZDWDV!VDUDZDWD!VDUDZDWR! VDUDJXDWR!7KHPHWDSODVPFDQQRWKDYHKDSSHQHGLQ&DULE
DVRQO\QDVDOFRGDSKRQHPHVRFFXUZRUG¿QDOO\LQWKHODQJXDJH &RXUW] &RQVHTXHQWO\ZHPXVW
ORRNIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQLQWKHUHFLSLHQWODQJXDJH
112
Harri Kettunen
$QRWKHU UHJLRQDO WHUP IRU KRZOHU PRQNH\ LQ 6SDQLVK LV carayá, from a Tupi-Guarani
source. Ruiz de Montoya (1640: 99) glosses “caí, carayâ32, cambí” under Spanish mono. The
VSHFLHV LQ TXHVWLRQ LV H[SHFWHGO\ WKH EODFN KRZOHU Alouatta caraya)33 QDWLYH WR 3DUDJXD\
northeastern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil (Bicca-Marques et
al $GGLWLRQDOUHJLRQDOWHUPVIRUKRZOHUPRQNH\VIURP&HQWUDO$PHULFDWRWKHJUHDWHU
Amazon area that potentially or unquestionably originate in Indigenous languages include coto,
guariba, and manechi.
)XUWKHUPRUHDPRUHZLGHO\GLVWULEXWHGWHUPLQ6SDQLVKLVmico, a general term for small
ORQJWDLOHGPRQNH\VWKDWOLNHO\GHULYHVIURPRQHRIWKH&DULEDQODQJXDJHV&RXUW]
has meku µEURZQFDSXFKLQPRQNH\¶>Cebus apella] for the Carib dialects in eastern Suriname,
Guyana, and Venezuela, as well as for Aparai, Wayana, Waiwai, and Sranantongo (an EnglishEDVHG FUHROH ODQJXDJH VSRNHQ LQ 6XULQDPH ,Q DGGLWLRQ 7DXVWH KDV DOVR mico
for “niño parvulo, ù del pecho” and Acevedo Torrealba (2017: 79) miko and miku for “niño,
SiUYXOR´LQ&KDLPD DND&KD\PD&XPDQDJRWR&XPDQRJRWD&XPDQi.XPDQiD&DULEDQ
ODQJXDJH VSRNHQ LQ QRUWKHDVWHUQ9HQH]XHOD ZKLFK PLJKW DFWXDOO\ GHULYH IURP WKH ZRUG IRU
µOLWWOHPRQNH\¶LHE\H[WHQVLRQDOVR³EDE\´
Another Spanish term, loro µSDUURWSDUDNHHW¶ PLJKWDOVREHRI&DULEDQRULJLQ7KHWHUP
appears in Chaima as roro 7DXVWH 5DPtUH]0RURFRLPDQG TXLWHOLNHO\DVRXQG
V\PEROLF WHUP7KH IDFW WKDW )UD\ )UDQFLVFR GH7DXVWH UHFRUGHG LW LQ KLV 6SDQLVK WR &KDLPD
YRFDEXODU\LQDVORUR URURPHDQVWKDWWKHWHUPZDVDOUHDG\NQRZQDVloro in Spanish.
$VLWKDSSHQV)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVKDGDOUHDG\UHFRUGHGWKHWHUPLQKLVHGLWLRQ
RIWKH+LVWRULDJHQHUDOGHODV,QGLDVDOWKRXJKZHFDQQRWNQRZKRZIDUEDFN DQGZKHUH WKH
DFWXDOERUURZLQJWRRNSODFHDVLVWKHFDVHZLWKPDQ\RWKHUHDUO\ORDQZRUGVIURPWKH&DULEEHDQ
DQGHQYLURQV:KDWLVLQWHUHVWLQJDERXWWKHWHUPLVWKDWWKHLQLWLDOVRXQGDSSHDUVWREHUUDWHU
WKDQOLQ&KDLPD+RZHYHUDFORVHUORRNDWWKHSKRQRORJ\RIWKHODQJXDJHUHYHDOVWKDWZRUG
LQLWLDOO\WKHUEHFRPHV³VRIW´ ³>V@RQLGRVXDYHGH³HUH´HQWRGDVODVSDODEUDVGRQGHDSDUHFH
como inicial” (Ramírez Morocoima n.d.).
<HWDQRWKHUGHEDWHGWHUPLVcolibrí, which, depending on the source, is either said to originate
LQWKH&DULEEHDQDQG¿UVWERUURZHGLQWR)UHQFKRUVDLGWRRULJLQDWHLQ2FFLWDQ$FFRUGLQJWR
&157/WKHZRUGLVRIDQREVFXUHRULJLQ¿UVWDWWHVWHGLQ)UHQFKLQ -%RXWRQ¶VRelation
de l’establissement des François en l’isle de la Martinique, p. 71), and does not seem to be an
Indigenous Caribbean term. Esnault (1912) proposes that the term could originate in the word
IRUµVQDNH¶LQ5RPDQFHODQJXDJHVUHSUHVHQWLQJLQPDQ\FDVHVWKHVDPHFRQVRQDQWDOVRXQGV
c-l-br (Spanish culebra2FFLWDQFROREUDERWKIURP/DWLQcolubercolubra JHQLWLYHFROXEUƯ
+RZHYHU&157/DOVRQRWHVWKDWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHZRUGEURXJKWWRWKH:HVW,QGLHVE\WKH
)UHQFKVHWWOHUVLVGL൶FXOWIURPWKHSKRQHWLFDQGVHPDQWLFSRLQWRIYLHZ34
Montoya (1640: 167) has also aycârâî IRU µUDVFDU¶ µWR VFUDWFK¶ DQG y cârâî haguê IRU µUDVFDGXUD¶
µVFUDWFKLQJVFUDSLQJ¶ WHPSWLQJO\ EXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\ UHODWHGWRWKHWHUPcarayâ.
33
Interestingly, Carib (an unrelated language but a neighbor to some Tupi-Guarani languages) has karai
IRUµEODFNFRORUEODFNQHVV¶ &RXUW]
34
,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHZRUOG¶VVPDOOHVWELUG ±JUDPV WKHEHHKXPPLQJELUGRU+HOHQDKXPPLQJELUG
(Mellisuga helenae) is called (sound-symbolically) zunzuncito in its native Cuba. A similar-sounding word
IRU µKXPPLQJELUG¶ LV DOVR IRXQG LQ WKH 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV UHÀHFWLQJ 3URWR0D\DQ W]¶XXQX௧Q 6LPLODU
VRXQGLQJWHUPV LQWKLVFDVHUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH³KXPPLQJ´RIWKHELUG¶VZLQJV DUHW\SLFDOO\JLYHQWRYDULRXV
DQLPDOVHVSHFLDOO\ELUGVLQGHSHQGHQWO\LQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV
32
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
113
Another bird of mystery is the guacamayo ~ guacamaya RUµVFDUOHWPDFDZ¶>Ara macao]).
While the genus name ara and the English term macawERWKGHULYHIURP2OG7XSL ara and
macavuana, respectively), the term guacamayo ~ guacamaya has been suggested to originate
HLWKHUIURP7DLQRRUIURP4XHFKXD)RUWKHODWWHUDiccionario quechua-español-quechua (2005:
KDV ³ZDNDPD\X Ara ararauna Linneo, Ara chloroptera Gray, Ara macao Linneo)35.
3DSDJD\R JXDFDPD\R ZDNDPD\R´ ZKLOH /DV &DVDV &KDSWHU /;;;,9 UHIHUULQJ WR
the second voyage by Columbus in 1493, writes that
“Allí hallaron los primeros papagayos que llamaban guacamayos, tan grandes como
JDOORV GH PXFKRV FRORUHV \ OR PiV HV FRORUDGR SRFR D]XO \ EODQFR HVWRV QXQFD
chirrían ni hablan, sino de cuando en cuando dan unos gritos desgraciados, y solamente
VHKDOODQHQWLHUUD¿UPHHQODFRVWDGH3DULD\SRUDOOtDGHODQWH´
&RQVHTXHQWO\LWVHHPVWKDWERWK7DLQR SURYLGHGWKDWWKLVLVWKHVRXUFHRIWKHWHUPLQ/DV
&DVDV±DQGDOVRLQ)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV>@ DQG4XHFKXDKDYHWKHWHUP,VLW
possible that both languages have it independently – or did one pass it on via Spanish to the
RWKHU"/RJLFDOO\RQHZRXOGDVVXPHWKDWDELUGVSHFLHVZKRVHKDELWDWLVLQWKHKXPLGORZODQG
subtropical rain forests and open woodlands, would lend its name from its native area. However,
ZHPXVWDOVRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKDWPDFDZVZHUHWUDGHGDQGEUHGLQFDSWLYLW\DOUHDG\LQ
the pre-Columbian times – as far north as New Mexico. The dilemma here is that the term is
attested in modern Quechua and UHSRUWHG LQ WKH &DULEEHDQ GXULQJ WKH &RQWDFW 3HULRG IURP
where the term (and the bird) was subsequently lost. Nonetheless, until more research has been
FDUULHGRXWRQWKHRULJLQVRIWKHWHUP,ZRXOGNHHSWKH7DLQRWHUPDVWKHLQLWLDOVRXUFHZKLOHWKH
Quechua term may very well be a loan from Taino via Spanish.
In addition, similar to many areas in the New World, there are many toponyms and
ethnonyms that can be regarded as lexical borrowings if they, one way or another, appear in other
languages. I.e., e.g., Guanaja chocolate, ÀRUGH-DPDLFD (+LELVFXVVDEGDULৼD), Havana cigar,
0DOLEXOLTXHXU0DQKDWWDQFRFNWDLO%DKDPDVKRUWVRU0RKDZNKDLUVW\OH VHHEHORZIRUIXUWKHU
discussion). In the case of Taino toponyms, at least the following have been used internationally
LQGL൵HUHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV +DEDQD IURPaba+na!abana³¿UVWVPDOO>VHWWOHPHQW@´ *UDQEHUU\
DQG 9HVFHOLXV *XDQDKDQt IURP wa+na+ha+ni ! ZDQDKDQL ³VPDOO XSSHU ZDWHUV
ODQG´ *UDQEHUU\ DQG 9HVFHOLXV DQG %DKDPD IURP ba+ha+ma ! EDKDPD ³ODUJH
XSSHUPLGGOH>ODQG@´ *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV
The more common loanwords of Caribbean-origin will be discussed below, with references
WRWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQHLJKWVFKRROVLQ)LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHV 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH VFKRRO VXUYH\V LQ )LQODQG DORQJ ZLWK PDQ\ RI WKH HW\PRORJLHV
GLVFXVVHGEHORZKDYHSUHYLRXVO\EHHQSXEOLVKHGLQ.HWWXQHQ XQGHUWKHWLWOH³)URPmaissi
to mokkasiini $PHULQGLDQ/RDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVK´ 36.
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH 4XHFKXD :LNLSHGLD 4LFKZD :LNLSLGL\D KDV uchu wakamayu, uchu, ushu
wakamayu, and ushu for Ara macao.
36
Note that the student answers are presented in this study exactly as they were spelled in the original
VXUYH\V DQG PDUNHG LQVLGH DQJOH EUDFNHWV! IRU DGGHG FODULW\ H[FHSW IRU WKH GLUHFW (QJOLVK TXRWHV
>DQVZHUV@ZKLFKDSSHDUZLWKTXRWDWLRQPDUNV ,QWKHIRUPHUFDVHVSHOOLQJHUURUVRUW\SRVDUHQRWLQGLFDWHG
IRUEHWWHUUHDGLELOLW\ ZKLOHLQWKHODWWHUFDVHREYLRXVHUURUVDUHPDUNHGZLWK³>VLF@´)XUWKHUPRUHGLUHFW
quotes in Spanish are regularly not translated as the readers of this volume are presumed to understand
WKHODQJXDJH+RZHYHUWKHDQVZHUVE\WKH)LQQLVKDQG3ROLVKVWXGHQWVKDYHEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVK
35
114
Harri Kettunen
LOANWORDS FROM THE CARIBBEAN
Sweet potato (Sp. batata >Ipomoea batatas]) is a plant native to the tropical regions of
the Americas. The term batata originates in the Taino word batata (Martyr 1516: f50v, 1530:
I Y U '/( >KHQFHIRUWK '/(@ 3HWHU 0DUW\U¶V De orbe novo decades (Decades of
the New World) is the earliest source of the word, spelled battata in the 1516 edition of the De
orbe novo and batata in the 1530 edition37,QWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGLWLVNQRZQDOVRDV
,Q DGGLWLRQ ZKLOH PDQ\ WHUPV LQ GL൵HUHQW ZULWLQJ V\VWHPV DUH WUDQVOLWHUDWHG RU WUDQVFULEHG LQ WKH WH[W
especially the most common alphabetic scripts are not. I believe that the reader, if not already familiar
ZLWKHJWKH*UHHNRUWKH&\ULOOLFDOSKDEHWZRXOGEHDEOHWROHDUQWKHOHWWHUVRIWKHVHVFULSWVTXLFNHUWKDQ
reading this article.
37
Martyr (1516: folio 50v) has the following on batata 0XOWDGLFXQWHǕǕHLXFFDUXPJHQHUD9QnjDOWHUR
ǕXDXLXV DWT^XH`DOLXGDOLRSUHFLRǕLXVHVW TXRUHJXOLVHGXOLXPSDUHWXU ǕXQWTXLEXVXHǕFƗWXUQRELOHV ǕXQW
TXLEXVSRSXO^XV`([ǕXFFDUDPXHURL~FFDPƯWDEHOODV¿FWLOHVDGLGFRPSDFWDVXHOXWLSUHǕǕXPQRǕWULFDǕHXP
GLǕWHQGXQWFRTXHQGDP,VHǕWHRUXPSDQLVSULPDULXV KXQFXRFDQWFD]iEEL$JLXPǕLPLOLWHUHWEDWWDWiUXP
XDULDVGLFXQWHǕǕHǕSHFLHV6HGDJLEXV EDWWDWLVPDJLVS^UR`IHUFXOLVDXWIUXFWLEXVXWXQWXU T^XDP`DGXǕXP
FRQ¿FLƝGL SDQLV XWL QRǕWUL UDSLV UDSKDQLV WXEHULEXV UDSLV SDǕWPDFLV KXLXǕFHPRGL UHEXV ǕHG EDWWiWLV
SU FLSXH TX WHUU WXEHUD HJUHJLD ǕXSHUHQW PLUD TXDGDP GXOFL PROLFLH VL S^UDH`ǕHUWLP LQ QRELOLRUHV
LQFLGDWXU!RU³7KH\VD\WKHUHDUHPDQ\W\SHVRI\XFFDV2QHLVVPRRWKHUWKDQDQRWKHUDQGDQRWKHULV
PRUHSUHFLRXVWKDQWKHRWKHU DQGE\WKLVLWZRXOGEHSUHSDUHGDVIRRGIRUPLQRUUXOHUV WKHUHDUH RQHV
ZKLFKQREOHVZRXOGHDWDQGWKHUHDUH RQHV ZKLFKWKHFRPPRQIRON ZRXOGHDW %XWWKH\XFFDLWVMXLFH
H[WUDFWHGWKH\VWUHWFKRXWIRUFRRNLQJXSRQHDUWKHQWDEOHWVSDFNHGIRUWKLVOLNHRXUSUHVVHGFKHHVH7KLV
LVWKHLUSULPDU\EUHDG WKLVWKH\FDOOcazabbi. Similarly, they say there are various species of agi and of
battata. But they use agi and battataPRUHIRUGLVKHVRUIUXLWVWKDQIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIPDNLQJEUHDGOLNH
RXUV ZLWK WXUQLSV UDGLVKHV WXEHUV DSSOHV" SDUVQLSV DQG WKLQJV RI WKLV VRUW EXW ZLWK battata mostly,
which would surpass the outstanding fruits of the land with a certain marvelous sweet lightness, especially
LI RQH IDOO LQ ZLWK WKH QREOHV´ 7UDQVODWLRQ E\ 7RGG .UDXVH >ZLWK PLQRU PRGL¿FDWLRQV@ )XUWKHUPRUH
0DUW\U IROLRV Y U DGGV 3DQLVHRUnjHǕWPDLLFLXVYWLDSXGLQǕXODUHVLXFFDPUDGLFƝH[TXD¿W
FD]DELTXLHǕWFLE^XV`QRELOLXPQǀKDEƝW0DLLFLXPJUDQnjQ^RVW`URHǕWSDQLFRLQǕXEULDHS^HU`ǕLPLOHVHG
SLǕXPOHJXPHQ TXDWPDJQLWXGLQH IUXPƝWL JHQXVDOLXGǕHUXQWQRPLQH;DWKLPLOLXPDUELWUƗWXUHVVH
QH^TXH`SURFHUWRUHFLWƗWTXLDSU FLSXHSDXFLH&DǕWHOODQLVTXLGǕLWPLOLXPLQWHOOLJXQWFnjQXǕTXƗLQ&DǕWHOOD
ǕHUDW^XU`%DWDWDUnjDǕǕHTXnjWXUDOLTXDJHQHUDǕHGH[LJXD6XQW%DWDW UDGLFHVFRPHǕWLEL,HVYWLDSXGQRV
UDIDQL FDULRW SDǕWLQDF QDSL UDS GH KLV HW LXFFD HW FܗWHULV HGXOLLV SO^XV` ǕDWLV LQ GHFDGLE^XV`
SULPLV!RU³7KHLUEUHDGLV PDGHRI maizeDVDPRQJWKHLVODQGHUV WKH\XFFDURRWIURPZKLFKLVPDGH
cazabi, which is the food of the nobles, they do not have. The maize grain is quite similar to our panicgrass of Insubria, but equals the pea legumen in size. They sow also another type of grain, but the name
Xathus, they believe (it) to be millet. But they do not stipulate this with certainty, since exceedingly few of
the Castellani understand what millet would be, since nowhere would it be sown in Castella. They attain
some types of batata, but scanty. The roots of the batatas are edible, as among us the radishes, carrots,
SDUVQLSVQDYHZVWXUQLSV DERXWWKHVHDQGWKH\XFFDDQGWKHRWKHUIRRGVPRUHWKDQHQRXJKLQWKH¿UVW
GHFDGHV´ DQG 0DUW\U IROLRU 5DGLFXP KDEHQWDOLDUXPPXOWDJHQHUDEDWDWDVYQRYRFDEXOR
QXQFXSDQWRFWRHJRGHǕFULSǕLDOLDVHLXVJHQHULVHǕǕHǕSHFLHVTXHÀRUHIROLRIUXWLFHQRǕFXQWXU(OL[ YDOHQW
QHFPLQXVDǕǕ QHFPDOHǕDSLXQWFUXG VXQWDQRǕWULVQDSLVUDSLVUDSKDQLVSDǕWLQDFLVFDULRWLVDǕSHFWXHW
LOOĊǕLPLOHVJXǕWXGLǕǕRQRDFǕXEǕWDQWLD4XRWHPSRUHǕFULERK FEDWDWDUnjHVWPLKLGRQRGDWDFRSLDTX GDP
%HDWLWXGLQHPWXDP QL ORFRUXP GLǕWDQWLD REHǕǕHW SDUWLFLSHPH൵HFLǕǕHP WX %HDWLWXGLQLV DSXG & ǕDUHP
RUDWRUSRUWLRQHPHDPYRUDXLW!RU³7KH\DOVRKDYHPDQ\NLQGVRIRWKHUURRWV WKH\FDOOWKHPbatatas with
DVLQJOHZRUG,KDYHGHVFULEHGWKHUHWREHHLJKWRWKHUVSHFLHVRIWKLVW\SHZKLFKDUHUHFRJQL]HGE\ÀRZHU
leaf, and stem. They do well boiled, nor less roasted, nor do they taste bad raw. They are similar in aspect to
RXUQDYHZVWXUQLSVUDGLVKHVSDUVQLSVFDUURWVZLWKGL൵HULQJWDVWHDQGVXEVWDQFH$WWKHPRPHQWWKDW,DP
writing these things, a certain number of batatasKDYHEHHQJLYHQWRPHIRUDJLIW VKRXOGWKHGLVWDQFHRIWKH
SODFHVQRWKDYHVWRRGLQWKHZD\,ZRXOGKDYHLQYLWHG<RXU%OHVVHGQHVVWRSDUWLFLSDWH <RXU%OHVVHGQHVV¶V
ambassador to Caesar devoured that portion.” (Translation by Todd Krause).
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
115
boniato, camote, and papa dulce µVZHHWSRWDWR¶ 7KHWHUPcamote has its origin in Nahuatl
NDPRҌWOL (camotli in Molina 157138 and camohtli in Karttunen 1983), while the word boniato
PLJKWRULJLQDWHLQWKH&DULEEHDQ DVVXJJHVWHGLQ'/( RULWPD\EHDGHULYDWLYHRIWKH6SDQLVK
term bueno %XHVD2OLYHU RURULJLQDWHLQDQRWKHU XQNQRZQ VRXUFH7KHUHODWHGZRUG
µSRWDWR¶RULJLQDWHVLQ6SDQLVKpatataZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR'/(LVDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKH4XHFKXD
papa µSRWDWR¶ DQG7DLQRbatata µVZHHWSRWDWR¶ ±DOWKRXJKWKHRULJLQFRXOGMXVWDVZHOOEH
simply the Taino word. The word papa, on the other hand, was described in Crónica del Perú
E\3HGUR&LH]DGH/HyQ DQGWKHSRWDWRLWVHOILQWURGXFHGWR6SDLQIURP4XLWRDIWHU
2(' As discussed above, the English potato was botata in the 16th century, with a parallel
term potatoIURPWKHWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGV$FFRUGLQJWR2('³>L@QWKF>HQWXU\@LQVWDQFHVRI
WKHZRUGLWLVRIWHQGL൶FXOWRULPSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKSODQWLVPHDQW´
As regards the loanword survey, bataattiZDVYHU\ZHOONQRZQDPRQJWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV
RI WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO DQG RI WKH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH
WHUP (OHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH perunan tapai vihannes! ³SRWDWROLNH
YHJHWDEOH´ perunaa makeampi juures! ³DURRWYHJHWDEOHWKDWLVVZHHWHUWKDQSRWDWR´ DQG
oranssi peruna! ³RUDQJH SRWDWR´ 6RPH GHVFULEHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK DQ DVVHVVPHQW VXFK DV
paha kasvis! ³EDG >WDVWLQJ@ YHJHWDEOH´ herkullisempi peruna! ³WDVWLHU SRWDWR´ DQG
vihannes/juures (bataattiranskalaiset ovat hyviä)! ³YHJHWDEOHURRWYHJHWDEOH VZHHWSRWDWR
)UHQFKIULHVDUHJRRG ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH keitto! ³VRXS´ vihreä möykky! ³JUHHQ
EORE´ DQG vene! ³ERDW´ 7KHSHQXOWLPDWHRQHLVSUREDEO\GXHWRDFRQIXVLRQZLWKavocado
while the last one bears similarity to the word paatti FROORTXLDOIRUµERDW¶LQ)LQQLVK %DVHG
RQVRPHDQVZHUVVXFKDV raketti! ³URFNHW´ DQG pommi! ³ERPE´ DFRXSOHRIHOHPHQWDU\
school students probably made a connection to papatti µ¿UHFUDFNHU¶ 7KH 3ROLVK VWXGHQWV
LQWKHVXUYH\GL൵HUHGLQWKHLUDVVHVVPHQWRIbatat ³YLROHWFXFXPEHUQRWJRRG´YV³)RRG,
UHFRPPHQGIULHVLQZRN´
Cacique (Sp. cacique).)URP7DLQRkasike “chief” (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107).
7KH RUWKRJUDSK\ RI WKH WHUP KDV YDULHG D ORW LQ GL൵HUHQW VRXUFHV HJ 0DUWLXV
KDV WKH IROORZLQJ IRU /DWLQ regulus IURP WKH HDUO\ VRXUFHV FD]LF! FDFLTXH! FDFLTXL!
FD[LFXV!DQG FDVLFKH!,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VWKHWHUPZDVFRQVLGHUHGVSHFLDOYRFDEXODU\
DQG H[FOXGHG LQ WKH LQLWLDO VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ VFKRROV LQ )LQODQG +RZHYHU LW HQWHUHG WKH
VXUYH\VLQ3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH86EXWRQO\LGHQWL¿HGE\0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV RIWKHP
7KHDQVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG gobernante! el jefe de una aldea! es como un rey!
líder de un cruce! trabajo militar! una persona muy rica! DQG alto nivel social!
,Q 3RODQG WKH WHUP TXLWH HYLGHQWO\ GXH WR LWV RUWKRJUDSK\ kacyk, instead of cacique), was
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVRPHWKLQJTXLWHGL൵HUHQW stan poimprezowy! ³DSRVWSDUW\FRQGLWLRQ´LH
KDQJRYHU>kacLQ3ROLVKRQHRIWKHRYHUWZHQW\GLPLQXWLYHVX൶[HVLQ3ROLVKSURGXFHVkacyk,
or “little hangover”]).
Caiman (Sp. caimán). is a Central and South American crocodilian that belongs to the family
Alligatoridae and subfamily Caimaninae. The word appears to originate in D 7D$UDZDNDQ
language, possibly from Taino kaimã (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107). Spanish borrowed
the word in the form caimancayman(QJOLVKKDG¿UVWcaiman (16th century), caimain (17th
c.), cayman (18th c.), kayman and kaiman (19th c.), and caymancaiman WKHUHDIWHU )LQQLVK
on the other hand, has had kaimaani VLQFH DW OHDVW PRVW OLNHO\ YLD 6ZHGLVK kajman
+lNNLQHQ :KLOH RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHZRUGRQO\RIWKH$ODVNDQ
*ORVVHGDV EDWDWDUD\]FRPHǕWLEOH!
38
116
Harri Kettunen
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH pieni krokotiili joka
elää amazoniassa! ³DVPDOOFURFRGLOHWKDWOLYHVLQ$PD]RQLD´ DQG joku vesipeto! ³VRPH
NLQGDZDWHUEHDVW´ 2WKHUHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKVRPHW\SHRID
OL]DUGZKLOHRWKHUVFRQQHFWHGLWWR lintu! ³ELUG´ ryhmä! ³DJURXS´ saari?! ³LVODQG"´
maa! ³ODQG´ DQG “kaksonen”, nimellä!! ³µWZLQ¶E\QDPH´ 7KHODVWRQHLVDQREYLRXV
confusion with kaimaRUµQDPHVDNH¶LQ)LQQLVK5HVXOWVRIWKH3ROLVKVXUYH\SURGXFHG³IDNH
DOOLJDWRU´DQG³PDQVDLOLQJRQDND\DN´IRUkajman.
Cannibal (Sp. caníbal) as a word originates in the Caribbean. It is probably a corruption
RI WKH QDPH &DULE RU D UHODWHG WHUP UHIHUULQJ WR WKH ,VODQG &DULEV 3HWHU 0DUW\U GHVFULEHV
WKHFDQQLEDOLVPRIWKH&DULEVLQWKHWHQWK³ERRN´RIWKHHDUOLHVWNQRZQ HGLWLRQRIDe
orbe novo DQG KDV &DUtEHV ǕXQW DQWKURSRSKDJL! DQG &ƗQLEiOHV LGHP TXL FDULEHV! LQ WKH
³9RFDEXOD%DUEDUD´VHFWLRQRIWKHVDPHHGLWLRQDORQJZLWK ǕXQWHPࡃ anthropophagi Canibales
DOLRQRPLQH&DULEHV!RQIROLR ULQWKHHGLWLRQRIWKHDe orbe novo. The word itself
DQGWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH,VODQG&DULEV LVSUREDEO\$UDZDNDQUDWKHUWKDQ&DULEDQ*UDQEHUU\
and Vescelius (2004:107) have kaniba VRXUFHIRUP FDQLED! IRU³&DULE,QGLDQ´LQ7DLQRDORQJ
with the following cognates: Island Carib calliponam DQG /RNRQR*RDMLUR kallipina (in their
UHFRUGHG RUWKRJUDSKLHV $FFRUGLQJ WR 2(' cannibal is “originally one of the forms of the
ethnic name Carib or Caribes D ¿HUFH QDWLRQ RI WKH:HVW ,QGLHV ZKR DUH UHFRUGHG WR KDYH
been anthropophagi, and from whom the name was subsequently extended as a descriptive
WHUP´2('DOVRVWDWHVWKDW³3URIHVVRU-+7UXPEXOORI+DUWIRUGKDVSRLQWHGRXWWKDWl, n,
r interchange dialectally in American languages, whence the variant forms Caniba, Caribe,
Galibi DQGWKDW&ROXPEXV¶V¿UVWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHQDPHDVKHKHDUGLWIURPWKH&XEDQVZDV
CanibalesH[SODLQHGDVµORVGH&DQLEDRU&DQLPD¶ ZKHQKHODQGHGRQ+D\WLKHKHDUGWKHQDPH
of the people as Caribes and their country Carib WKHODWWHUZDVDIWHUZDUGVLGHQWL¿HGZLWK3XHUWR
5LFRQDPHGE\WKH6SDQLDUGVµ,VODGH&DULE¶µZKLFKLQVRPHLVODQGV¶&ROXPEXVVD\VµWKH\
call Caniba, but in Hayti Carib¶$SSDUHQWO\KRZHYHULWZDVRQO\IRUHLJQHUVZKRPDGHDSODFH
QDPH RXW RI WKDW RI WKH SHRSOH DFFRUGLQJ WR 2YLHGR >@ caribe VLJQL¿HV µEUDYH DQG GDULQJ¶
>@&ROXPEXV¶VQRWLRQRQKHDULQJRICaniba was to associate the name with the Grand Khan,
ZKRVHGRPLQLRQVKHEHOLHYHGWREHQRWIDUGLVWDQW KHKHOGµTXH&DQLEDQRHVRWUDFRVDVLQR
ODJHQWHGHO*UDQ&DQ¶´)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUG YLD6ZHGLVKkannibal) relatively late (at
least in the written form). The term kannibaaliLVDWWHVWHGLQ)LQQLVKVLQFHWKHV +lNNLQHQ
7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH86
(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGSURYLGHGVRPHLQWHUHVWLQJDFFRXQWVEHVLGHVWKHVWDQGDUG
µPDQHDWHU¶RU³KXPDQEHLQJRUDQLPDOHDWLQJDQRWKHULQGLYLGXDORIWKHVDPHVSHFLHV´LQFOXGLQJ
hullu, syö ihmistä! ³FUD]\ HDWV KXPDQ>V@´ syö ihmisiä (tiiän the forest pelistä)! ³HDWV
KXPDQV , NQRZ LW IURP The Forest >YLGHR@ JDPH´ kaikkiruokainen (enimmäkseen lihaa)!
³RPQLYRURXV PRVWO\PHDW ´ mielisairas ihminen! ³OXQDWLFLQVDQHSHUVRQ´ ihmis-susi!
³ZHUHZROI´ hirviö! ³PRQVWHU´ DQG zombi! ³]RPELH´ $ELWPRUHFU\SWLFZHUH tuhottu
paikka! ³DGHVWUR\HGSODFH´ DQG se on juhla! ³LW¶VDSDUW\IHVWLYLW\´ 7KHODVWRQHPLJKWEH
related to the word karnevaali (“carnaval”). Also, some elementary school students associated
WKH ZRUG ZLWK GUXJV huume – vaarallinen! ³GUXJGRSH ± GDQJHURXV´ 7KHVH PLJKW EH
DVVRFLDWHGFRQIXVHGZLWKWKHZRUGkannabisRUµFDQQDELV¶:KLOHWKHVXUYH\VLQ0H[LFRDQGWKH
86GLGQRWSURGXFHDQVZHUVEH\RQGWKHVWDQGDUG³VRPHRQHZKRHDWVKLVKHULWVRZQVSHDFLHV
>VLF@´WKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJIRUkanibal ³IDQVRI>IRRWEDOO@FOXEV
IURP3RODQG´DQG³'HYRXUPHORYHFDQQLEDO´
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
117
Canoe (Sp. canoa) originates in Taino kanowa DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR$UDZDNDQ
NDQDZD >*UDQEHUU\ DQG 9HVFHOLXV @ WKDW ZDV ERUURZHG LQWR 6SDQLVK LQ WKH IRUP
canoa (and subsequently to other languages around the world). Canoa was described already
E\ &ROXPEXV LQ KLV SULQWHG OHWWHU DGGUHVVHG SRVVLEO\ WR /XLV GH 6DQWiQJHO &ROXPEXV
IY PDNLQJLWWKH¿UVWNQRZQ,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQ ORDQ ZRUGWRDSSHDULQSULQWLQ(XURSH
³2QDOOWKHLVODQGVWKH\KDYHYHU\PDQ\FDQRHVOLNHJDOOH\VZLWKRDUVVRPHRIWKHP
ODUJHVRPHVPDOO DQGPDQ\DUHODUJHUWKDQDJDOOH\ZLWKHLJKWHHQEHQFKHV WKH\DUH
YHU\ZLGHEHFDXVHWKH\DUHPDGHIURPDVLQJOHWUHHWUXQN EXWDJDOOH\FRXOGQRWFRPSHWH
ZLWK WKHP E\ URZLQJ EHFDXVH WKH\ WUDYHO LQFUHGLEO\ IDVW ZLWK WKHVH WKH\ QDYLJDWH
DURXQG DOO WKRVH LVODQGV ZKLFK DUH FRXQWOHVV DQG WKH\ WUDGH LQ WKHLU PHUFKDQGLVH
I have seen some of these canoes with 70 and 80 men in them, each one with an oar.”39
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHWHUPLVDOVRWKH¿UVW1HZ:RUOGZRUGUHFRUGHGLQDGLFWLRQDU\LQ(XURSH
$QWRQLR GH 1HEULMD¶V 'LFWLRQDULXP H[ KLǕSDQLHQǕL LQ ODWLQXP ǕHUPRQƝ (Nebrija 1495: f12v)
KDV &DQRD QDYH GH XQ PDGHUR 0RQR[\OXPL! RU ³D ERDW >PDGH@ IURP D VLQJOH SLHFH RI
timber40´)URP6SDQLVKWKHWHUPVSUHDGDURXQGWKHZRUOGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\RU±LQPRဧFDVHV
– indirectly. English has had canoa (16th to 18th centuries), cannoa (17th c.), canowe (16th to
18th c.), canoo and cannoe (17th to 18th c.), and canoeIURPWKHWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGV 2('
6HUHQLXV /LNHZLVH'XWFKDQG$IULNDDQVKDYHkano, German has KanuDQG<LGGLVKʥʰ ʔʠʷ,
while Icelandic has kanó, Norwegian and Danish kano, and Swedish kanot 6SDQLVK&DWDODQ
*DOLFLDQ 3RUWXJXHVH DQG ,WDOLDQ canoa )UHQFK canoë, and Romanian canoe /DWYLDQ kanoe
DQG /LWKXDQLDQ kanoja %RVQLDQ &URDWLDQ DQG 6ORYHQLDQ kanu, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and
6HUELDQɤɚɧɭ&]HFKkánoe5XVVLDQɤɚɧɨɷDQG6ORYDNkanoe *UHHNțĮȞȩ :HOVKFDQǒ %DVTXH
kanoa (ဧRQLDQkanuu)LQQLVKkanootti41, and Hungarian kenu *HRUJLDQ᪭᪤᪰᪱᪨ $]HUEDLMDQL
kanoeDQG.D]DNKɤɚɧɨɷ -DSDQHVHカヌー .RUHDQ카누 9LHWQDPHVHcanô[X͛QJ )LOLSLQR
kanue, Indonesian kano, and Malay kanu2EYLRXVO\WKHUHDUHPDQ\ODQJXDJHVWKDWGRQRWXVH
a Taino-based loanword for canoe-type vessels, such as many African languages (including
Chichewa bwato, Igbo epeepe, Sesotho seketsoana, Swahili mtumbwi, and Zulu isikebhe DV
well as Somali huuri and Hausa kwami), along with numerous Asian languages (such as Bengali
ΑΚΐβΛ΄, Gujarati ӄӕӎҽә, and Hindi ĄļŃúı 0DOD\DODP דֹגֺל7DPLO୷ஏ and Telugu
కానో .KPHUɺ̯ Ȕȗɫ̯ &KLQHVH䍏㜏分 7KDLѯіѪѠѰлњ DQG&HEXDQRbangka, Malagasy lakana,
and Maori waka.
$UHODWHGWHUPZLWKDPRUHUHဧULFWHGJOREDOGLဧULEXWLRQLVpirogue – a long canoe that can
EHQDYLJDWHGXVLQJRDUVDQGRUVDLOV7KHWHUPLVGHVFULEHGE\2YLHGRLQKLVHGLWLRQRIKLV
/DKLఅRULDJHQHUDOGHODV,QGLDV )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV IROLRU DVIROORZV
³>@WKH&DULEVFDOOWKHPSLUDJXDVDQGWKH\VDLOZLWKWKHVH>HTXLSSHG@ZLWKFRWWRQVDLOVDQGWKH\
HOORVWLHQƝHQWRGDVODV\VODVPX\PXFKDVFDQRDVDPDQHUDGHIXǕWHVGHUHPRGHOODVPDLRUDVGHOODV
PHQRUHV\DOJXQDV \PXFKDVǕǀPD\RUHVTXHKQࡃDIXǕWDGHGLH]HRFKREƗFRV QRǕǀWDQDQFKDVSRUTXHǕǀ
GHKXQǕRORPDGHURPDVKXQDIXǕWDQRWHUQDFǀHOODVDOUHPRSRUTXHYDQTXHQRHVFRǕDGHFUHHU\FǀHǕWDV
QDXHJDQWRGDVDTXHOODVLǕODVTࡃǕǀLQQXPHUDEOHV \WUDWƝǕXVPHFDGHULDV DOJXQDVGHVWDVFDXRDV>VLF@KHYLǕWR
FǀO[[\O[[[ǀEUHVHQHOOD\FDGDYQRFǀǕXUHPR!LQWKHRULJLQDOPDQXVFULSW &ROXPEXV IY
40
MonoxylumGHULYHVIURP$QFLHQW*UHHNȝȠȞȩȟȣȜȠȞ FRPSRVHGRIȝȩȞȠȢ³DORQHRQO\VLQJOHVROH´DQG
ȟȪȜȠȞ³ZRRG´
41
)LQQLVKKDVKDGkanoottiVLQFHDWOHDVWWKHPLG WKFHQWXU\ IHDWXUHGLQ$OELQ6WMHUQFUHXW]¶VSuomalainen
meri-sanakirja 1863), via Swedish kanot +lNNLQHQ
39
118
Harri Kettunen
also row them with their Nahes (which is how they call the oars).”42 And encounter between the
party of Columbus (during his third voyage in 1498 near the island of Trinidad) and the Caribs
LVGHVFULEHGE\2YLHGRDVIROORZV )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV IROLRU ³>@&DULE
DUFKHUV>@VKRRWZLWKWKHLUUHPHGLDEOHKHUE>LHSRLVRQDUURZV@DQGWKH\DUHYHU\¿HUFHDQG
VDYDJHSHRSOHWKH\>&ROXPEXVDQGKLVFUHZ@FRXOGQRWVSHDNZLWKWKH,QGLDQVDOWKRXJKWKH\
saw many of them in their piroguesDQGFDQRHVLQZKLFKWKH\VDLO>@´43IROORZHG )HUQiQGH]
GH 2YLHGR \9DOGpV IROLR Y E\ D GHVFULSWLRQ RI QDPLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ E\ &ROXPEXV
“And because you could see a large canoe or piragua of the Indians – that was sailing – he
>&ROXPEXV@QDPHGWKDWODQG&DERGHOD9HOD>&DSH RIWKH 6DLO@LQWKHPDLQODQG´44 What is
LQWHUHဧLQJDERXWWKLVDFFRXQWLVWKDWWKHWHUPpiragua appears to originate in a Carib term that
ZDV SUREDEO\ SURQRXQFHG DV SLUDZD DQG TXLWH SRVVLEOH UHODWHG WR WKH WHUP µVDLO¶ RU pira in
Cariban languages (see Courtz 2008: 345), while the term nahe is a TainoZRUGIRUµSDGGOH¶
)XUWKHUဧXGLHVDUHQHHGHGWRXQFRYHUWKHKLဧRULFDOFLUFXPဧDQFHVKRZDQGZKHUHWKHVHWHUPV
ZHUH¿UဧKHDUGDQGUHFRUGHG±DQGKRZWKH\ODWHUDSSHDUHGLQSULQW$WDQ\UDWHLWZDVcanoe
that became a widespread term around the world, while pirogueKDVDPRUHOLPLWHGGLဧULEXWLRQ
appearing in Spanish, Catalan, and Galician as piraguaLQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG,WDOLDQDVpiroga, in
)UHQFKDVpirogue, in English as pirogue ~ piragua ~ piraga, in German as Piroge, in Swedish
as pirogLQ3ROLVK&]HFKDQG6ORYDNDVpirogaLQ5XVVLDQDVɩɢɪɨɝɚLQ/LWKXDQLDQDVpiroga,
LQ*UHHNDVʌȚȡȩȖĮLQ(ဧRQLDQDVpiroog, and in Basque as piragua.
The term canoe / canoa / kanoottiZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQZRUGVLQWKHVFKRRO
VXUYH\VVLJQDOLQJWKDWWKHFRQFHSWLVSDUWRIVWDQGDUG(QJOLVK)LQQLVKDQG6SDQLVKODQJXDJHV
,Q )LQODQG LW ZDV IRXUWK DIWHU chili, iglu, and puuma for the elementary school students and
WLHG IRU ¿UVW SODFH LQ FDVH RI WKH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV (OHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV
LQ )LQODQG LQFOXGH intiaanien käyttämä vene! ³D ERDW WKDW WKH ,QGLDQV XVH>G@´ hutera,
ahdas pitkulainen vene! ³DZREEO\FUDPSHGHORQJDWHGERDW´ DQG vähän kun kajakki mutta
muovinen! ³DELWOLNHDND\DNEXWPDGHRXWRISODVWLF´ ,Q 3RODQGkanucanoe was described
EHVLGHV µERDW¶ DV ³SODFH RI OLYLQJ KRXVH´ ZKLOH kanadyjka (“Canadian (canoe)”) received,
HJWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV ³D>IHPDOH@FLWL]HQRI&DQDGD´³IRUHLJQHU´DQG³GDQFHU´
Cassava (Sp. casabe, casava >Manihot esculenta@ DOVRNQRZQDVµPDQLRF¶ VHHWKHHQWU\
manioc), is a plant native to South America, originating in west-central Brazil, from where it
VSUHDGWRRWKHUSDUWVRIWKH1HRWURSLFV 2OVHQDQG6FKDDO 7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVLQ Taino
kasabi (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107), written caçábi, casávi, cazábbi, and cassáve
LQ GL൵HUHQW VRXUFHV ,W LV DOVR WKH VRXUFH IRU 6SDQLVK casabe, cazabe, and casava, English
cassavaDQG6ZHGLVKDQG)LQQLVKkassava7KHZRUGZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWV
LQWKHVXUYH\LQDOOFRXQWULHV $ODVND)LQODQGDQG0H[LFR (OHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGHEHVLGHVIHZFRUUHFWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV mun mielestä se on
afrikkalainen hedelmä! ³,WKLQNLW¶VDQ$IULFDQIUXLW´ eläin, en muista minkä näkönen! ³DQ
DQLPDO,FDQ¶WUHFDOOKRZLWORRNVOLNH´ rikas! ³ULFK´ DQG edullinen! ³LQH[SHQVLYH´ 7KH
ODVWWZRKDYHFOHDUFRQQRWDWLRQVWRWKH)LQQLVKZRUGkassaRUµFRXQWHUFDVKUHJLVWHUFKHFNRXW
>@OODPDQODVORVFDULEHV3LUDJXDV \QDXHJDQFRQYHODVGHDOJRGRQ\DOUHPRDǕǕLPLǕPRFRQǕXV
1DKHV TXHDǕǕLOODPDQDORVUHPRV !
43
>@ÀHFKHURVFDULEHV>@WLUƗFRQ\HUXDLQUUHPHGLDEOH\HVJƝWHPX\¿HUDHVDOYDMHQRSXGLHURQDXHU
OHQJXDFRQORV,QGLRVDYQTXHYLHUǀPXFKRVGHOORVHQǕXVSLUDJXDV FDQRDVHQTࡃQDXHJƗ>@!
44
<SRUTXHDOOLǕHYLRYQDJUƗFDQRDRSLUDJXDGH,QGLRVTࡃ\XDDODYHODSXǕROHQǀPEUHDDTXHOODWUUࡃ a el
FDERGHODYHODHQWLHUUD¿UPH!
42
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
119
FDVKLHU¶$QVZHUVLQWKH0H[LFDQVXUYH\LQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ EHVLGHV planta! raiz! DQG
una raiz que se come! una cafetería! festival! lugar! DQG un lugar muy ricoo!
Cay (Sp. cayo IURP 7DLQR FD\R! kayo ³VPDOO LVODQG´ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR
$UDZDNDQ NDH *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 0DUWLXV SURYLGHVWKHIRUPV
FD\D! FDLH! FDL]! DQG FDLTXHV! IURP WKH HDUO\ VRXUFHV ,Q WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\ WKH
WHUP DSSHDUHG RQO\ LQ (QJOLVK DQG 6SDQLVK DQG RQO\ RQH VWXGHQW LQ$ODVND ³VPDOO WURSLFDO
LVODQG´ DQGRQHLQ0H[LFR ³LVODSHTXHxD´ NQHZWKHDQVZHU7KLVRIFRXUVHKDVWRGRZLWK
the geographic location where the surveys were carried out, i.e., had the surveys been done in
English and Spanish in the Caribbean, e.g., in Belize and Cuba, respectively, the results would
KDYHEHHQTXLWHGL൵HUHQW,QWKHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRPRVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVFRQQHFWHGWKHWHUPcayo
with the homonymous callo (English callus), as is evident from the following answers: cosa que
sale en el pie eueueu algo que sale en los pies cuando caminas mucho alteracion en el pie
daño en el pie piel muerta capa de piel dura que se genera en los pies y manos DQGcosa q te
VDOHHQHOSLHSRULUDXQD¿HVWDFRQWDFRQHV2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHGun tipo de baston and una
extension de un arbol.
Ceiba (Sp. ceiba>CeibaVSS@ IURP7DLQR FHLED!seiba (Granberry and Vescelius 2004:
$QHDUO\UHFRUGRIWKHWHUPLVIRXQGLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ZULWLQJVRI/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU
;;;, ZULWWHQ DV FHtED! ZLWK DQ DFFHQW RQ WKH L!7KH WHUP LV ceiba in most languages,
LQFOXGLQJ 6SDQLVK (QJOLVK )UHQFK ,WDOLDQ *HUPDQ 'XWFK 5XVVLDQ ɫɟɣɛɚ &HEXDQR HWF
ZKLOH RWKHU ODQJXDJHV KDYH WDNHQ WKH ,QGRQHVLDQ WHUP kapuk for the tree: Javanese kapuk,
6ZHGLVK7XUNLVKDQG7DJDORJkapok)LQQLVKkapokki(puu)DQG/LWKXDQLDQkapok(medis), while
\HWRWKHUVKDYHFRPSRVHGWKHLURZQQDPHVLQFOXGLQJ+DXVDUƯPƯ3ROLVKpuchowiec (from puch
µGRZQ ÀX൵ VQRZ¶ DQG FRWWRQUHODWHG WHUPV VXFK DV .RUHDQ 양목면 8NUDLQLDQ ɛɚɜɨɜɧɹɧɟ
ɞɟɪɟɜɨ 8QJDULDQ gyapotfa or “cotton tree,” Norwegian silkebomullstre RU ³VLON FRWWRQ WUHH´
There is also some variety as to the terms based on the name of the species: for example, Ceiba
spp. is Ceiba in German while Ceiba pentandra is Kapok(baum). The term entered only the
6SDQLVKVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRZLWKRIWKHVWXGHQWVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHZRUGFRUUHFWO\%HVLGHVWKH
PRUH W\SLFDO árbol! árbol grande! árbol muy alto! DQG árbol gigante! DQVZHUV WKH
VXUYH\DOVRSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ arbol con raices impresionantes comun en tepoztlan!DQG
un arbol de suma importancia para los mayas!2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG semilla! verdura!
comida! condimento! liquido! animal! DQG pescado!7KHODVWWZRDQVZHUVPD\EH
spring from a similar-sounding term, such as jaiba (Callinectes sapidus).
Guava (Sp. guayaba >Psidium spp., especially Psidium guajava]) is a tree and fruit that is
native to Mexico, Central America, and northern part of South America. The word was recorded
by Bartolomé de las Casas in the early 16th century as guayabaUHÀHFWLQJWKHRULJLQDO7DLQR
term wayaba (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 113). The term is quite similar in many languages
DURXQG WKH ZRUOG HJ (QJOLVK 6ZHGLVK DQG )LQQLVK guava 3RUWXJXHVH goiaba, Galician
goiabeira, German Guave 3ROLVK guawa, guajawa, gujawa, and gwajawa, Slovene gvajava,
5XVVLDQɝɭɚɣɹɜɚ%DVTXHguaiabondo, and Wolof guyaab). However, in Thai, guava (introduced
E\3RUWXJXHVHWUDGHUVE\WKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\ LVѐіѤѷк (fa rang) ±WKHVDPHZRUGDVµIRUHLJQHU¶
in Thai. In some languages further west, the word appears to be related to pears – although
LWLVWHPSWLQJWRPDNHDFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHZRUGperu (a generic name for things Spanish for
WKH 3RUWXJXHVH LQ WKH$PHULFDV LQ WKH WK DQG WK FHQWXULHV DV LQ WKH FDVH RI µWXUNH\¶ DV
peruLQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG+LQGL([DPSOHVIRUJXDYDLQFOXGH0DUDWKLperu, Sinhalese peira, and
Bengali peara. In English, the word has been guava from the 17th century onwards. Earlier and
later variants include guannaba, guiava, guaiava, goyave, guavar, guayava, guiave, guayva,
120
Harri Kettunen
gwave, goava, gojavu, goyava, guaba, guavo, guayabo, guyava, and gwavah 2(' 7KHWHUP
ZDV ZHOO UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH VXUYH\V$OWKRXJK LQ )LQQLVK WKH ZRUG LV D ODWHFRPHU DQG RQO\
VORZO\¿QGLQJLWVZD\WR)LQQLVKJURFHU\VWRUHVKRPHVDQGFXLVLQHJXDYDZDVVXUSULVLQJO\
ZHOONQRZQ HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRONLGVDQGKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV DPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQ
WKHVXUYH\,QFRQWUDVW RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGHVVHQWLDOO\HYHU\RQH
LQ0H[LFR FRQVLGHULQJWKHHUURUPDUJLQ NQHZWKHWHUP,Q$ODVNDWKHIUXLWZDVVSHFL¿FDOO\
FRQQHFWHGZLWK+DZDLL a hawaian fruit! a fruit from hawaii! $VUHJDUGVWKHVXUYH\PDGH
3RODQGFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFHGVRPHRIWKHDQVZHUVDVFDQEHVHHQIURPWKH
IROORZLQJ JXDZD ³KHDG´ JáRZDLQ3ROLVK DQG³ZDZD´LHWarszawa (Warsaw).
Hammock (Sp. hamaca IURP7DLQR KDPDFD! KDPDND ³KDPPRFN´ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP
3URWR$UDZDNDQ DPDNR *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 2YLHGR )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR
\9DOGpV IROLRUHFWR YHUVR SURYLGHVDQHDUO\GHVFULSWLRQDQGLPDJH HQJUDYLQJ RID
KDPPRFNLQKLVLa natural hystoria de las Indias:
³/DVFDPDVHQTXHGXHUPHQǕHOODPDQ+DPDFDVTXHǕRQYQDVPDQWDVGHDOJRGRQPX\
ELƝWH[LGDV\GHEXHQDV\OLQGDVWHODV\GHOJDGDVDOJXQDVG¶OODVGHGRVYDUDV\GHWUHV
HQ OXHQJR \ DOJR PDV DQJRǕWDV TXH OXHQJDV \ HQ ORV FDERV HǕWDQ OOHQDV GH FRUGHOHV
OXHQJRVGH&DEX\D\GH+HQHTXHQ ODTXDOPDQHUDGHǕWHKLOR\ǕXGLIHUHQFLDDGHODQWH
ǕHGLUD \HǕWRVKLORVǕRQOXHQJRV\YDQǕHDMnjWDU\FRQFOX\UMXQWDPHQWH \KD]HQOHVDO
FDERYQWUƗFDKLORFRPRDYQDHPSXOJXHUDGHYQDFXHUGDGH9DOOHǕWD\DǕǕLODJXDUQHǕFHQ
\DTXHOODDWDQDYQDUXRO\ODGHORWURDORWURFDERFRQFXHUGDVRǕRJDVGHDOJRGǀTXH
llaman Hicos: y queda la cama enel ayre quatro o cinco palmos leuantada de tierra en
PDQHUDGH+RQGDR&ROXPSLR \HVPX\EXƝGRUPLUHQWDOHVFDPDV\ǕRQPX\OLPSLDV
\FRPRODWLHUUDHVWHPSODGDQRKD\QHFHǕǕLGDGGHRWUDURSDQLQJXQDHQFLPD9HUGDGHV
TXHGRUPLƝGRHQDOJXQDǕLHUUDGRQGHKD]HDOJXQIULRROOHJƗGRKRPEUHPRMDGRǕXHOHQ
SRQHUEUDǕDGHED[RGHODV+DPDFDVSDUDǕHFDOHQWDU$TXHOODVFXHUGDVFRQTXHǕHDWDQODV
HPSXOJXHUDVR¿QHVGHODVGLFKDV+DPDFDVǕRQYQDVǕRJDVWRUFLGDV\ELHQKHFKDV\GHOD
JURǕǕH]DTXHFRQXLHQHGHPX\EXHQDOJRGRQ \TXDQGRQRGXHUPHQHQHOFDPSRSDUDǕH
DWDUGHDUXRODDUXRODWDQǕHHQFDǕDGHYQSRǕWHDRWUR\ǕLHPSUHD\OXJDUSDUDODVFROJDU´
7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQIURP$ODVND WR0H[LFR EXWDEVHQWLQWKHVXUYH\LQ
)LQODQGDVWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWHUPLQ)LQQLVKLVriippumatto. The surveys in Mexico provided,
e.g., the following answers: en donde te como cuelgas y te puedes dormir! donde te acuestas
y generalmente se amarra entre agua! columpio en argentina en mexico extencion de tela
para dormir! DQG cama de yucatan!
Hurricane (Sp. huracán) RULJLQDWHVLQDQ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHPRVWOLNHO\IURPWKH7DLQR
word hurakã *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 2WKHUVRXUFHVIUHTXHQWO\QDPHhurakan as the
original Taino word, and many also explain that the word meant a malevolent god in Taino.
+RZHYHU7DLQRV\OODEOHVFDQRQO\FORVHZLWKDYRZHORUDQVVRWKH¿QDOQVWHPVDOPRVW
FHUWDLQO\IURPWKHQDVDOL]HGDWKDWZDVLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQE\WKH6SDQLVK45)XUWKHUPRUHLQ
6SDQLVKWKHZRUGZDVRULJLQDOO\VSHOOHGLQYDULDEO\ZLWKDQ I!RUDQ K! furacan ~ huracan46)
,WDOVRDSSHDUVWKDWUZDVDQDOORSKRQHRIGLQ7DLQRVRWKHRULJLQDOWHUPPD\KDYHEHHQSURQRXQFHG
hurakã ~ hudakã.
46
/DV &DVDV &KDSWHU &9,,, KDV KXUDFDQ! DQG UHFRXQWV WKH IROORZLQJ ³(Q HVWH WLHPSR VH
perdieron en el puerto los cuatro navíos que trajo Juan Aguado, con gran tempestad, que era lo que
45
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
121
DQGSURQRXQFHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWDQILQGL൵HUHQWGLDOHFWV7KLVZDVDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQWKDQG
17th century English47: furacane, furicano, furacana, foracane, and furicane, with contemporary
variant forms, such as haurachana, hurricano, haraucana, haracana, herricano, hiracano,
hyrracano, uracan, urycan, hericane, huricane, haraucane, hauracane, herocane, harrycain,
hurrican, and hurricane 2(' 48. The penultimate form survived until the 19th century and the
ODVWIRUPKDVEHHQLQIUHTXHQWXVHVLQFHWKHV 2(' 3ULPDULO\IURP6SDQLVKDQG(QJOLVK
WKH WHUP VSUHDG WR RWKHU ODQJXDJHV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG 7KH URXWH RI WKH ZRUG LQWR )LQQLVK LV
somewhat puzzling. Swedish, the usual intermediary for Indigenous American loanwords in
)LQQLVKKDVorkan for hurricane, attested since 1705 (Hellquist 1922). Consequently, the word
PLJKWKDYHFRPHWR)LQQLVKGLUHFWO\IURP(QJOLVKZKLFKUHWDLQVWKHRWKHUZLVHVLOHQW6SDQLVK
K!LQLWVRUWKRJUDSK\±DQGDOVRKDVDFORVHUPDWFKZLWKLQWHUQDOYRZHOVWRWKH(QJOLVKWHUP
(see also Anhava 2006).
$VUHJDUGVWKHVWXGHQWVXUYH\WKHWHUPZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQ DQGEHVWGHVFULEHG
ZRUGV LQ WKH LQYHQWRU\ )LQODQG DQG >HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRROV UHVSHFWLYHO\@
$ODVND DQG0H[LFRUDWKHUXQVXUSULVLQJO\ $QVZHUVIURPWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV
LQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH troopinen myrsky atlannin valtamerellä! ³WURSLFDOVWRUPLQWKH$WODQWLF
2FHDQ´ iso pyörre joka tuhoaa paikkoja! ³DELJZKLUOWKDWGHVWUR\VSODFHV´ pyörremyrskyä
asteen pahempi! ³VRPHWKLQJZRUVHWKDQDF\FORQHWZLVWHU´ DQG tornadon tapainen mutta
pienempi! ³OLNH D WRUQDGR EXW VPDOOHU´ 6RPH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG WKH
ZRUGZLWKVRPHWKLQJVFDU\DQGDJJUHVVLYH PD\EHUHODWHGWR)LQQLVKhurjaµ¿HUFH¶ hirviö,
pelottava! ³PRQVWHU VFDU\IHDUVRPH´ DQG raju tyyppi! ³ZLOG FKDUDFWHUGXGH´ DQG
some associated the word probably with huristella µWR GULYH D FDU¶ EDVHG RQ WKH DQVZHUV
hurjastelia!DQG kaahailija! ³VSHHGHUUHFNOHVVGULYHU´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVIURPHOHPHQWDU\
VFKRROVLQFOXGH yli vilkas! ³K\SHUDFWLYH>SHUVRQ@´ DQG merirosvo! ³SLUDWH´ 6RPHVWXGHQWV
DOVRNQHZWKDWhurrikaaniLV Särkänniemessa oleva laite! ³DULGHDW6lUNlQQLHPL´ LHDQ
DPXVHPHQW SDUN ULGH DW 6lUNlQQLHPL 7DPSHUH )LQODQG ± )LQDOO\ WZR DQVZHUV
IURPHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV agentti päämaja! ³DJHQWKHDGTXDUWHUV´ DQG hurrikaani
on ohjelma! ³KXUULFDQHLVD>WY@SURJUDP´ SRLQWRXWWR Operaatio Hurrikaani! 2SHUDWLRQ
+XUULFDQH D)LQQLVKFKLOGUHQ¶VWHOHYLVLRQVHULHV
Iguana (Sp. iguana >Iguana spp.]), a lizard native to tropical Mexico, Central and South
America, and the Caribbean, has its lexical origin in Taino iwana (Granberry and Vescelius 2004:
2(' 7KHZRUGVSUHDGWRGL൵HUHQW(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVYLD6SDQLVKiguana (recorded in
WKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\E\3HWHU0DUW\U*RQ]DOR)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVDQG%DUWRORPp
llamaban los indios en su lengua huracan, y agora todos las llamamos huracanes, como quien, por la mar
\SRUODWLHUUDFXDVLWRGRVORVKDEHPRVH[SHULPHQWDGR>«@´
47
(JLQWKH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ 0DUW\U RI3HWHU0DUW\U¶VDe orbe novo, the term is written with
DQLQLWLDO I! 7KHVHWHPSHVWHVRIWKHD\HU ZKLFKWKH*UHFLDQVFDXOHTiphones, that is, whyrle wyndes)
they caule Furacanes: which they say, doo often tymes chaunce in this Ilande: But that neyther they nor
WKH\UJUHDWJUDQGIDWKHUVHXHUVDZHVXFKHYLROHQWDQGIXULRXV)XUDFDQHVWKDWSOXFNHGYSSHJUHDWHWUHHVE\
WKHURRWHV YLROHQWDQGIXULRXV)XUDFDQHVWKDWSOXFNHGYSSHJUHDWHWUHHVE\WKHURRWHV!
48
2('OLVWVRWKHUXVHVIRUWKHWHUPhurricaneLQFOXGLQJ³>D@ODUJHDQGFURZGHGDVVHPEO\RIIDVKLRQDEOH
SHRSOHDWDSULYDWHKRXVHRIDNLQGFRPPRQGXULQJSDUWRIWKHWKFHQWXU\´DVLQ³>D@FRQIXVHGPHHWLQJ
of Company of both Sexes on Sundays is called a Hurricane” (R. Whatley in Christian, 1746), or in the
IROORZLQJTXRWHV ³7RPRUURZ,JRWR6W-DPHV¶VDQG¿QLVKDWWKHGXFKHVVRI4XHHQVEHUU\¶VZKRLVWR
have a hurricane” (Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr., 1746–7) and “There is a squeeze, a fuss, a drum, a rout,
and lastly a hurricane, when the whole house is full from top to bottom” (Mrs. Barbauld Wks., 1779).
122
Harri Kettunen
GH/DV&DVDV49). English had iuanna, iwana, and iguano in the 16th century and yguana, guana,
wana, gwane, and gwayn in the 17th. The form iguana originates in the 17th century and slowly
UHSODFHGWKHRWKHUIRUPV7KHWHUPLVTXLWHZLGHVSUHDGLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG
either via Spanish or an intermediary language. ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH 6SDQLVK GH¿QLWH DUWLFOH la
DSSHDUV WR EH IXVHG ZLWK WKH QRXQ LQ VRPH ODQJXDJHV VLPLODUO\ WR WKH 3RUWXJXHVH VLQJXODU
IHPLQLQHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHa in the term ananas), as in Dutch leguaan)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVTXLWH
SUREDEOH WKDW WKH 'XWFK WHUP LQÀXHQFHG *HUPDQ Leguan, Danish and Swedish leguan, and
Czech leguánDQGWKH)LQQLVKWHUPIRUWKHQDPHRIWKHIDPLO\Iguanidae LQ)LQQLVKleguaanit).
However, while Swedish has leguanIRULJXDQDWKH)LQQLVKWHUPiguaani has to have arrived
from another language, possibly from English. IguanaiguaaniZDVNQRZQUHODWLYHO\ZHOOLQDOO
OHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQLQ)LQODQG LQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQKLJKVFKRROVDQG LQWKH
small university student sample50 ZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGDOOWKH
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH
sisiliskomainen otus ³DFUHDWXUHVLPLODUWRFRPPRQOL]DUGYLYLSDURXVOL]DUG´ DQG lisko joka
asuu lämpimässä! ³DOL]DUGWKDWOLYHVLQDZDUPSODFH´ 2WKHUHQWULHVLQFOXGH lintu! ³ELUG´
apina! ³PRQNH\´ DQG jäämies! ³LFHPDQ´ ,QDGGLWLRQWKH$ODVNDQVXUYH\SURGXFHG
HJWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV ³DUHSWLOHWKDWFKDQJHVFRORUV´ ³DVPDOOUHSWLOHWKDWFDQEHDSHW´
and “a reptile commonly used for a pet.”
Maguey is a term in Spanish for Agave americana. In certain contexts, it is an overaching
term for other large species of agaves as well, while in a more restricted use of the word, only
to Agave americana$JDYHVDUHPRQRFDUSLFRUSRO\FDUSLFURVHWWHV 6LPPRQGV *HQWU\
0RUHQRGH$OED 6LPFKD =RQD WKDWKDYHEHHQXVHGIRUWKHSDVW
millennia (especially Agave americana) for multiple purposes, including food (the root, leaves,
VWDONVDQGVKRRWVDVZHOODVH[WUDFWLQJaguamiel OLQLQJRIEDNLQJSLWV OHDYHV EHYHUDJHV
VXFKDVSXOTXHDQGPH]FDO WKHODWWHULQWKHSRVW&RQTXHVWWLPHV WKDWFKIRUURRIV SDSHUWKUHDG
FRUGV EDVNHWU\DZOV DQGHJGLGJHULGRRV$V3UHVFRWWSXWVLWLQKLV The Conquest of Mexico
(1843:123-124),
The agave, in short, was meat, drink, clothing, and writing materials for the Aztec!
Surely, never did Nature enclose in so compact a form so many of the elements of
human comfort and civilization!
/DV&DVDV/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU; SURYLGHVXVZLWKDOHQJWK\DFFRXQWRILJXDQDVGHVFULELQJWKHLU
appearance and explaining how the natives hunted them: “Cuando los indios vecinos desta isla querian
FD]DU PXFKRV SRQLDQ IXHJR i ODV oDEDQDV y \HUED]DOHV \ KX\HQGR GHO IXHJR ORV FRQHMRV LEDQ i SDUDU
donde la gente los esperaba. Habia otra caza, segun ellos muy preciada, y áun segun muchos de nuestros
HVSDxROHVGHVSXHVTXHODJXVWDURQ\HVWDIXpODVTXHOODPDURQLJXDQDVSURSLDVVLHUSHV HVWDQJUDQGHFRPR
XQSHUULOORGHKDOGDGHODKHFKXUDGHXQODJDUWRSLQWDGDFRPRpOSHURQRGHFRORUYHUGHODVSLQWXUDVy
azafranadas, sino pardas que la afean más, tiene un cerro de espinas desde la cabeza por el lomo hasta lo
SRVWUHURGHODFRODTXHODKDFHPiVKRUULEOH\HVSDQWDEOH FXDQGRODLEDQiWRPDUORVLQGLRVKDFLD\KDFH
XQSDSRFRPRODVODJDUWLMDVPiVJUDQGHyWDQWRFRPRXQDYHMLJDGHXQDJUDQWHUQHUD\DEUHODERFD\
PXHVWUDORVGLHQWHVFRPRXQD¿HUDVLHUSHFRPRORHVDOSDUHFHUSHURQRKDFHPDO\IiFLOPHQWHODSUHQGHQ
\ DWDQ \ WUDHQ OD FROD GHOOD HV EODQFD FRPR SHFKXJD GH JDOOLQD 'LFHQ ORV HVSDxROHV FRPXQPHQWH TXH
no hay tan sabroso manjar, pero yo nunca la he podido comer, áun en los tiempos primeros que en esta
,VODWXYLPRVQHFHVLGDG FyPHQODHQYLpUQHVSRUSHVFDGRFULiQGRVHHQODWLHUUD\PRQWHVFRPRORVRWURV
DQLPDOHVQRVpGyQGHORKDOODURQTXHIXHVHSHVFDGR´
50
The sample of university students in the survey was composed of students that have already been exposed
WR1RUWK$PHULFDQDQGRU/DWLQ$PHULFDQ6WXGLHVVRWKHVWDWLVWLFVQHHGWREHVHHQLQWKHOLJKWRIWKLVIDFW
49
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
123
The term maguey has been incorporated into various other languages via Spanish, although
ZLWK D UHODWLYHO\ UHVWULFWHG GLVWULEXWLRQ DV WKH *UHHNEDVHG WHUP agave51 is used in most
languages for the plant, along with century plant in English for Agave americana. The term
maguey is from a Taino source, possibly mawei52, while in Classical Nahuatl, the term for agave
is metl (Molina 1571)53WKHVRXUFHRIWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHZRUGµPH]FDO¶ VHHEHORZ 7KHWHUP
maguey (or maguei LV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGE\3HWHU0DUW\UG¶$QJKLHUD 3HWUXV0DUW\U$QJOHULXVRU
DE$QJOHULDLQ/DWLQDQG3LHWUR0DUWLUHG¶$QJKLHUDLQ,WDOLDQ LQKLVDe orbe novo 2QWKH1HZ
:RUOG ZKLFKVDZYDULRXVHGLWLRQVIURPRQZDUGV7KH¿UVWHGLWLRQ 0DUW\U LQFOXGHV
a “Vocabula Barbara” which was based on the early reports from the Caribbean. Consequently,
WKH YRFDEXODU\ RXJKW WR EH SULPDULO\7DLQR 2QH RI WKH HQWULHV LQ WKH ³9RFDEXOD %DUEDUD´ LV
PDJXpL!JORVVHGDV KHUEDƝXWVHPSHUYLYD! ³KHUEDHVWXWVHPSHUYLYD´ FRPSDULQJPDJXH\
WRKRXVHOHHNV DNDOLYHIRUHYHU>SempervivumVSS@ 5LJKWEHORZLWZHKDYH 0DJXpL JHQXV
HVWW\PSDQL!LHPDJXHLLVµGUXP¶%RWKWKHSODQWDQGWKHGUXPDUHDOVRUHIHUUHGWRLQWKHPDLQ
WH[W SDOPDUXP SXWD 0DJXpLRUXP TXH HVW KHUED VHGR VLYH DL]RR54 TXƗ YXOJXV VHPSHU YLYƗ
DSSHOODW VLPLOLV!DQG 7\PSDQXݤPDJXp\GLFLWXU!UHVSHFWLYHO\&RQVHTXHQWO\LWVHHPVWKDW
the two terms are homonymous in Taino.
Maize (Sp. maiz >Zea mays]) LVDSODQWQDWLYHWR0HVRDPHULFD¿UVWGRPHVWLFDWHGLQ0H[LFR
DURXQG WR \HDUV DJR 0DWVXRND et al 3LSHUQR 7KH ZRUG KRZHYHU
derives from the Taino term mahisi VRXUFH IRUPV PiKLFL! DQG PDKL]! >*UDQEHUU\ DQG
Vescelius 2004: 109]). In the Historia general de las Indias E\*RQ]DOR)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR
y Valdés (1535), the word is spelled mahiz, while Bartolomé de las Casas (1875: Chapter XI)
has mahíz in his Historia de las Indias55$FFRUGLQJWR2('WKHZRUGLV³SURE>DEO\@LGHQWLFDO
ZLWKWKH$UDZDN *XLDQD marisiDQGWKH&DULEµmárichi, bled d’Inde¶ %UHWRQ'LFW&DUDwEH
´,WLVDOVRZRUWKQRWLFLQJWKDWWKHWKFHQWXU\IRUPRI)UHQFKmaïs is spelled mahiz, from
the contemporary Spanish word with identical spelling. Spanish variants included also mahis
and mayz DQG ¿QDOO\ maiz. English has had maith and mayis (16th century), mais and maiz
(16th to 18th c.), maes, maix, maijs, maze, and mass (17th c.), mayze and mays (17th to 18th c.),
maez (18th c.), mais(e) (19th c.), and maize from the 17th century onwards.
9LD/DWLQAgaveIURP$QFLHQW*UHHNਝȖĮȣȒWKHQDPHRIWKHSULQFHVVRI7KHEHVDQGWKHTXHHQRIWKH
0DHQDGV DQG WKH HOGHVW GDXJKWHU RI &DGPXV WKH NLQJ RI7KHEHV DQG RI WKH JRGGHVV +DUPRQLD DQG
XOWLPDWHO\IURPਕȖĮȣȩȢ³QREOHLOOXVWULRXV´
52
Note that Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 110) gloss mawei PDJXH\!DVµGUXP¶)XUWKHUPRUH0DUWLXV
KDV PDJXH\!DQG PDJKHLK!,WLVQRWNQRZQZKHWKHUWKHODWWHU RULJLQDOO\IURP+XPEROGW
UHÀHFWVWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQEXWLILWGRHVWKHSRWHQWLDO7DLQR " VRXUFHPLJKWEHGL൵HUHQWIURPmawei.
53
,Q PRGHUQ 1DKXDWO VRXUFHV WKHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI GL൵HUHQW W\SHV RI DJDYHV WKH 1DKXDWO:LNLSHGLD
or Huiquipedia KWWSV QDKZLNLSHGLDRUJ OLVWV WKH IROORZLQJ acametl PƗFǀ]WLF PHWO and cuezalmetl
mexcalmetl Agave tequilana DOVR NQRZQ DV agave azul >EOXH DJDYH@ RU ³WHTXLOD DJDYH´ mexolotl
necuametl Agave sisalana VLVDO nexmetl Agave durangensis agave cenizo papalometl Agave
potatorum pitzometl Agave marmorata maguey tepeztate, pichomel, pitzometl, pichometl, maguey
curandero, and huiscole WHǀPHWO tepemetl (Agave salmiana maguey manso, maguey pulquero, maguey
de montaña RU ³JUHHQ PDJXH\´ WHSƝPH[FDOOL WOƗFDPHWO Agave atrovirens maguey verde grande,
maguey pulquero, maguey manso, tlacámel, tlacámetl, and clacámel DQGzacametl Agave lechuguilla).
54
Salas (1762: 42) has aizon for “Hierva puntera, siempreviva.”
55
/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;, SURYLGHVXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJDFFRXQW ³6HPEUDEDQ\FRJLDQGRVYHFHV
en el año el grano que llamaban mahíz, no para hacer pan dél, sino para comer tierno por fruta crudo, y
DVDGRFXDQGRHVWiHQOHFKH\HVPX\VDEURVR\WDPELHQKDFLDQGpOFLHUWRSRWDMHPROLGR\FRQDJXD HUD
menudo y de muchas colores, morado y blanco y colorado y amarillo, todo esto en un macora, llamábanlo
PDKt]\GHVWD,VODVDOLyHVWHQRPEUH´
51
124
Harri Kettunen
7KHWHUPDSSHDUHGLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFREXWQRWLQ
WKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGDVWKHWHUPmaissiZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREHSDUWRIVWDQGDUG)LQQLVK
vocabulary56/LNHZLVHWKHWHUPZDVREYLRXVO\QRWSDUWRIWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGHLWKHUDVWKH
WHUP LQ 3ROLVK IRU PDL]H LV kukurydza RI D GHEDWHG RULJLQ SRVVLEO\ IURP 2WWRPDQ 7XUNLVK
ίϭέϮϗϮϗ >kukuruz]), with various parallel terms in other Slavic languages. The term maize
maizZDVLQFOXGHGLQWKHVXUYH\VLQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRIRUGL൵HUHQWUHDVRQV WKHIRUPHUGXH
WR WKH IDFW WKDW µFRUQ¶ LV WKH PRUH FRPPRQ WHUP LQ (QJOLVK DQG WKH ODWWHU LQ RUGHU WR NQRZ
ZKDWNLQGRIDQVZHUVWKH0H[LFDQVFKRROFKLOGUHQSURGXFHIRUVRPHWKLQJVRIXQGDPHQWDOWR
0H[LFDQFXOWXUHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROဧXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPZLWKYDU\LQJDQVZHUV
LQFOXGLQJ ³DZRUGIRUFRUQ´ ³FRUQUHODWHG´ ³W\SHRIPXOWLFRORUHGYHJHWDEOHVLPLODUWRFRUQ´
³FRUQLQ6SDQLVK´ ³DZKHDWOLNHSODQWYHUVLRQRIFRUQ´ ³W\SHRIFRUQVRPHWLPHVXVHGDVIRRG
DQGVRPHWLPHVDVIXHO´ DQG³VRPHWKLQJPDGHIURPFRUQ"´0DQ\DOVRFRQQHFWHGWKHZRUGWR
mazeDVLVHYLGHQWIURPWKHIROORZLQJ ³DSX]]HO´ ³D'SX]]OH´ DQG³DVHULHVRIGLUHFWLRQV
DQGGHDGHQGV´7KHDQVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG alimento! comida! semilla! planta
esencial en mexico! verdura de origen mexicano! planta de donde sale el elote! una
verdura parecida al elote! elote procesado! fruto de la mazorca! DQG con lo que se hace
la tortilla!
Mamey (Sp. mamey >Mammea americana]) is a tree belonging to the family Calophyllaceae,
containing edible fruits. The species is native to the Caribbean and to other parts of tropical
Americas. Mamey is used, besides the sweet fruit and wood, for medicinal purposes: against
fever and to complement quinine in Brazil, cicatrization of wounds in the Antilles, as well as an
LQVHFWUHSHOOHQW *HUYDLVDQG/DYLJQH &RPPRQQDPHVIRUWKHIUXLWLQFOXGHmammee,
mammeemamey apple, tropical apricot, and Santo Domingo apricot. The term originates in
7DLQRDQGLV¿UVWUHFRUGHGLQ3HWHU0DUW\U¶VZRUNVLQWKHIRUP PDPpLV!7KHWHUPDSSHDUV
in the “Vocabula Barbara” of De orbe novo 0DUW\U VLPSO\DV 0DPpLVDUERUHVW!7KH
main text refers also to the fruit that is of a size of an apple and tastes as good as a melon:
0DPpLVHVWDUERUDOLD TX IUXFWXPSURGXFLWDXUHLPDOLPDJQLWXGLQH VDSRUHPHORQHRSWLPR
KDXGLQVXDYLRU!/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, GLVFXVVHVWKHIUXLWLQPRUHGHWDLODVIROORZV
“Habia en esta Isla algunas frutas silvestres por los montes, y dellas muy buenas,
ninguna, empero, doméstica, porque no curaban de tener huertas ni frutales los indios,
FRPRVHGLUiHOFRQWUDULRGHORVGH7LHUUD)LUPHVLQRTXHFXDQGRODVWRSDEDQDFDVRODV
comian, la mejor de las cuales, y quizá de gran parte del mundo, eran los que llamaban
PDPH\HV TXH DUULED GLJLPRV KDEHU GH VX RUtJHQ VyOR HQ OD SXQWD GHVWD ,VOD TXH VH
OODPDEDOD*XDFD\DULPD ODVTXHOODPDPRVSLxDVTXHHVIUXWDHQRORU\VDERUDGPLUDEOH
QRODKDELDHQHVWD,VODVLQRTXHGHODLVODGH6DQ-XDQVHWUXMR>«@´
Manatee (Sp. manatí>Trichechus spp.]), an aquatic mammal native to the Caribbean Sea,
Gulf of Mexico, Amazon Basin, and Western Africa, has its lexical origin in Taino manati57
*UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV ±DZRUGUHWDLQHGLQPRGHUQ6SDQLVK)DPLOLDULW\ZLWK
)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGYLD6ZHGLVKmajsE\WKH WKFHQWXU\ +lNNLQHQ 66$ ,Q
ZULWWHQIRUPWKHZRUGKDVH[LVWHGDWOHDVWVLQFH +lNNLQHQ
57
,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQ3URWR$VKiQLQND DOVRDQ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHVSRNHQWRGD\E\WKH$VKiQLQNDLQWKH
3HUXYLDQUDLQIRUHVWVDQG$FUH%UD]LO WKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGWHUP PDQtWLPHDQV³MDJXDU´ *UDQEHUU\DQG
Vescelius 2004: 109).
56
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
125
WKH WHUP YDULHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ EHWZHHQ WKH GL൵HUHQW DUHDV LQ WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\ ZKLOH RQO\
RI WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV UHFRJQL]HG
manaatti WKH IDPLOLDULW\ ZDV IRU manatee LQ $ODVND DQG IRU manatí in Mexico.
Answers from Mexican schools include everything from accurate to not-so-accurate zoological
GHVFULSWLRQV mamifero acuatico! animal que normalmente vive en los manglares! un
animal llamado tambien sirena! animal gordo con dientes largos! animal acuático con
un cuerno! animal gordo del mar (según ceja es alonso)! DQG alonso animal!6LPLODUO\
$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHVRPHZKDWFRQIXVHGDVWRWKHWUXHLGHQWLW\RIWKHFUHDWXUH
³VHDFRZFRZDUG´ ³DZDWHUFUHDWXUHVOLJKWO\GL൵HUHQWWKDQD+LSSR´ ³VHDOOLNHVHDFUHDWXUH´
³RIWHQPLVWDNHGE\VDLORUVLQWKHROGWLPHVIRUPHUPDLGV´ ³OLNHDVWLQJUD\´ ³VHDFUHDWXUH>WKDW@
ORRNVOLNHDÀDWELUG´ ³ZDWHUELUG´ DQG³DELJÀDWXQGHUZDWHU¿VKZDVWLQJHU´(OHPHQWDU\
VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH vesinisäkäs! ³ZDWHUPDPPDO´ vesi muhveli!
(“water muhveli´ valas! ³ZKDOH´ apina eläin! ³>W\SHRID@PRQNH\´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF
kiusaus! ³WHPSWDWLRQ´ ± D SRVVLEOH UHIHUHQFH WR kiusaus DV µFDVVHUROH¶ RULJLQDOO\ IURP
Swedish Janssons frestelse RU µ-DQVVRQ¶V WHPSWDWLRQ¶ )LQQLVK janssoninkiusaus). As with
vesi muhveli!LWFRXOGEHDFRQIXVLRQZLWKvesipuhveliRUµZDWHUEX൵DOR¶+RZHYHULWLVZRUWK
mentioning that Muhveli is also a character in the animated TV series version of the Moomin.
Mangrove (Sp. manglar) refers to several types of trees that grow in saline habitats in the
coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics. 7KH RULJLQ RI WKH ZRUG LV GHEDWHG 2(' KDV WKH
following: “The Malay maNgi-maNgiPDQJURYH QRWQRZFXUUHQWLQWKH0DOD\3HQLQVXODEXW
UHFRUGHG LQ HDUO\ 'LFW>LRQDULH@V LV XVXDOO\ UHJDUGHG DV WKH XOWLPDWH VRXUFH EXW LW LV GL൶FXOW
WRDFFRXQWRQWKLVYLHZIRUWKHHDUO\DSSHDUDQFHRI6S>DQLVK@mangle referring to America.”
2QHSRVVLELOLW\LVDQ$UDZDNVRXUFHIRUWKHHDUO\6SDQLVKmangle VHH)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\
Valdés 1535). As regards the loanword survey, mangroveZDVUDWKHUSRRUO\NQRZQE\)LQQLVK
VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ DQG E\ HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLOH
RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQ XSSHU HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKH WHUP $QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH vedessä
kasvava sokkeloinen puu! ³DPD]HOLNHWUHHJURZLQJLQZDWHU´ meren lähellä oleva metsä!
³DIRUHVWQHDUWKHVHD´ joku hedelmä! ³VRPHNLQGRIIUXLW´ ±SRVVLEO\IURPµPDQJR¶DQG
eläin! ³DQDQLPDO´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG musiikki tyylilaji! ³PXVLFVW\OHJHQUH´
DQG yhdenmiehen ryhmä! ³RQH PDQ¶V JURXS´ $QVZHUV IURP WKH 0H[LFDQ VXUYH\ LQFOXGH
DFXPXODFLyQGHDJXDFRQÀRUD\IDXQD! arbol con raices en el agua! conjunto de árboles
que crecen en agua! ecosistema en veracruz! lugar lindo! lugar lleno de vida! un
lago o rio que tine arboles! se encuentran en cancún! DQG un lugar frio!
Papaya (Sp. papaya >Carica papaya]) is a plant originating from southern Mexico and
Central America, from where it spread throughout the tropical Americas. The origin of the word
is Taino papaya (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 111), the source for Spanish, English, German,
and Swedish papayaDQG)LQQLVKpapaija. Students in all the surveys were quite familiar with
WKH ZRUG HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ )LQODQG DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG
$ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG 0H[LFDQ XSSHU HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV
$V LQ WKH FDVH RI PDQ\ RWKHU DQVZHUV WKH ORZHU HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ¶V DQVZHUV LQ
)LQODQGH[WHQGHGEH\RQGWKH³FRUUHFW´DQVZHUV joku papu! ³VRPHW\SHRIDEHDQ´ marja!
³EHUU\´ mauste! ³VSLFH´ pähkinä! ³QXW´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG papukaija!
³SDUURW´ ± SUREDEO\ FRQIXVHG ZLWK WKH )LQQLVK ZRUG IRU µSDUURW¶ papukaija. High school
VWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGDGGHGDOVR siiderimaku :)! ³FLGHUÀDYRU ´ DQGRQHVWXGHQWLQ3RODQG
³0LQLRQVOLNHLW´
126
Harri Kettunen
Pitaya ~ pitahaya DOVR µGUDJRQ IUXLW¶ LQ (QJOLVK ZDV UHFRUGHG LQ WKH &DULEEHDQ E\ WKH
HDUO\REVHUYHUVLQFOXGLQJ0DUW\U2YLHGRDQG/DV&DVDV7KHODWWHU /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU
;,, GHVFULEHVWKHIUXLWDVIROORZV ³$QRWKHULVFDOOHGSLWDKD\DWKHSHQXOWLPDWHV\OODEOHORQJ
WKHVKHOOLVUHGRQWKHRXWVLGHDQGKDVFHUWDLQQRWVRJRRGWKRUQVRQLWWKHLQVLGHLVDOPRVWOLNH
WKDW RI D ULSH ¿J ZLWK PDQ\ EODFN JUDLQV OLNH WKRVH RI WKH SDKDUL ¿JV RI &DVWLOH DQG RI WKH
appearance of brevas>HDUO\¿JV@ VRPHWKLQJWDVW\DQGIUHVK´58
Savanna ~ savannah (Sp. sabana59) is an open or semi-open plain of long grass in the
tropics and subtropics, frequently with scattered trees and distinct wet and dry seasons. The
word originates in Taino sabana IRU µVDYDQQDK¶ RU ³IHZ WUHHV´ SRVVLEO\ DQDO\]HG DV saµZRRG¶baµODUJH¶naµVPDOO¶ZKHUHVDEDPHDQVµIRUHVWHG¶DQGQDµVPDOO¶ *UDQEHUU\DQG
9HVFHOLXV )URPWKH&DULEEHDQWKHZRUGWUDYHOHGWR6SDQLVKLQWKHIRUPzavana and
çavana, with a later change into savanaDQG¿QDOO\WRPRGHUQsabana. English has had zavana
(16th century), savanar and savanah (plural savanæ) (17th c.), savana (17th to 18th c. and 20th
F DQG ¿QDOO\ savanna and savannah IURP WKH WK FHQWXU\ RQZDUGV 2(' ZKLOH )LQQLVK
UHFHLYHGWKHZRUGE\ +lNNLQHQ YLD6ZHGLVKsavann / savanna, German Savanne,
)UHQFKsavane, and Spanish sabana (zavana, çavana) (SSA3).
7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\ RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
FKLOGUHQDQG RIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQDQG
RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK LW 7KH SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV¶
answers has to be understood in the light of the fact that the word sabanaPHDQVµVDYDQQDa
VDYDQQDK¶LQ6SDQLVKZKLOHWKHZRUGsábana ZLWKWKHVWUHVVRQWKH¿UVWV\OODEOH PHDQVµ EHG
VKHHW¶DQGPDQ\VWXGHQWVRQO\SURYLGHGWKHODWWHUH[SODQDWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKHFDVHRIWKH
$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVZHQHHGWRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHIDFWWKDW6DYDQQDK60 is also
a city in the US, as revealed by these two answers: “a town in Georgia” and “city in Georgia.”
7KHUHZDVDOVRVRPHRYHUDOOFRQIXVLRQDVWRWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGHVSHFLDOO\E\WKH)LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV0DQ\DQVZHUHG aavikko! ³GHVHUW´ RUVRPHWKLQJUHODWHGWRWKDW
VXFK DV Afrikassa oleva hiekka-alue! ³VDQG DUHD LQ$IULFD´ 2WKHUV UHODWHG WKH ZRUG WR D
GU\SODFHRUDGU\DUHDZLWKDQLPDOV kuiva alue, jossa esim seeprat elävät! ³GU\DUHDZKHUH
HJ ]HEUDV OLYH´ DQG aavikkomainen paikka jossa elää esim norsuja! ³GHVHUWOLNH SODFH
where, e.g., elephants live”). However, especially many elementary school students had a more
DFFXUDWHDFFRXQWVXFKDV harva puinen alue esim Afrikassa! ³DQDUHDLQ$IULFDZLWKVFDWWHUHG
WUHHV´ Afrikan tasanko-alue! ³DSODLQLQ$IULFD´ vähän kuin aro! ³DELWOLNHVWHSSH´
kuuma tasainen alue troopisella vyöhykkeelä! ³DKRWÀDWDUHDLQWKHWURSLFDOUHJLRQ´ kuiva
³2WUDHVOODPDGDSLWDKD\DODSHQ~OWLPDVtODEDOXHQJD HVFRORUDGDODFiVFDUDSRUGHIXHUD\WLHQHFLHUWDV
espinas no buenas en ella, lo de dentro es cuasi como lo de una madura breva, con unos granitos muchos
QHJURVFRPRORVGHORVKLJRVSDKDULHVGH&DVWLOOD\GHODKHFKXUDGHODEUHYD DOJRHVVDEURVD\IUHVFD´
59
7KH WHUP ZDV ZULWWHQ DV oDEDQD oDYDQDV DQG VDEDQD LQ WKH HDUO\ VRXUFHV 0DUW\U /DV &DVDV DQG
2YLHGR /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU/9, KDVWKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQ ³>«@HQHVWDLVODHVSHFLDOPHQWH
como por este tiempo hace seca, y los indios eran inclinados, y se holgaban, de poner fuego á los herbazales,
que eran grandísimos por las innumerables campiñas llanas y rasas que habia, y que ellos llaman en su
OHQJXDoDEDQDVORXQRSRUTXHWDQWDHV\WDQWRFUHFHODKLHUEDTXHWDSDyRFXSDORVFDPLQRV\FRPRDQGDQ
desnudos, la hierba grande les lastima, lo otro, porque entre la hierba se criaban los conejos desta isla,
TXHQRPEUDEDQKXWLDV GHTXHDGHODQWHVHKDEODUi'LRVTXHULHQGR \HUDQVLQQ~PHUR\FRQTXHPDUODV
oDEDQDVPDWDEDQWRGRVORVTXHTXHULDQSRUHVWRWHQLDQGHFRVWXPEUHGHTXHPDUODV´
60
The etymology of Savannah is debated and it may be a corruption of the term Shawano or Shaawanwa,
UHIHUULQJ WR WKH $OJRQTXLDQVSHDNLQJ 6KDZQHH SHRSOH RU D UHIHUHQFH WR WKH JHRJUDSK\ DURXQG WKH
Savannah river, or both.
58
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
127
alue ja siel on leijonii! ³GU\ DUHD DQG WKHUH DUH OLRQV´ DQG alue joka sijaitsee yleensä
sademetsien lähellä! ³DQDUHDWKDWLVXVXDOO\ORFDWHGFORVHWRWKHUDLQIRUHVWV´ )XUWKHUPRUH
some elementary school students associated savanni ZLWK UDLQ IRUHVWV viidakko! ³MXQJOH´
DQG Afrikan sademetsä! ³UDLQIRUHVWLQ$IULFD´ 6LPLODUO\DQVZHUVIURP0H[LFR$ODVNDDQG
3RODQGYDULHGLQWKHLUDFFXUDF\ lugar en la selva caluroso en donde normalmente viven leones
y elefantes! ³GHVHUW´ DQG³VRPHNLQGRIMXQJOH´UHVSHFWLYHO\2QHVWXGHQWLQ3RODQGDOVRNQHZ
that sawanna (savanna) is a “Minecraft biome.”
Tiburón7KH6SDQLVKWHUPIRUVKDUNtiburónZDVUHFRUGHGDQGGHVFULEHGE\/DV&DVDVLQ
his Apologética historia summaria de las gentes destas IndiasLQ /DV&DVDV
+RZHYHUDV/DV&DVDVDUULYHGLQ+LVSDQLRODDOUHDG\LQZHFDQDVVXPHWKDWKHUHFRUGHG
the term early on, and the source is quite possibly Taino. In the Apologética historia summaria,
/DV&DVDV REVHUYHVWKHIROORZLQJ 7KHUHDUHLQWKHVHDVRPH¿VKWKDWDOVRHQWHUWKH
ULYHUVEXLOWOLNHDGRJ¿VKRUDWOHDVWWKHLUZKROHERG\ZLWKDEOXQWKHDGDQGWKHPRXWKDOLJQHG
ZLWKWKHEHOO\ZLWKPDQ\WHHWKWKDWWKH,QGLDQVFDOOHGVKDUNVDIHDUOHVVEHDVWDQGDEXWFKHURI
PHQ>@´61
Tobacco (Sp. tabaco>NicotianaVSS@ 7KHRULJLQRIWKHZRUGµWREDFFR¶LVGHEDWHG7KH
Spanish word tabaco may come from Taino tabako (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 112).
$FFRUGLQJWR2YLHGR )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV LWZDVD+DLWLDQ 7DLQR QDPHIRUD
<VKDSHGWXEHRUSLSHIRUVPRNLQJ ZKHUHDVWKHWREDFFR>SRZGHU@LWVHOIZDVFDOOHG cohiba!62
>IURPkohowa, “tobacco powder” (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 108)]). It should also be noted
WKDWVLPLODUVRXQGLQJZRUGVZHUHXVHGVLQFHWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\LQ6SDQLVK3RUWXJXHVHDQG
Italian for various herbs that presumably originate in the Arabic term tabaq or tubaq (Campbell
2004: 64) – a name for various medicinal herbs.
,QWHUHVWLQJO\ EHIRUH µWREDFFR¶ (QJOLVK KDG D WHUP IURP DQ XQVSHFL¿HG $OJRQTXLDQ
language in the Carolinas, called uppówoc. The term was introduced to English by Thomas
Harriot (1560–1621) in his A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia. (Harriot
ZKHUHKHQRWHVWKDW³>W@KHUHLVDQKHUEHZKLFKLVVRZHGDSDUWE\LWVHOIH LVFDOOHG
by the inhabitants vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the seuerall
SODFHV FRXQWULHVZKHUHLWJURZHWKDQGLVYVHG 7KH6SDQLDUGHVJHQHUDOO\FDOOLWTobacco.”
³+D\HQODPDU\HQWUDQWDPELHQHQORVULRVXQRVSHFHVGHKHFKXUDGHFD]RQHVyDOPHQRVWRGRHOFXHUSR
la cabeza bota y la boca en el derecho de la barriga, con muchos dientes, que los indios llamaron tiburones,
EHVWLDEUDYtVLPD\FDUQLFHUDGHKRPEUHV>@´
62
/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU&/;9, JLYHVDGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIXVLQJWKHSRGHU ³7HQLDQKHFKRVFLHUWRV
SROYRVGHFLHUWDV\HUEDVPX\VHFDV\ELHQPROLGDVGHFRORUGHFDQHODyGHDOKHxDPROLGDHQ¿QHUDQGH
FRORUOHRQDGD pVWRVSRQLDQHQXQSODWRUHGRQGRQROODQRVLQRXQSRFRDOJRFRPEDGRyKRQGRKHFKRGH
PDGHUDWDQKHUPRVROLVR\OLQGRTXHQRIXHUDPX\PiVKHUPRVRGHRURyGHSODWD HUDFXDVLQHJUR\
lucio como de azabache. Tenian un instrumento de la misma madera y materia, y con la misma polideza y
KHUPRVXUD ODKHFKXUDGHDTXHOLQVWUXPHQWRHUDGHOWDPDxRGHXQDSHTXHxDÀDXWDWRGRKXHFRFRPRORHV
ODÀDXWDGHORVGRVWHUFLRVGHODFXDOHQDGHODQWHVHDEULDSRUGRVFDxXWRVKXHFRVGHODPDQHUDTXHDEULPRV
los dos dedos del medio, sacado el pulgar, cuando extendemos la mano. Aquellos dos cañutos puestos en
DPERViGRVYHQWDQDVGHODVQDULFHV\HOSULQFLSLRGHODÀDXWDGLJDPRVHQORVSROYRVTXHHVWDEDQHQHO
plato, sorbian con el huelgo hácia dentro, y sorbiendo recibian por las narices la cantidad de los polvos
que tomar determinaban, los cuales recibidos salian luégo de seso cuasi como si bebieran vino fuerte, de
GRQGHTXHGDEDQERUUDFKRVyFXDVLERUUDFKRV(VWRVSROYRV\HVWDVFHUHPRQLDVyDFWRVVHOODPDEDQFRKRED
ODPHGLDVtODEDOXHQJDHQVXOHQJXDMH DOOtKDEODEDQFRPRHQDOJDUDEtDyFRPRDOHPDQHVFRQIXVDPHQWH
QRVpTXpFRVDV\SDODEUDV&RQHVWRHUDQGLJQRVGHOFRORTXLRGHODVHVWDWXDV\RUiFXORVySRUPHMRUGHFLU
GHOHQHPLJRGHODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQD SRUHVWDPDQHUDVHOHVGHVFXEULDQORVVHFUHWRV\HOORVSURIHWDEDQy
DGHYLQDEDQGHDOOtRLDQ\VDELDQVLOHVHVWDEDSRUYHQLUDOJXQELHQDGYHUVLGDGyGDxR´
61
128
Harri Kettunen
+HDOVRGHVFULEHVWKDWWKHQDWLYHV³YVHWRWDNHWKHIXPHRUVPRNHWKHUHRIE\VXFNLQJLWWKURXJK
SLSHVPDGHRIFODLHLQWRWKHLUVWRPDFNHDQGKHDGH´DQGFODLPVWKDWEHFDXVHRIVPRNLQJ³WKHLU
ERGLHVDUHQRWDEO\SUHVHUXHGLQKHDOWK NQRZQRWPDQ\JUHHXRXVGLVHDVHVZKHUHZLWKDOOZHH
LQ (QJODQG DUH RIWHQWLPHV D൷LFWHG´ +DUULRW SURPRWHG WREDFFR IXUWKHU E\ VWDWLQJ WKDW ³>Z@H
RXUVHOXHV GXULQJ WKH WLPH ZH ZHUH WKHUH YVHG WR VXFN LW DIWHU WKHLU PDQHU DV DOVR VLQFH RXU
UHWXUQH KDXHIRXQGPDQLHUDUHDQGZRQGHUIXOH[SHULPHQWVRIWKHYHUWXHVWKHUHRI RIZKLFK
WKHUHODWLRQZRXOGHUHTXLUHDYROXPHE\LWVHOIH>@´$VLWKDSSHQHG+DUULRWGHYHORSHGQDVDO
cancer and died at the age of 60 (Cutler 1994: 12)637RGD\ZHNQRZEHWWHUDIDFWWKDWLVUHÀHFWHG
LQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQDKLJKVFKRROLQ$ODVNDZLWKIROORZLQJUHDFWLRQVWRWKHWHUP
µWREDFFR¶ ³DFKHPLFDOWKDWKDUPVKXPDQV´ ³>D@VXEVWDQFHWKDWLVEDGIRUKHDOWK´ ³DQDGGLFWLYH
GUXJ´ ³JURVVSODQW´ ³FKHZLWVPRNHLWJURVV´ DQG³VPRNHGFKHZHGSODQW±FDXVHVFDQFHU´
The term uppówoc did not catch on, and was soon replaced by the word tobacco that was
DOUHDG\NQRZQLQ(XURSH%DVHGRQWKLVWHUPZHKDYHWKH6SDQLVK$UDJRQHVH*DOLFLDQDQG
3RUWXJXHVHtabaco &DWDODQDQG)UHQFKtabac ,WDOLDQtabacco (QJOLVKtobacco :HOVKtybaco
Irish tobac *HUPDQTabak'XWFKDQG$IULNDDQVtabak <LGGLVKʷʩʡ ʔʠʨ 3HQQV\OYDQLD*HUPDQ
Duwack 6ZHGLVK DQG 'DQLVK tobak 1RUZHJLDQ tobakk ,FHODQGLF tóbak /DWYLDQ tabaka
/LWKXDQLDQ tabakas 5XVVLDQ ɬɚɛɚɤ &]HFK tabák 6ORYDN tabak 6ORYHQLDQ tobak DV ZHOO
as Maltese tabakk %DVTXH tabakoa )LQQLVK tupakka (ဧRQLDQ tubakas $UDELF Ꮔኣ (tabgh
and Hebrew ʷ ʕˎ ʔʨ (tabak 'HULYHG WHUPV DOVR LQFOXGH 8]EHN tamaki 7DMLN ɬɚɦɨɤɭ *HRUJLDQ
ʯʨʳʩʨʽʵ (tambako >YLD3HUVLDQϮ̯ΎΒϨΗ (tambâku @ 3DVKWR Ϯ̯ΎΒϨΗ m (WDQEƗN~ .D]DNK ɬɟɦɟɤɿ
YLD 3HUVLDQ Ϯ̯ΎΒϨΗ >tambâku@ *XMDUDWL ӀӉӕұӚ (WDPEƗNX +LQGL ćŃďĭøij (WDPEƗNnj 8UGX Ϯ̯ΎΒϤΗ
(WDPEƗNnj 1HSDOLĝIJćŎ (WDPƗNKX 0DUDWKLćŃďĭùij (WDPEƗNKnj %HQJDOLতামাক (tanak .DQQDGD
൪౾థ 0RQJROLDQ Ɍɚɦɯɢ .RUHDQ жؑ (dambae -DSDQHVH タバコ (tabako 6RPDOL
tubaakada 6ZDKLOLtumbaku ~ tumbako <RUXEDDQG+DXVDtaba ,JERͭWDED +DLWLDQ&UHROH
tabak -DYDQHVHmbako )LOLSLQRDQG&HEXDQRtabako ,QGRQHVLDQtembakau 0DOD\tembakau
and Maori tupeka.64)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGTXLWHHDUO\LQYLD6ZHGLVKLQWKHIRUP
2WKHUZRUGVLQWURGXFHGE\ RUDVFULEHGWR 7KRPDV+DUULRWLQFOXGHcushaw FRF~VKDZ!DW\SHRID
squash), macock PDFyFTZHU! W\SH RI D SXPSNLQ manitou PRQWyDF! ³IRUFHV RI QDWXUH GHLW\´
tsinaw DURRWDFFRUGLQJWR+DUULRW³PXFKOLNHYQWR\WZKLFKLQ(QJODQGLVFDOOHGWKH&KLQDURRWEURXJKW
IURPWKH(DVW,QGLHV´>&XWOHU QRWHVWKDWWKH$OJRQTXLDQZRUGPD\DFWXDOO\FRPHIURPWKHZRUG
China UHIHUULQJWRDSODQWFDOOHG&KLQDURRW>Smilax China@ WKDWZDVDGRSWHGE\WKH$OJRQTXLDQVSHDNHUV
from the English, and reintroduced to Harriot]), and werowance WULEDO FKLHI RU R൶FLDO &XWOHU
8-9, 248).
64
Many languages around the world have also created new terms for tobacco – or borrowed (an unrelated)
ሔ ሕ
WHUPIURPDQRWKHUODQJXDJH)URP$UDELF ᒇቲዡጕ (GXۚƗQ³VPRNHWREDFFR´ ZHKDYHWKH2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK
ᒇቲዡጕ (duhan 3HUVLDQ ቺቲᘮᒐቲዡጕ (dkhanaat $OEDQLDQ duhani %RVQLDQ duvan 6HUELDQ ɞɭɜɚɧ duvan
Croatian duhan +XQJDULDQdohány 0DOWHVHGXƫƫDQ .XUGLVKdûxan and Swahili dohani)URP7XUNLVK
tütün IURP 2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK ᒇᓗᓗ >tütün@ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR7XUNLF WW>H@ ³WR VPRNH´ ZH
get Belarusian ɬɵɬɭɧɶ 8NUDLQLDQDQG%XOJDULDQɬɸɬɸɧ 0DFHGRQLDQɬɭɬɭɧ 3ROLVKW\WRĔ 5RPDQLDQ
tutun, Azerbaijani tütün DQG $UPHQLDQ GLDOHFWDO ཨཷཱྀཨཷཱཱྀུ WҵXWҵXQ 2WKHU WHUPV LQFOXGH $UPHQLDQ
ཬའཬཷཾ cxaxot IURP ཷཱྀཬ >cux@ ³VPRNH´ *UHHN țĮʌȞȩȢ kapnós SRVVLEO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR
(XURSHDQ NZHS ³WR VPRNH WR ဧHDP WR ERLO´ &KLQHVH ⅼⲡ ↮ⲡ 0DQGDULQ MܭQၫၫ ࢎWVݜܤހðïၪၱðïၳၪၴ
&DQWRQHVHMLޝQၫၫWࢎVހRXñၫ 0LQ1DQLܭQၪၪၱððWࢎVހDݜၫñ DQG:XLၫၫWࢎVܧހðï +PRQJluam yeeb (yeeb µRSLXP¶
Khmer ɸʅȻ
̈́ Ȕ͐ (WKQDPFǎΩN 7KDLѕѥѝѬэ (from Ѡѕѥ ya>MD@ޝIURP3URWR7DL ސM݁ԥୢ>³PHGLFLQH´@ ѝѬэ sùup
>VXޝSࡘࠥ@³WRVXFNWRVPRNH´ /DRǢǭǦǴ Ǜ (from Thai ѕѥѝѬэ (ya sup 0\DQPDU %XUPHVH ñŘŰĆŁë Ų 6LQKDOD
ၨ༒༊༇ (GXPNRۜD 7DPLO୷ஆ (pukaiyilai) and Malayalam ( דׅ֫ו׀pukayila 7HOXJX
పొగాకు (SRJƗNX 9LHWQDPHVH7KX͙FOi &KLFKHZDfodya ERUURZHGIURP3RUWXJXHVHfolha³OHDI´ 6HVRWKR
koae DQG=XOXugwayi.
63
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
129
tupakki +lNNLQHQ ZKHUHDVWKHHDUOLHVWUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHFXUUHQWIRUPtupakkaGDWHEDFN
WR +lNNLQHQ 66$ 7KH¿UVWYRZHO X LQWKHZRUGDSSHDUVWRUHÀHFWWKH6ZHGLVK
pronunciation of tobacLHޖWXޝEDN6LPLODUO\WKH)LQQLVKZRUGIRUFKRFRODWH suklaa), is based
RQWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQ>µVXNOD @UDWKHUWKDQWKHZULWWHQIRUPRIWKH6ZHGLVKWHUPchoklad (see
below for further discussion).
LOANWORDS FROM NAHUATL
Words of Nahuatl origin are overwhelming in Mexican Spanish, copious in Spanish of
Spain, and relatively frequent in other European languages. There are several reasons for this.
2QHLVWKDW1DKXDWOZDVWKHGRPLQDQWODQJXDJHLQ0H[LFRGXULQJWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\DQGWKH
lingua franca in Mesoamerica after the Conquest. The other is the long presence of Europeans
(during the conquest and colonization) in the area. And related to the latter, the Spanish and
0H[LFDFXOWXUHVFRH[LVWHGDQGGUHZIURPHDFKRWKHU¶VFXOWXUHVOHDGLQJWRWKHFXUUHQWFXOWXUDO
and linguistic mix. In comparison, many sparsely-populated North American regions produced
SUDFWLFDOO\QRRUYHU\IHZORDQZRUGVWR(QJOLVKRU)UHQFKHVSHFLDOO\WRWKHYDULDQWVVSRNHQLQ
WKH2OG:RUOG65. The linguistic patterns based on intensive cultural contacts and co-existence
YHUVXVLUUHJXODUDQGUDQGRPFRQWDFWV HVSHFLDOO\LQVSDUVHO\SRSXODWHGDUHDV DUHYHU\GL൵HUHQW
DQG SURGXFH GLVWLQFW RXWFRPHV /H[LFDO ERUURZLQJV LQ WKH ¿UVW FDVH DUH LQWHQVLYH 7KH\ FDQ
go both ways or the other can be more dominant (as we have seen earlier in the borrowing
patterns of Uralic vs. Indo-European languages). In the case of Central Mexico, the lexical
ERUURZLQJVZHQWERWKZD\V 6SDQLVKLQÀXHQFLQJ1DKXDWODQGRWKHU,QGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVLQ
WKHDUHD±DQG>SULPDULO\@1DKXDWOLQÀXHQFLQJ6SDQLVKZLWKQXPHURXVORDQZRUGV 2EYLRXVO\
in sparsely-populated areas, lexical borrowings are generally rare. And if the encounters of the
cultures or societies are also primarily hostile, as in many cases throughout the history of the
European colonization of the Americas and, e.g., the subsequent “Manifest Destiny” and “Indian
removal” in the United States, it is not surprising that there are relatively few loanwords from
North American Indigenous languages (beyond the early Algonquian loanwords) in common
usage today.
Another reason for the success of (the ongoing) Nahuatl-based loanwords worldwide are
the food products and ingredients originating in Mexico66. While chocolate, cacao, chili, and
tomato have been on their world tour since the 16th century, newcomers such as avocado,
and recently also chiaDUHUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWLQWKHFXLVLQHVZRUOGZLGH)XUWKHUPRUH0H[LFDQ
cuisine has introduced terms such as guacamole, mole, jalapeño, and chipotle to lands afar.
However, out of the 2,600 Nahuatlisms listed in Montemayor et al RQO\DURXQG
KDYHDZLGHUGLVWULEXWLRQLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV2QWKHIROORZLQJSDJHVDVHOHFWLRQRIWKHVH
words is scrutinized in more detail.
65
The exception is the Northeastern North America and the initial European contact with (mostly)
$OJRQTXLDQVSHDNHUVSURGXFLQJDJUHDWQXPEHURIORDQZRUGVLQWR(QJOLVK7KHVHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGIXUWKHU
below.
66
³2ULJLQDWLQJLQ0H[LFR´KHUHPHDQVLWHPVWKDWZHUHLQWURGXFHGWR(XURSHfrom Mexico, whether they
are originally from Mexico or not.
130
Harri Kettunen
Achiote>Bixa orellana]67 derives from the Nahuatl word ƗFKL\ǀWO6DKDJ~Q >9RO
folios 217v and 218r]) has achiotl and Karttunen (1992: 2-3) ƗFKLRWO. However, Molina (1571)
has achiyotetl as “almagre68 HQWHUR R HQ SHGDoRV DQWHV TXH OR PXHODQ´ ZKLOH +LODULR &UX]
(2018: 1) has achiyotl and Wolgemuth et al >0HFD\DSDQGLDOHFWRI,VWKPXV1DKXDWOLQ
Veracruz] DFKL\ǀ¶. Indigenous American languages in Mexico, Central America, and (northern)
South America have numerous native terms for the plant. Quechua, however, seems to have
borrowed the term from Nahuatl (via Spanish?): achiwiti ~ achiyuti. This is not unusual as the
SODQWRQO\JURZVLQVXEWURSLFDODQGWURSLFDOFOLPDWHV7KHWHUPDSSHDUVDOVRLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDV
a loanword from Nahuatl via Spanish: Tagalog atsuwete, Cebuano: atsuete ~ atsuwete, Central
%LNROatsuwete, and Kapampangan aswiti. In a few languages, the word is derived from Caribanderived term annatto VHHWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERYH LQFOXGLQJ)LQQLVKannatto5XVVLDQ8NUDLQLDQ
DQG .D]DNK ɚɧɧɚɬɨ, German Annatto(strauch),69 and Dutch anatto(boom)70 3RUWXJXHVH RQ
the other hand, has a Tupi-derived term urucu (also urucum), from Tupi(an) uru’ku. In other
parts of the world, there are various terms for Bixa orellana that are descriptive (or otherwise
constructed): Indonesian has kesumba keling (kesumba VD൷RZHU >Carthamus tinctorius]
and kelingUHIHUVWRSHRSOHIURPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW>IURPWKHDQFLHQW,QGLDQNLQJGRPRI
.DOLQJD@LQVRPHSDUWVRI6RXWKHDVW$VLD /LWKXDQLDQKDVGDåLQơXUOLMD where GDåLQơ means
µWXUPHULF¶ Curcuma longa ±DQRWKHUFRORULQJDQGÀDYRULQJDJHQW DQGNQRZQLQ(XURSHVLQFH
the antiquity).
Atlatl RU µVSHDUWKURZHU¶ GHULYHV IURP 1DKXDWO D࣯WODWO 6SHDUWKURZHUV DUH NQRZQ IURP
DURXQG WKH ZRUOG VLQFH WKH 8SSHU 3DOHROLWKLF DQG ZKLOH WKH WHUP atlatl is widely used in
DQWKURSRORJLFDOOLWHUDWXUHLQWKH$PHULFDVLWZDVXQNQRZQWRPRVWVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\:KLOH
RI WKH$ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP QRQH RI WKH HOHPHQWDU\ RU KLJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZLW6RPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJO\QRQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZ
WKH WHUP HLWKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG atl = agua, doble agua, mucha agua (?)! palabra en
lengua indigema! palabra en nahúatl! comida! una tribu! DQG lugar! ,Q)LQODQGD
IHZHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHWHUPZLWKWKH$WODQWLFDVLQ meri maapallossa!
)XUWKHUPRUH D FRXSOH RI WKHP DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG XQGRXEWHGO\ ZLWK $WODQWLV uponnut
kaupunki! ³VXQNHQ FLW\´ DQG maa hukkunnut sellainen! ³ODQG>@ D GURZQHG RQH´ ,Q
DGGLWLRQRQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG maan osa! ³FRQWLQHQWSDUWRIWKHHDUWK´
8QLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG mayaintiaanien heittokeihäs! ³DWKURZLQJVSHDURIWKH
0D\D ,QGLDQV´ intiaanikirves! ³,QGLDQ D[H´ Mesoamerikkalaista intiaanikieltä! ³>D
ZRUGLQD@0HVRDPHULFDQ,QGLDQODQJXDJH´ DQG Pohjois-Amerikan intiaanien sana! ³1RUWK
American Indian word”).
Avocado (Sp. aguacate>Persea americana]), a tree native to Mexico and Central America,
derives from Nahuatl ƗKXDFDWO (ƗZDNDWO), which means both the fruit (or, more precisely, a berry)
DV ZHOO DV µWHVWLFOH¶ LQ 1DKXDWO .DUWWXQHQ )URP WKH 6SDQLVK ORDQ aguacate the word
reached other languages, including English (avocado – earlier also avogato and avogato pear
>WKFHQWXU\@avocato>WKF@DQGavigato> WKF@ DQG6ZHGLVKDVZHOODV)LQQLVKavokado.
$YRFDGRZDVRQHRIWKHEHVWNQRZQWHUPVLQWKHVXUYH\ RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
67
See annatto above for the discussion of the plant itself.
መ ᠔
The term almagre (variant of almagra >IURP$UDELF ᒻፅሔ Ꮌᑿሔ ᑢቨ (DOPDۆUD) “red clay or earth”]) refers to
raddle, or “red ochre.”
69
Also, Orleanstrauch, Rukustrauch, Stephanulrich, Butterfarb, Urian, and [Roter] Lippenstiftbaum).
70
Also, orleaanboom.
68
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
131
VWXGHQWV RIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
PDUNHGGRZQWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHUZKLOHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ¿JXUHLQ0H[LFRZDV$QVZHUV
IURP WKH 0H[LFDQ VXUYH\ LQFOXGH comida fav de sebastian villalovos! oro verde verdura
con mucho aceite! testículo (fruta verde bien rica)! fruto de la vida! alimento delicioso
saludable! DQG <fruto verde comestible que es muy rico!2QHRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDJUHHG
ZLWKKHUKLV0H[LFDQFROOHDJXHV ³D\XPP\RPHJD¿OOHGSLWWHGYHJHWDEOH´ EXWDQRWKHUGLGQRW
³QDVW\YHJHWDEOHJUHHQDQGGLVJXVWLQJ´ )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG
tumma hedelmä, jonka sisällä on vihreää moskaa ja keskellä iso kivi! ³DGDUNIUXLWWKDWKDV
JUHHQJRRLQVLGHDQGDELJVWRQH>VHHG@LQWKHPLGGOH´ sellainen syötävä pieni näyttää vähän
rypäleeltä! ³DQ HGLEOH VPDOO >WKLQJ@ ORRNV D ELW OLNH JUDSH´ vihreä paljon ravintoaineita
sisältävä hedelmä! ³DJUHHQIUXLWWKDWKDVDORWRIQXWULHQWV´ syötävä hedelmä joka ei ole
makea! ³DQHGLEOHIUXLWWKDWLVQRWVZHHW´ vihannes! ³YHJHWDEOH´ hedelmä (rasvanen)!
³IUXLW IDWW\ ´ kiivin näköinen hedelmä sisältä vihreä! ³DIUXLWUHVHPEOLQJDNLZL>IUXLW@
JUHHQLQVLGH´ terveellinen, sisällä kivi, vihreä! ³KHDOWK\VWRQH>VHHG@LQVLGHJUHHQ´ DQG
ruoka joka ei juurikaan maistu miltään! ³IRRG>VWX൵@WKDWGRHVQ¶WWDVWHOLNHDQ\WKLQJ´ +LJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG kivellinen ja suolainen hedelmä! ³DIUXLWWKDWLVVDOW\DQGKDVDVWRQH
>VHHG@´ pahan makuinen vihreä kasvi! ³EDGWDVWLQJJUHHQSODQW´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF se mis
o jotai kalan jotai! ³WKDWZKLFKKDVVRPH¿VKVRPHWKLQJ´ %HVLGHVWKHVHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQW
added: awokado: “Billie Eilish.”
Cacao (Theobroma cacao) derives from Nahuatl cacahuatl (kakawatl) and ultimately from
3URWR0L[H=RTXHDQ NDNDZD .DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ &DFDRKDVDORQJKLVWRU\
LQ0HVRDPHULFDKDYLQJEHHQXVHGDVDGULQNDVZHOODVFXUUHQF\71. Cacao beans (but not the
ZRUGµFDFDR¶ 72ZHUH¿UVWGHVFULEHGE\)HUGLQDQG&ROXPEXVLQKLVQRZORVWGLDU\RIWKHIRXUWK
YR\DJH ± WRWKH1HZ:RUOGE\KLVIDWKHU&KULVWRSKHU&ROXPEXV7KHHDUOLHVWNQRZQ
FRS\RIWKHDFFRXQWLVWKH,WDOLDQWUDQVODWLRQ &ROXPER RI)HUGLQDQG¶VZULWLQJV3DUWVRI
WKHDFFRXQWKDYHFOHDUO\DOUHG\EHHQLQÀXHQFHGE\ODWHUHQFRXQWHUVLQWKH1HZ:RUOGDVWKH
IDFWWKDWFDFDREHDQVZHUHXVHGDVFXUUHQF\LQ1HZ6SDLQFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQNQRZQLQ
³,QWKHPLGGOHWKHUHZDVDFRYHUPDGHRISDOPOHDYHVQRGL൵HUHQWIURPWKRVHZKLFK
EULQJJRQGRODVWR9HQLFH>@8QGHUWKLVFRYHUZHUHWKHFKLOGUHQDQGWKHZRPHQDOOWKH
belongings, the merchandise, and the men, who steered the boat, even though they were
25, they did not have the strength to defend themselves against the ships that followed
WKHP7KHUHIRUHWDNLQJWKHFDQRHZLWKRXWFRQÀLFWLWZDVOHGWRWKHFDQDOVZKHUHWKH
$GPLUDOJDYHPDQ\WKDQNVWR*RGVHHLQJWKDWLQDQLQVWDQWDQGZLWKRXWH൵RUWKHOLNHG
to show him all the things of that land. When he commanded them to remove what
VHHPHGWRKLPWREHRIWKHJUHDWHVWVLJKWDQGSULFHWKDWLVVRPHEODQNHWVVOHHYHOHVV
FRWWRQVKLUWVZRUNHGDQGSDLQWHGLQGL൵HUHQWFRORUVDQGGHFRUDWLRQV DQGVRPHOLWWOH
strips of cloth, with which they cover their shameful parts, of the same material, and
sheets, with which the Indian women of the canoe cover themselves, as the Moors?
RI *UDQDGD XVXDOO\ FRYHU WKHPVHOYHV DQG ORQJ ZRRGHQ VZRUGV ZLWK D JURRYH IURP
7KH QRZ H[WLQFW ;LQND UHWDLQHG WKH FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK FDFDR DQG YDOXHFRVW LQ WKH WHUP tuwa (Rogers
QG 6DFKVH 5RJHUV KDVwax ’ar tuwa-h and Sachse (2010: 662) ҌLZDѤWXZDҌ
for “how much is it worth?”
72
1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHHDUO\HQFRXQWHUZLWKFDFDR EHDQV LWWRRNDQRWKHUWZHQW\\HDUVEHIRUHWKH6SDQLVK
were seriously introduced to cacao, during and after the conquest of Mexico.
71
132
Harri Kettunen
HDFKEDQGRIZLUHVWRZKLFKWKH\ZHUHDWWDFKHGZLWKZLUHDQGUD]RUVPDGHRIÀLQW
which they use to shave themselves as if they were made of steel. And axes for cutting
wood, similar to those made of stone, which the other Indians use, except that these
ZHUH RI JRRG FRSSHU DQG RI WKDW VDPH PHWDO WKH\ FDUULHG UDWWOHV RI VSLNHV WRJHWKHU
with a melting pot. And for their provisions they brought roots and grains, which they
HDWRQ>+LVSDQLROD@DQGDFHUWDLQZLQHPDGHRXWRIPDL]HZKLFKLVVLPLODUWRWKHEHHU
from England, and many of those almonds, which they use in New Spain for currency
>DQG@ZKLFKWKH\DOVRVHHPHGWRKROGLQKLJKHVWHHPIRUZKHQWKH\ZHUHWDNHQWRWKH
ship together with their goods, I noticed that when any of these almonds fell, they all
immediately crouched down to collect it, as if an eye had fallen.”73
When it comes to the VFLHQWL¿FQDPHRIFDFDRLWZDV&DUOYRQ/LQQpZKRFDPHXSZLWK
the name Theobroma cacao in the second volume of his Species Plantarum LQ /LQQp
1753b: 782). However, there were other botanical names (or descriptive names) for cacao
EHIRUH/LQQp*DVSDU%DXKLQGHVFULEHGFDFDRLQKLVPinax Theatri Botanici “Amygdalis
similis Guatimalensis. Avellana Mexiocana, cujus fructum indigenæ Cacao appellant”, or “The
*XDWHPDODQ)DX[$OPRQG 7KH0H[LFDQKD]HOZKRVHIUXLWWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVFDOO&DFDR´
(Bauhin 1623: 442)74. The term had just entered his botanical treatise, as there is no mention
of cacao in his 1620 version Prodromos Theatri Botanici)XUWKHUPRUHDQRWKHUSUH/LQQpDQ
ERWDQLVW/HRQDUG3OXNHQHWFDOOHG³$UERU&DFDYLIHUD LH&DFDXLIHUD $PHULFDQD´LQKLV
treatise Almagestum Botanicum 3OXNHQHW
7KH ZRUG LV TXLWH XQLIRUP LQ PDQ\ ODQJXDJHV LQ WKH ZRUOG LQFOXGLQJ$IULNDDQV kakao,
Arabic ᓆቲᝏቲᝣᑢቨ (kakaw), Chinese ⏖⏖ (NČNČ (XVNHUDcacao*UHHNțĮțȐȠ kakáo), Hindi øļøļ
³4XHǕWDQHOPH]RDOGLGHQWURKDXHDYQYROWRIDWWRGLIRJOLHGLSDOPDQRQGLXHUǕRGDTXHOOLFKHSRUWDQR
LQ9LQHJLDOHJRQGROH GD¶9LQLWLDQLǕRQGHWWLIHO]L LOTXDOULSDUDXDǕLFRORUFKHY¶HUDQRǕRWWRFKHQH
SLRJJLDQHIRUWXQDSRWHDEDJQDUFRǕDDOFXQDGLTXHOOHFKHY¶KDXHDGHQWUR6RWWRTXHVWRYROWRǕWDXDQRL
¿JOLXROL OHG}QH WXWWHOHEDJDJOLH ODPHUFDWmWLD JOLKXRPLQLFKHLOOHJQRJXLGDXDQRDQFRUFKH
IRǕǕHUR;;9 LTXDOLQRQKHEEHURDQLPRGLGLIHQGHUǕLFRQWUDOHEDUFKHFKHOLǕHJXLURQR3UHǕDDGXQTXH
OD &DQRD ǕHQ]D FRQWUDVWR GD¶ QRVWUL IX FRQGRWWD D¶QDXLJOL GRXH O¶$PPLUDJOLR UHǕH PROWH JUDWLH D 'LR
YHGHQGRHJOLFKHLQXQ¶LǕWDQWH ǕHQ]DIDWLFDQHSHULFRORGH¶ǕXRLJOLSLDFHDGDUJOLPRǕWUDGLWXWWHOHFRǕH
GLTXHOODWHUUD/DRQGHFRPPDQGzFKHǕLWRJOLHHGLHǕǕDTXHOFKHDOXLSDUXHHǕǕHUGLPDJJLRUYLǕWD
SUH]]RFLRqDOFXQHFRSHUWH FDPLFLXROHGLEmEDJLDǕHQ]DPDQLFKHODXRUDWH GLSLQWHGLGLXHUǕLFRORUL
ODYRUL HW DOFXQL IDFFLXROL FR¶ TXDOL FRSURQR OH SDUWL YHUJRJQRǕH GHOO¶LǕWHǕǕR ODXRUR OHQ]XROD FRQ
OHTXDOLǕLFRSULDQROH,QGLDQHGHOOD&DQRDFRPHǕRJOLRQRFRSULUǕLOH0RUHGL*UDQDWD ǕSDGHGLOHJQR
OXQJKHFRQYQFDQDOHGDRJQLEDQGDGH¶¿OLD¶TXDOLHUDQRDWWDFFDWLFRQ¿OR SHFHUDǕRLIDWWLGLSLHWUD
IRFDLDFKHIUDKXRPLQLQXGLWDJOLDQRFRPHǕHIRHURGLDFFLDLR PDQDULQLGDWDJOLDUOHJQDǕLPLOLDTXHL
GLǕDǕǕRFKHYVDQRJOLDOWUL,QGLDQLǕDOXRFKHTXHǕWLHUDQRGLEXRQUDPH SXUGLTXHOPHWDOORSRUWDXDQR
ǕRQDJOLGLSXQWHLQǕLHPHFRQFULǕROLSHUIRQGHUORSRL SHUORURYHWWRXDJOLHSRUWDXDQRGHOOHUDGLFL
JUDQRFKHPDQJLDQRTXHOOLGHOOD6SDJQXROD YQFHUWRYLQRIDWWRGL0DL]FKHqǕLPLOHDOOD&HUXRǕD
G¶,QJKLOWHUUD PROWHGLTXHOOHPDQGRUOHFKHKDQQRTXHOOLGHOODQXRXD6SDJQDSHUPRQHWD OHTXDOL
SDUXHFKHHJOLQRDQFRKDXHǕǕHURLQJUDQGHǕWLPDSHUFLRFKHTXDQGRFRQOHFRǕHORURIXUQHOODQDXHSRǕWLLR
QRWDLFKHFDGHQGRDOFXQDGLTXHVWHPDQGRUOHǕXELWRǕLSLHJDXDQRWXWWLDSLJOLDUODFRPHǕHORUIRǕǕHFDGXWR
YQ¶RFFKLR>@´ &ROXPER IROLRV YY
74
³7KH*XDWHPDODQ)DX[$OPRQG 7KH0H[LFDQKD]HOZKRVHIUXLWWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVFDOO&DFDRDQG
ZKLFKWDNHVWKHVKDSHRISDOPV>@7KHIUXLWHQFORVHGLQSRGVKDVWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDOPRQGVDQGZKROH
boats full of this are transported from Guatemala: with this, traders in New Hispania do business, since
HYLGHQWO\ IRUWKHPLWVHUYHVWKHSXUSRVHRIPRQH\DQGWKH\GLVWULEXWHLWWRWKHSRRULQSODFHRIDOPV)RU
WKLVUHDVRQLWKDVQXPHURXVXVHVWKURXJKRXWWKHZKROHRI$PHULFD,QIDFWIURPWKLVWKH\SUHSDUHDGULQN
ZKLFKWKH\FDOO&KRFRODWH>@´ 7UDQVODWLRQIURP/DWLQE\7RGG.UDXVH
73
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
133
(NǀNǀ), Japanese カカオ (kakao), Khmer ȗȗʹ (kakav), Kivalliq kuku, Korean ࠝ
(kakao), Quechua kakau5XVVLDQɤɚɤɚɨ kakao), and Zulu ukhokho)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGLWVkaakao
by means of Swedish kakaoDVDIRUHLJQZRUGLQ +lNNLQHQ SRVVLEO\YLD*HUPDQ
Kakao (SSA1).
(DUO\(XURSHDQ1HZ:RUOGDFFRXQWVRQFDFDRDQGFDFDRGULQNVDUHDEXQGDQWSDUWLFXODUO\
DIWHUWKH&RQTXHVWRI0H[LFR'LHJRGH/DQGD F IROLRU KDVWKHIROORZLQJIURPWKH
Maya area:
³7KH\DOVRWRDVWDQGJULQG>WKHFRUQ@DQGGLVVROYHLWLQZDWHUZKLFKLVDYHU\UHIUHVKLQJ
GULQNDGGLQJDOLWWOH,QGLDQSHSSHURUFDFDR7KH\PDNHDYHU\WDVW\IRDPIURPJURXQG
corn and cacao with which they celebrate their festivities, and they extract from cacao
DIDWWKDWUHVHPEOHVEXWWHUDQGIURPWKLVDQGFRUQWKH\PDNHDQRWKHUWDVW\DQGYDOXHG
GULQN>@´75
%HUQDUGLQRGH6DKDJ~Q F %RRN9,,,IROLRUDQG SURYLGHVXVZLWKWKH
IROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQRIGL൵HUHQWFDFDRGULQNVIURPWKH$]WHFFRXUW
³7KHQ LQ KLV KRXVH WKH UXOHU ZDV VHUYHG KLV FKRFRODWH ZLWK ZKLFK KH ¿QLVKHG >KLV
UHSDVW@±JUHHQPDGHRIWHQGHUFDFDR KRQH\HGFKRFRODWHPDGHZLWKJURXQGXSGULHG
ÀRZHUV ± ZLWK JUHHQ YDQLOOD SRGV EULJKW UHG FKRFRODWH RUDQJHUHG FKRFRODWH URVH
FRORUHGFKRFRODWH EODFNFKRFRODWH ZKLWHFKRFRODWH´76
6DKDJ~QDOVRUHSRUWVDYHU\VSHFL¿FµEUDQG¶RIFDFDREHDQV77 but does not elucidate whether
WKHWDVWHRIWKHVHEHDQV DQGWKHSURGXFWVWKHUHRI LVGL൵HUHQWIURPQRUPDOO\SURGXFHGSURFHVVHG
beans:
“This tapir is quite rare. It lives there at Atzaccan, Tepuztzotlan, Tlanquilapan, there
in the great forests, among the crags which no one reaches. It eats tender shoots of
tochquiquiztli and tender shoots of tlacalhuazquauitlZKHQLW¿QGVQRRWKHUIRRG:KHQ
wild cacao grows – which no one plants – called teucacauatl and quappatlachtli>LWHDWV
2ULJLQDO6SDQLVKWH[W TѺWDPELHQOR>HOPDt]@WXHVWDQ\PXHOHQ\GHVOLDQHQDJXDTѺ es muy fresca bevida,
HFKƗGROHYQSRFRGHSLPLHQWDGH,QGLDVR&DFDR>@4XHKD]HQGHO0DL]\&DFDRPROLGRYQDPDQHUDGH
espuma muy sabrosa con qѺ FHOHEUHQVXV¿HVWDV\TѺ VDFDQGHO&DFDRYQDJUDVDTXHSDUHoHPDQWHTXLOODV
\ TXH GHVWR \ GHO PDL] KD]HQ RWUD EHYLGD VDEURVD \ HVWLPDGD! 7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG WUDQVODWLRQ E\ WKH
author).
76
7UDQVODWLRQ RIWKHRULJLQDO1DKXDWOWH[W E\&KDUOHV'LEEOHDQG$UWKXU$QGHUVRQ 6DKDJ~Q
7KH RULJLQDO 6SDQLVK DQG 1DKXDWO WH[WV 6DKDJ~Q F %RRN 9,,, &KDSWHU IROLR U UHDG
DV IROORZV < HQ DFDEDQGR GH FRPHU OXHJR VH VDFDXDQ PXFKDV PDQHUDV GH FDFDRV KHFKRV PX\
GHOLFDGDPHQWH FRPR VRQ HVWRV [R[RXKTXM FDFDRDFLQWOL FDFDR KHFKR GH PDoRUFD WLHUQD GH FDFDR \ HV
PX\VDEURVDGHEHXHUTXDXKQHFXLRFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKRFǀPMHOGHDXHMDV;RFKLRFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR
con veynacaztli. Xoxouhquj tlilxochio, cacao hecho con tlilxochitl tierno. Chichiltic cacaoatl, cacao hecho,
\FRORUDGR9LW]WHFXOFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR\EHUPHMR6XFKLSDOFDFDRDWO FDFDRKHFKR\QDUDQMDGR7OLOWLF
FDFDRDWO FDFDRKHFKR\QHJUR<]WDFFDFDRDWO FDFDRKHFKR\EODQFR!DQG 1LPDQPRWHFDLQMFDOLWLF
LHFDXMLQMFDFDRDXK[R[RXKTXMFDFDRDoLQWOLTXDXKQHFXMRFDFDRDWO[RFKLRFDFDRDWO[R[RXKTXMWOLO[RFKLR
FKLFKLOWLFFDFDRDWOYLW]WHFROFDFDRDWO[RFKLSDOFDFDRDWOWLOWLFFDFDRDWOLW]WDFFDFDRDWO!
77
,WLVXQFOHDUZKHWKHUWKHFDFDRVSHFLHVPHQWLRQHGE\6DKDJ~QZDVDQHVFDSHG LHIHUDO Theobroma
cacao or wild Theobroma bicolor DNDpataxte).
75
134
Harri Kettunen
WKHVH@DQGPDL]H:KHQLWFRPHVXSRQDPDL]H¿HOGLW¿QLVKHVLWDOO:KHQLWGHIHFDWHV
LWKHDSVXS>YRLGHGZKROH@FDFDREHDQVDOPRVWDFDUULHU¶VORDG7KHFRPPRQIRONKXQW
IRUWKHVHLQWKHIRUHVWLQRUGHUWKHUHWR¿QGWKHFDFDREHDQV´78
7KHLGHDRIHDWLQJRUGULQNLQJYDULRXVVXEVWDQFHVWKDWKDYHJRQHWKURXJKWKH PXOWLVWDJH79)
GLJHVWLYHV\VWHPRIGL൵HUHQWDQLPDOVLVQRWQHZWRRXUVSHFLHV)O\DJDULF Amanita muscaria)
LVNQRZQWR KDYH EH HQ FRQVXPHGE\ERWKKXPDQEHLQJVDQGUHLQGHHUDQGWKHXULQH RIERWK
used as an entheogen, especially in shamanictic cultures in northern Eurasia – and possibly also
in northern North America (Bogoras 1904-190980 3HVFKHO 5XFN :LQNHOPDQ
ZKLOHFR൵HHEHDQVHDWHQIHUPHQWHGLQWKHSURFHVVDQGGHIHFDWHGE\WKH$VLDQ
palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus DUHXVHGIRUDOX[XU\FR൵HHNQRZQDVkopi luwak (or
FLYHWFRৼHH 7KHGHPDQGRIWKLVH[WUDYDJDQWLWHPDVWKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHFR൵HHLQWKHZRUOG
7UDQVODWLRQ RIWKHRULJLQDO1DKXDWOWH[W E\&KDUOHV'LEEOHDQG$UWKXU$QGHUVRQ 6DKDJ~Q
ZLWKVOLJKWPRGL¿FDWLRQV7KHRULJLQDO6SDQLVKDQG1DKXDWOWH[WV 6DKDJ~QF %RRN;,IROLRU Y
UHDGDVIROORZV (VWHDQMPDOHVUDURELXHHQODVSURYLQFLDVGH$W]DFFDQ\GHWHSXW]RQWODQ\WODQTXMOHSDQ
que son hazia honduras, viue enlas montañas y desiertos entre las peñas: Come cacavates monteses y otros
FDFDYDWHVTXHVHOODPDQTXDSSDWODFKWOLFRPHWDPELHQPDKL]YHUGH\PDoRUFDVGHPDKL] TXDQGRWRSD
con un mahizal, come lo todo sin dexar nada : quando le falta la comjda, come hojas de matas y arboles :
quando estercola, echa los cacaos enteros casi una carga dellos cada vez : anda los abitadores de aquella
WLHUUDDEXVFDUVXHVWLHUFROSDUDFRJHUHOFDFDRTXHHFKD!DQG ,QLQWODFD[RORWOoDQWODoRQHPMYPSDQHPM
$W]DFFDQWHSX]W]}WODQ7ODQTXMODSDQYPSDQYHLTXDXKWODLQDLDFRQDFLLQWH[FDOOD,QTXMTXDWRFKTXMTXM]WOL
yiacacelica iquac ina yoan tlacalhoazquavitl yiacacelica : iquac in amotle qujtta itlaqual. Inj quac muchioa
quauhtla cacaoatl in aiac qujtoca : itoca, teucacaoatl, yoan quappatlachtli, yoan in tonacaiotl : in cana ipan
TXMoDFHQWHWOPMOOLYHOTXMWODPMD LQMFPR[L[DTXMWHSHXKWLWODOLDLQFDFDRDWODFKLYHOFHQWODPDPDOSDQ,Q
PDFHYDOWLQTXMWHPRWLQHPMLQTXDXKWODLQMFYQFDQTXMFQRSLOKXM]TXHLQFDFDRDWO!
79
Consisting (in the case of most vertebrates) of ingestion, mastication, absorption, and egestion (Stevens
DQG+XPH .DUDVRYDQG'RXJODV 6LUFXVDQG.HHWRQ
80
%RJRUDV >IRRWQRWH@ JLYHVWKHIROORZLQJDFFRXQWRQ&KXNFKLÀ\DJDULFXVH ³>L@WV
QDPHLQ&KXNFKHHLVZD¶SDNZKLFKPHDQVOLWHUDOO\³À\DJDULF´>@7KH&KXNFKHHDQGWKH.RU\DNDUH
YHU\IRQGRIWKLVPXVKURRP DQGZKHQWKH\¿QGLWLQWKHZRRGVWKH\SLFNLWR൵MXVWDVHDJHUO\DVWKHZROYHV
VQDWFKDIWHUWKHJUHDVHGZKDOHERQHVSLWV>LHZKDOHERQHURGV@´%RJRUDV HODERUDWHV
WKH XVH IXUWKHU DV IROORZV ³)O\DJDULF LV WKH RQO\ PHDQV RI LQWR[LFDWLRQ GLVFRYHUHG E\ WKH QDWLYHV RI
QRUWKHDVWHUQ$VLD>@)RUWXQDWHO\IRUWKHWULEHVFRQVXPLQJWKHÀ\DJDULFLWJURZVRQO\LQFHUWDLQSODFHV
DQG WKH VXSSO\ LV RIWHQ OLPLWHG >@ , ZLWQHVVHG D IHZ WLPHV WKH SURJUHVV RI LQWR[LFDWLRQ E\ PHDQV RI
DJDULF7KHV\PSWRPVDUHDQDORJRXVWRWKRVHSURGXFHGE\RSLXPRUKDVKHHVK>@7KHLQWR[LFDWLRQKDV
WKUHHVWDJHV,QWKH¿UVWWKHSHUVRQIHHOVSOHDVDQWO\H[FLWHG+LVDJLOLW\LQFUHDVHVDQGKHGLVSOD\VPRUH
SK\VLFDOVWUHQJWKWKDQQRUPDOO\>@'XULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHDJDULFHDWHUVLQJVDQGGDQFHV+HIUHTXHQWO\
EXUVWVLQWRORXGSHDOVRIODXJKWHUZLWKRXWDQ\DSSDUHQWUHDVRQ,WLVDVWDWHDOWRJHWKHURIQRLV\MRYLDOLW\>@
)ODVKHVRIWKHVHFRQGVWDJHRIWHQDSSHDUHDUO\VKRUWO\DIWHUWKH¿UVWWUDFHVRILQWR[LFDWLRQEHFRPHYLVLEOH
LQGHHGDOOWKUHHVWDJHVDUHIUHTXHQWO\LQWHUPLQJOHG>@'XULQJWKHVHFRQGVWDJHWKHLQWR[LFDWHGSHUVRQ
KHDUVVWUDQJHYRLFHVELGGLQJKLPSHUIRUPPRUHRUOHVVLQFRQJUXRXVDFWLRQV KHVHHVWKHVSLULWVRIÀ\DJDULF
DQGWDONVWRWKHP>@,QWKHWKLUGVWDJHWKHPDQLVXQFRQVFLRXVRIKLVVXUURXQGLQJVEXWKHLVVWLOODFWLYH
>@'XULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHDJDULFVSLULWVWDNHKLPWKURXJKYDULRXVZRUOGVDQGVKRZKLPVWUDQJHVLJKWVDQG
peoples. Then a heavy slumber ensues, lasting for several hours, during which it is impossible to rouse
WKHVOHHSHU>@2QDZDNHQLQJDJHQHUDOZHDNQHVVDQGKHDY\KHDGDFKHHQVXHDFFRPSDQLHGE\QDXVHD
RIWHQYLROHQWYRPLWLQJ7KHGUXQNHQVWDWHFDQEHUHQHZHGE\DVLQJOHPXVKURRP,QWKLVPDQQHULQYHWHUDWH
DJDULFHDWHUVNHHSXSWKHLULQWR[LFDWLRQGD\DIWHUGD\'ULQNLQJWKHXULQHRIRQHZKRKDVUHFHQWO\HDWHQÀ\
DJDULFSURGXFHVWKHVDPHH൵HFWDVHDWLQJWKHPXVKURRP7KHSDVVLRQIRULQWR[LFDWLRQEHFRPHVVRVWURQJ
that the people will often resort to this source when agaric is not available. Apparently without aversion
WKH\ZLOOHYHQSDVVWKLVOLTXRUDURXQGLQWKHLURUGLQDU\WHDFXSV7KHH൵HFWLVVDLGWREHOHVVWKDQIURPWKH
mushrooms themselves.”
78
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
135
has increased poaching, illegal wildlife trade, and intensive farming methods, including forceIHHGLQJWKHFLYHWV7KHWDSLUVSURFHVVLQJWKHFDFDREHDQVLQ6DKDJ~Q¶VGHVFULSWLRQRQWKHRWKHU
KDQG ZHUH XQGRXEWHGO\ URDPLQJ WKH IRUHVW XQUHVWULFWHG 2QH PXVW ZRQGHU KRZHYHU LI WKH
taste of the tapir-poop-processed chocolate was considered a delicacy in the pre-Columbian and
&RQWDFW3HULRG0HVRDPHULFD
Chili (Sp. chile>Capsicum spp.81]) derives from Nahuatl FKƯOOL (Karttunen 1983), the origin
of Spanish chile, English chili and chilli (earlier also chille, chile, and chilly), Bosnian þLOL,
*UHHN IJıȓȜȚ %LNRO sili, Malay cili, Estonian tšilli(pipar) DQG )LQQLVK chili82, etc. The word
ZDVRQHRIWKHEHVWNQRZQWHUPVLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ LIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶GHVFULSWLRQV
RI FKLOL >FRQ FDUQH@ DUH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW ZLWK SUDFWLFDOO\ HYHU\RQH FRQVLGHULQJ WKH HUURU
PDUJLQ UHFRJQL]LQJWKHWHUP DYHUDJHRIDOOVXUYH\V 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHWHUPUHIHUVERWK
to chili and chili con carneLQ(QJOLVK DQGLVDFORVHPDWFKWR&KLOH LVHYLGHQWLQWKH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV ³VSLFHSHSSHURUDFKXQN\VRXS´ ³DVWHZOLNHFUHDWLRQWKDWW\SLFDOO\KDVUHG
EHDQVDQGPHDW´ ³DPL[RIEHDQVPHDWWKDWLVVSLF\´ ³DPL[RIEHDQVDQGFKHHVH´ ³PDNHVPH
VFUHDPZLWKEXUQLQJSDLQH[DJJHUDWHGRIFRXUVH´ ³DFRXQWU\LQVRXWKDPHULFD´ DQG³DSODFH
LQ6RXWK$PHULFDDSHSSHUOLNHYHJJHL>VLF@´7KHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ
DQVZHUV alimento picante y país! alimento que proviene de las plantas que contiene
capsaisina! condimento mexicano! una verdura picante> una fruta muy rica que pica
por naturaleza! DQG fruta que consumimos en exceso!)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
LOOXPLQDWHG WKH FRQFHSW DV IROORZV tulinen pötkelö! ³KRW WXEH´ melkein kuin paprika
mutta äkästä! ³URXJKO\OLNHDEHOOSHSSHUEXW¿HU\´ on tulista ja hyvää! ³LW¶VKRWVSLF\DQG
JRRG´ se on semmonen paprikan näkönen mutta pienempi! ³LWORRNVOLNHEHOOSHSSHUEXWLW¶V
VPDOOHU´ kuuma ja näyttää paprikalta! ³KRWDQGORRNVOLNHDEHOOSHSSHU´ on polttava ja
ylensä punanen! ³LW¶VKRWEXUQLQJDQGXVXDOO\UHG´ )LQDOO\ZHKDYHDQHQLJPDWLF kuuma
oleva pallo! ³KRWEHLQJEDOO´
Chocolate:KLOHDYHU\FRPPRQGULQNVZHHWDQGFXOLQDU\LQJUHGLHQWDURXQGWKHZRUOG
WKHHW\PRORJ\RIFKRFRODWHLVSRRUO\NQRZQ7KHIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPUHJDUGLQJWKHRULJLQRI
the word is that, although essentially Nahuatl in origin, the word does not appear in any early
Nahuatl dictionaries, including the authoritative Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana
E\$ORQVR GH 0ROLQD RULJLQDO YHUVLRQ SXEOLVKHG ± DQG WKH ¿UVW GLFWLRQDU\ SULQWHG LQ
the New World – in 1555 and titled Aquí comiença un vocabulario en la lengua castellana y
mexicana). Instead, the early dictionaries only refer to the word cacauaatl “beuida de cacao”
and cacauatl³JUDQRGHFDFDR´7KHZRUGHPHUJHVIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQ)UDQFLVFR+HUQiQGH]¶V
Historia natural de la Nueva España, which appeared around 1580, only to virtually disappear
IURPWKHGLFWLRQDULHVXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\7KHUHLVRQHNH\SDVVDJHLQ+HUQiQGH] %RRN
&KDSWHU/;;;9,,³'HO&DFDKRDTXiKXLWORiUEROGHOFDFDR´ WKDWGHVHUYHVDFORVHUVFUXWLQ\
“Todas las variedades son de la misma naturaleza y sirven para los mismos usos, aunque
OD~OWLPDVLUYHPHMRUSDUDEHELGDVHQWDQWRTXHODVRWUDVVRQPiVSURSLDV\FyPRGDVSDUD
7KHVFLHQWL¿FWHUP JHQXV CapsicumZDVJLYHQWRWKHSODQWE\/LQQpDQGDSSHDUV¿UVWLQWKHVHFRQG
edition of his Systema Naturæ /LQQp DQGODWHULQWKHPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHFRQGYROXPHRIKLV
Species Plantarum /LQQpE 7KHWHUPGHULYHVLQDOOOLNHOLKRRGIURP/DWLQcapsaRUµER[
FDVH¶VXJJHVWLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHRIFKLOLSHSSHUVDVµFRQWDLQHUV¶
82
,Q)LQQLVKFKLOLZDV¿UVWFDOOHGturkinpippuriRU³7XUNLVKSHSSHU´ DWWHVWHGVLQFHLQ ZKLOHWKH
term chiliEHFDPHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHFRPPRQODQJXDJHRQO\LQWKH V +lNNLQHQ
81
136
Harri Kettunen
PRQHGDV>@/DWHUFHUDHVSHFLHGHEHELGDOODPDGDchocóllatl, se prepara con granos
de póchotl y de cacáhoatl en igual cantidad, y dicen que engorda extraordinariamente
VLVHXVDFRQIUHFXHQFLD PROLGRVXQRV\RWURVJUDQRVVHHFKDQHQXQDYDVLMD\VHDJLWDQ
con un batidor de madera hasta que sobrenada la parte grasosa y de naturaleza aérea,
que separan y ponen aparte, mezclando al resto un puñado del antes dicho grano indio
DEODQGDGR FXDQGR \D HVWi OLVWD OD EHELGD SDUD WRPDUVH PH]FODQ GH QXHYR OD SDUWH
JUDVRVDTXHKDEtDQVHSDUDGR\ODWRPDQDO¿QWLELD ODDGPLQLVWUDQWDPELpQFRQJUDQ
provecho a los tísicos, consumidos y extenuados.”
According to this description, I presume that the word chocolatl (whatever its etymology
may be) did not refer to chocolate itselfEXWRQHW\SHRIDGULQNPDGHRXWRIcacahuatl and
pochotl (referring to ceiba seeds?). The word appears to be of Nahua origin but since it probably
ZDVQRWDFRPPRQWHUPDOORYHUWKH1DKXDVSHDNLQJZRUOGLWKDVQRWVXUYLYHGLQGLFWLRQDULHVRU
RWKHUWH[WV$OVRLWLVWHPSWLQJWRWKLQNWKDWWKH6SDQLDUGVSUHIHUUHGWKHZRUGchocolate over the
word cacahuate when they started promoting the brown substance in Europe.
As regards the etymology of chocolate'/(.DUWWXQHQ :LNLSHGLDDQGPDQ\RWKHU
sources propose xocoatl (from Nahuatl xococ “something bitter” and atl “water”) as the origin
RIWKHZRUGEXWWKHUHLVQRSKRQRORJLFDOUHDVRQWRH[SODLQWKHFKDQJHIURP[WRFK 7HUU\
.DXIPDQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUHQDWLYH1DKXD WO ZRUGVVWDUWLQJZLWK
FKFDQRQO\IROORZL &DPSEHOODQG/DQJDFNHU .DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ VRWKH
OLNHO\FDQGLGDWHIRUWKHZRUGLVFKLFROƗWO, instead of FKRFROƗWO VHHDOVR'DNLQDQG:LFKPDQQ
$FFRUGLQJWR/\OH&DPSEHOO SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ VRPHFDVHVRI1DKXD³FK´
appear to come from “ts” before “i” and, consequently, FKRNROƗWO might derive from something
OLNHWVLNROƗWO, which may have something to do with joining things together (such as mixing
FDFDR ZLWK FHLED VHHGV /LNHZLVH .DXIPDQ DQG -XVWHVRQ DUJXH IXUWKHU WKDW
³>L@IWKHHDUOLHVW1DZDIRUPZDVchikola:tl, the form chokola:tl could have developed from it by
DVVLPLODWLRQRIWKH¿UVWYRZHOWRWKHVHFRQG,IWKHHDUOLHVWIRUPZDVchokola:tl^chokol-`LV
perhaps borrowed.” In addition, the possibility that the Nahuatl term for molinilloRUµFKRFRODWH
EHDWHU¶KDVVRPHWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHHW\PRORJ\RIWKHWHUPUHTXLUHVIXUWKHUUHVHDUFK'DNLQDQG
Wichmann (2000) have proposed that the origin of the term is in Nahuatl chikol-, referring to the
EHDWHUVWLFN7KLVSURSRVDOKDVEHHQTXHVWLRQHGE\.DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ RQWKHEDVLV
of phonology (chikol- vs. chihkol ZKLOH.DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ¶VDUJXPHQWKDVEHHQIXUWKHU
TXHVWLRQHGE\'DNLQ $OOLQDOOWKHWUXHHW\PRORJ\RIFKRFRODWH WRLQYRNHODWH6RSKLH
DQG0LNH&RH¶VThe True History of Chocolate) may – or may not – be revealed one day. To
quote Terry Kaufman, “some questions cannot be answered” (personal communication 2017).
/DQJXDJHV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG UHFHLYHG WKH ZRUG YLD 6SDQLVK LQFOXGLQJ$IULNDDQV tjoklit,
Arabic ϪΗϻϮϛϮθϟ (shokolatah), Chinese ⷎℲ⊂ (TLăRNqOu (XVNHUDtxokolate*UHHNıȠțȠȜȐIJĮ
(sokoláta), Hebrew ʣʬʥʷʥʹ (shoqolad), Hindi ýĺøĕĸĂ (chakalet), Japanese チョコレート
(chokoreeto), Khmer ˌ͎̬Ȕ̯˝ (saukaula), Maori tiakarete3HUVLDQΕϼ̰η (shokolaat), and Russian
ɲɨɤɨɥɚɞ shokolad). English chocolate has precedents, such as 17th century chocolata,
chocolatte, chocoletta, chocolat, chocaletto, chocalatte, chockelet, jocolatte, and jacolatt
2(' )LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGIURP6ZHGLVKZKLOH6ZHGLVKDFTXLUHGLWIURP)UHQFKDQG
)UHQFKIURP6SDQLVKDQG6SDQLVKIURP1DKXDWO7KHHDUOLHဧRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHZRUGLQ)LQQLVK
GDWHV EDFN WR LQ D IRUP “juoda [...] chocoladia” ³WR GULQN >@ FKRFRODWH´ 66$ ±
FOHDUO\ဧLOODIRUHLJQZRUG DWOHDဧLQLWVZULWWHQIRUP UDWKHUWKDQDWUXHORDQZRUG7KHZRUG
transformed via sukladi (1808) to sjuklaa (1829) and from suklaati LQWR 0RGHUQ)LQQLVK
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
137
suklaa 66$ ,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQ)LQQLVKWKHZRUGKDVUHWDLQHGDSURQXQFLDWLRQ>ތVXNOD @FORVHUWR
WKH6ZHGLVKSURQXQFLDWLRQWKDQWKH6ZHGLVKZULWWHQIRUP FKRNODG!
$VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\FKRFRODWHZDVXQVXUSULVLQJO\NQRZQWRDOOVWXGHQWVZKR
DFWLYHO\ DQVZHUHG WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ,Q WKH LQLWLDO VXUYH\ LQ )LQODQG suklaa was considered
SDUWRIFRPPRQ)LQQLVKODQJXDJHDQGWKHWHUPH[FOXGHGIURPWKHVXUYH\$QVZHUVIURPWKH
VXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ$ODVNDLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ ³JURZVRQDWUHHDQGKDUYHVWHGWRPDNHD
VZHHWDQGDGLFWLQJ>VLF@FDQG\´ ³DQDWXUDOO\ELWWHUGHOLFDF\GHULYHGIURPDSODQWLQWURSLFDO
UHJLRQV´ ³D VZHHW VXEVWDQFH PDGH IURP D FHQWUDO DPHULFDQ EHDQ SODQW´ ³VZHHW FDQG\ WKDW
FRPHVIURP6RXWK$PHULFD´ ³ELWWHUVZHHWIRRGLWHPORYHGE\PDQ\´ ³DPLON\JRRGQHVV´ DQG
³MXQNIRRGPDGHIURPFDFDR´,QDGGLWLRQWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ
GHVFULSWLRQV alimento hecho con semilla de cacao! algo delicioso, dulce! bebida
o barra dulce o amarga hecha con cacao! dulce típico mexicano! producto de origen
mexicano! procesamiento del cacao con agua o leche! DQG un alimento de cacao, para los
prehispánicos una bebida!
Coyote (Canis latrans) originates in Nahuatl FR\ǀWO via (Mexican) Spanish coyote. The
ZRUG ZDV ZHOO NQRZQ DYHUDJH LQ WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\V LQ DOO DUHDV 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQW
DQVZHUVLQFOXGH animal de la misma familia del lobo! animal paresido al zorro! animal
de origen mexicano! animal depredador! mamifero del desierto! DQG nahuatlismo!
)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH koiraeläin joka on kuin kettu mutta
erillainen! ³D FDQLQH ZKLFK LV OLNH D IR[ EXW GL൵HUHQW´ aavikkokettu! ³GHVHUW IR[´
suden ja ketun näköinen eläin! ³DQ DQLPDO UHVHPEOLQJ D ZROI DQG D IR[´ hyeenaeläin!
³K\HQD DQLPDO ´ DQG semmonen susitiikerikoira! ³D ZROIWLJHUGRJ´ )XUWKHUPRUH QLQH
)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKVRPHW\SHRIDELUG kojootti on
lintu (ehkä)! ³kojootti is a bird (maybe)”). Moreover, some students probably confused kojootti
to kanootti ³FDQRH´ RUVRPHRWKHUW\SHRIERDWYHVVHO jolla voi olla veden päällä! ³ZLWK
ZKLFK\RXFDQEHRQWKHVXUIDFHRIZDWHU´ DQG suippo vene! ³DSRLQW\ERDW´ %HVLGHVWKHVH
ZHKDYHDQHQLJPDWLF jousi! ³VSULQJERZ´ DQG se on deknolokiaa! ³LWLVWHFKQRORJ\>"@´
DVZHOODV ilkeä! ³PHDQYLFLRXV´ 7KHODVWRQHPLJKWEHDUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFDUWRRQFKDUDFWHU
Wile E. Coyote (Kelju K. KojoottiLQ)LQQLVK 83. 7KHDQVZHUVRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
UHÀHFWWKRVHRIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV koiraeläin! ³FDQLQH´ (susi)eläin! ³ ZROI
DQLPDO´ kettueläin! ³IR[ DQLPDO ´ hyeenaeläin! ³K\HQD DQLPDO ´ kissaeläin!
³IHOLQH´ koira- tai kissaeläin! ³FDQLQH RU IHOLQH´ aavikkosusi, elää Austraaliassa!
³GHVHUWZROIOLYHVLQ$XVWUDOLD´ Australian pussieläin! ³$XVWUDOLDQPDUVXSLDO´ nopee
saharan eläin! ³IDVWDQLPDORIWKH6DKDUD´ koiraeläin, villi Æ ei lemmikki! ³FDQLQHZLOG
ÆQRWDSHW´ lintu! ³ELUG´ vene, jolla voi meloa! ³DERDWWKDW\RXFDQSDGGOH´ DQG
¿QDOO\DQRQRPDWRSRHWLF Auuu!!±DQREYLRXVUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFR\RWH¶VKRZO7KHZRUGLV
UHODWLYHO\ QHZ LQ )LQQLVK HQWHULQJ WKH ODQJXDJH VRPHWLPH LQ WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ %HIRUH
WKLVWKH)LQQLVKZRUGIRUFR\RWHZDVpreeriasusi, a calque either from Swedish prärievarg or
English prairie wolf.
Copal derives from Nahuatl copalli (“copal incense”), referring to the resin of the copal
tree Protium copal7KHWHUPZDVXQNQRZQWRWKHVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGDQG$ODVNDZKLOH
RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVLQFOXGH aromatizante! GHXVRRORUL¿FR
se usa en día de muerto! donde se hacen ofrendas religiosas y se quema sangre! incienso
muy fuerte! mezcla de resinas que al quemarlo huele rico! una fruta! lugar para poner
83
6LPLODUO\RQHVWXGHQWLQWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGDQVZHUHG³5RDG5XQQHU´IRUkojot.
138
Harri Kettunen
el carbon! herramienta!; DQG hoya! )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVVXJJHVWHGHJ
the following for kopaali jalokivi! ³JHPVWRQH´ timantti! ³GLDPRQG´ kaiverrus!
³HQJUDYLQJ´ pokaali! ³WURSK\´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG korpaali! >PLVVSHOOHG@
“corporal”). The gemstone answers are undoubtedly associated with the word opaali µRSDO¶
Guacamole derives from Nahuatl ƗKXDFDPROOL (ƗZDNDPROOL), or “avocado sauce” (ƗKXDFDWO
+ molli 7KHWHUPZDVXQVXUSULVLQJO\NQRZQWRDOO0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGWRDOO$ODVNDQKLJK
VFKRRO VWXGHQWV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG DFWLYHO\ LQ WKH VXUYH\ ,Q )LQODQG WKH ZRUG ZDV TXLWH ZHOO
UHFRJQL]HG E\ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV EXW OHVV VR E\ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH aderezo del aguacate! aguacate aplastado por gus!
aguacate con chile hechos pure! aguacate preparado y molido! forma de preparar el
chile con aguacate! mescla entre, aguacate, jitomate, cilantro, limón, etc! preparacion
del aguacate con cilantro cebolla etc! DQG delicioso!)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
DQVZHUHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ avokadosta tehtyä hyvää vihreä mömmöä! ³WDVW\JUHHQPDVK
PDGH RXW RI DYRFDGR´ avokado, tomaatti, sipuli sitruunamehu mössö/kastike! ³DYRFDGR
WRPDWRRQLRQOHPRQMXLFHPDVKVDXFH´ vihreä polttava sose! ³JUHHQKRWEXUQLQJPDVK´
tortillan väliin laitettava “levite”! ³DµVSUHDG¶WKDW\RXSXWLQVLGHDWRUWLOOD´ kastike esim
sipseille tai tacoille! ³DVDXFHIRUHJFKLSVRUWDFRV´ Texmex kastike! ³7H[0H[VDXFH´
%HVLGHVWKHVHZHKDYH italialainen ruoka! ³,WDOLDQIRRG´ kahvi! ³FR൵HH´ kaupunki!
³FLW\´ DQG maa! ³FRXQWU\´ ± WKH ODWWHU SRVVLEO\ DQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK *XDWHPDOD
)XUWKHUPRUHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVR൵HUHGEHVLGHVRIFRUUHFWDQVZHUV kasvi! ³SODQW´
hedelmä! ³IUXLW´ mauste! ³VSLFHÀDYRULQJ´ DQG juoma?! ³DGULQN´
Jalapeño – a chili pepper variety – is Spanish for “from Jalapa” (also spelled Xalapa), a
city in Veracruz, Mexico. The name Jalapa / Xalapa itself derives from Nahuatl [ƗOOL “sand,”
Ɨ WO “water,” and -pan “place” (or, more correctly, “on the surface of, for or at a particular
WLPH ´ .DUWWXQHQ SURGXFLQJ VRPHWKLQJ OLNH ³VDQGZDWHU SODFH´ RU ³VDQG\ ULYHU´ 7KH
WHUPZDVQRWSDUWRIWKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG84EXWDSSHDUHGLQWKHVXUYH\LQ$ODVND0H[LFR
DQG3RODQG,QERWK$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIFRUUHFWDQVZHUVZDV $ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ ³DJUHHQPLOGSHSSHU´ ³DW\SHRI3KLOOLSLQHVSHSSHU´ DQG
³DVSLF\SHSSHUWKDW\RXGRQWZDQWWRUXEHLQWR\RXUH\HV´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV
LQFOXGH chile picante! chile no muy picante! chile tipico mexicano! DQG animal!,Q
DGGLWLRQ3ROLVKVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV ³-DSDQHVHGLVK´ ³0FGRQDOGV´ DQG
³VSLF\VDXFH[´
Mezcal originates in Nahuatl mexcalli, combining metl “maguey” and the verb ixca “to
EDNHVRPHWKLQJWR¿UHSRWWHU\´ .DUWWXQHQ LH³RYHQFRRNHGDJDYHPDJXH\´UHIHUULQJ
WRDGLVWLOOHGDOFRKROLFGULQNPDGHE\FRRNLQJWKHKHDUWRIWKHPDJXH\SODQWAgave americana
LELG :KLOHWKHWHUPZDVNQRZQWR RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH
$ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV RU )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ RU KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH
WHUP0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH bebida alcoholica derivada del maguey! bebida
alcohólica y normalmente proviene de Oaxaca! DQG <una bebida que se saca de la tierra!
)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH meksiko! ³0H[LFR´ juusto!
³FKHHVH´ DQG outo sana! ³ZHLUGZRUG´ ZKLOHRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWUHSOLHG varmaan
joku azteekkijuttu! ³SUREDEO\ VRPH $]WHF WKLQJ´ $ JRRG QXPEHU RI WKH )LQQLVK
7KHZRUGMDODSHxRDUULYHGLQWRWKH)LQQLVKODQJXDJHSUREDEO\YLD7H[0H[FXLVLQHLQWKH V7KH
word is sometimes spelled incorrectly as *jalopenoGXHWRDVSHOOLQJPLVWDNHRQDPHQXLQDUHVWDXUDQWLQ
+HOVLQNLGXULQJWKHVDPHGHFDGH
84
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
139
XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVLQDVHSDUDWHVXUYH\ ZLWKDVPDOOVDPSOH NQHZWKDWPH]FDOLVDGLVWLOOHG
DOFRKROLFEHYHUDJHIURP0H[LFR2WKHUVVXJJHVWHG kaktuslaji! ³FDFWXVVSHFLHV´ huume!
³GUXJ´ huumeyrtti! ³GUXJKHUE´ shamaanit käyttää! ³VKDPDQVXVH>LW@´ DQG mauste
tms. ruokaan liittyvä! ³DVSLFHRUVRPHWKLQJUHODWHGWRIRRG´
Mole, the generic name for several sauces in Mexican cuisine, derives from Nahuatl PǀOOL
³VDXFH EURWK JUDY\ PROH´ .DUWWXQHQ 3UDFWLFDOO\ DOO 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV GHVFULEHG
mole FRUUHFWO\ LQ WKH VXUYH\ ZKLOH QRQH RI WKH )LQQLVK VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG LW ,Q WKH FDVH RI
WKHVWXGHQWVLQ$ODVNDWKHKRPRJUDSKLF(QJOLVKZRUGµPROH¶LQÀXHQFHGWKHVXUYH\DQGQRQH
associated the word with Mexican mole$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG ³XJO\ URGHQW
XJO\ PDUN´ ³ELUWKPDUN´ DQG ³VRPHRQHLQ D EXVLQHVV WU\LQJWR VDERWDJH JLYHLQIR DZD\´
,Q FRQWUDVW 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV SURYLGHG WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV alimento con chile!
alimento mexicano hecho de chocolate! comida mexicana hecha con chocolate! comida
tipica de puebla! como una salsa picante! mezcla de ingredientes pastos! salsa no muy
picante! DQG salsa picante con pollo!)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVPRVWO\SURSRVHG
WUDQVODWLRQV IURP (QJOLVK (OHYHQ RI WKHP DQVZHUHG myyrä! ³PROH´ >Talpidae spp.]), two
RWKHU UHSOLHV ZHUH englannin sana – tarkoittaa luomea! ³DQ (QJOLVK ZRUG ± PHDQV PROH
>QHYXV@´ DQG luomi englannista suomeksi! ³PROHIURP(QJOLVKWR)LQQLVK´ 2WKHUDQVZHUV
LQFOXGH aasi! ³GRQNH\´ SUREDEO\DQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKµPXOH¶ )LQQLVKmuuli molekyyny!
(possibly a misspelled molekyyliRUµPROHFXOH¶ DQG¿QDOO\DQDFFXUDWHDQVZHU sitä ei moni
tiiä! ³QRWPDQ\SHRSOHNQRZWKDW´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQHDQVZHULQWKHVXUYH\GRQHLQ3RODQG
had szmeterling for moleEDVHGRQWKH3ROLVKZRUGmoleZKLFKLVWKHQRPLQDWLYHDFFXVDWLYH
YRFDWLYHSOXUDOIRUPRIPyORUµPRWK¶
Nopal is a word deriving from Nahuatl QRҌSDOOLPHDQLQJµSULFNO\SHDU OpuntiaVSS FDFWXV¶
.DUWWXQHQ ±DQGFRPPRQO\LWVSDGV,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RQH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\
VFKRROVWXGHQWDQGQRQHIURPWKHKLJKVFKRROVLQ)LQODQGRU$ODVNDNQHZWKDWnopal refers to a
FDFWXVRULWVSDGVPDNLQJnopalRQHRIWKHOHDVWNQRZQHQWULHVLQWKHVXUYH\RXWVLGHRI0H[LFR
,Q0H[LFRSUHGLFWDEO\HYHU\RQHNQHZWKHWHUP%HVLGHVWKHRQH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQW DQVZHU kaktus! ³FDFWXV´ RWKHU SURSRVDOV ZHUH maa! ³FRXQWU\´ XQGRXEWHGO\
FRQIXVHG ZLWK µ1HSDO¶ kaupunki! ³FLW\´ palkinto! ³SUL]H´ DOPRVW FHUWDLQO\ IURP WKH
1REHOSUL]HDQG noppa! ³GLFH´ 6LPLODUO\KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVSURSRVHGSDLNND ³SODFH´
and nopan omistus muoto (“possessive form of noppa>GLFH@´ ,QWKHVHSDUDWHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXW
LQD)LQQLVKXQLYHUVLW\DKDQGIXORIVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHDQVZHUZKHUHRIRQHVWDQGVRXW Mikki
Hiiri -kaktuksen lehdet, syötäviä! ³WKHOHDYHV>SDGV@RIWKH0LFNH\0RXVHFDFWXVHGLEOH´
Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Neotropical feline species with a distribution from Mexico
to northern Argentina. The word derives from ǀFƝOǀWO, which means jaguar in Nahuatl (although
Karttunen 1983: 176 has both jaguar and ocelot for ǀFƝOǀWO). Apparently, the Nahuatl word for
ocelot, WOƗOǀFƝOǀWO WOƗOOLµHDUWKODQG¶ǀFƝOǀWOµMDJXDU¶ ZDVWUXQFDWHGZKHQWKHZRUGDSSHDUHG
LQ(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV 2(' ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKH0H[LFDQ XSSHUHOHPHQWDU\
VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQ KLJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGFRUUHFWO\ZKLOHLQ
)LQODQG WKH ZRUG oselotti created a lot of confusion. Moreover, the overall familiarity with
the word decreasedWRZDUGVKLJKHUOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQ HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVKLJK
VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV 7KH VWDWLVWLFV DUH KRZHYHU VRPHZKDW
VNHZHGDVLWLVKDUGWRNQRZZKHWKHUWKHVWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHG eläin! µDQLPDO¶ DFWXDOO\
had a feline in their minds – instead of some other type of an animal. Besides the generic
µDQLPDO¶ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH kissan esi-isä vähän kuin jaguaari
mutta vain pieni! ³DQFHVWRU RI FDWV D ELW OLNH D MDJXDU EXW VPDOOHU´ kissaeläimiä, vähän
140
Harri Kettunen
niinkun jotain leobardi! ³IHOLQHDELWOLNHVRPHOHRSDUG´ oselotti on tosi nopea! ³RFHORW
LVUHDOO\IDVW´ villikissa! ³ZLOGFDW´ DQG tiiän (Minecraft kissa)! ³,NQRZLW 0LQHFUDIW
cat)”). However, many elementary students apparently confused oselotti with kaskelotti, or
µVSHUP ZKDOH ¶ valas! ³ZKDOH´ >IRXU DQVZHUV@ DQG veden alainen eläin! ³XQGHUZDWHU
DQLPDO´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH liskomainen eläin! ³OL]DUGOLNHDQLPDO´ lintu! ³ELUG´
DQG hyönteinen! ³LQVHFW´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG pienikokoinen valas! ³VPDOOVL]HG
ZKDOH´ merenelävä?! ³VHDFUHDWXUH"´ DQG soitin? XD! ³>PXVLFDO@LQVWUXPHQW";'´
ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURYLGHG YHGHVVlHOlYlYDODDQWDLGHO¿LQLQNDOWDLQHQQLVlNlV! ³D
PDPPDOUHVHPEOLQJDZKDOHRUDGROSKLQDQGOLYLQJLQZDWHU´ DQG eläin, kauriin tyyppinen!
(“an animal, similar to a deer”). Similarly, there was some confusion in the answers from
$ODVND ³VDODPDQGHU´ ³VDODPDQGHUONHZDWHUFUHDWXUH´ DQG³DVPDOOJURXQGGZHOOLQJDQLPDO´
)XUWKHUPRUHWZR3ROLVKVWXGHQWVFRQFXUUHGZLWKWKHLU)LQQLVKFROOHDJXHV ocelot ³0LQHFUDIW´
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) derives from Nahuatl SH\ǀWO, which gave the word to
Spanish peyote. English has had, besides peyote, variants such as payote, pellote, pelotte,
peyoti, and peyotl 2(' ,Q WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\ RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI
WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVK VFKRRO VWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP
$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³FDFWXVÀRZHU´ ³,QGLDQGUXJ´ DQG³DGUXJWKDWPDNHV\RXVHHWKLQJV´ZKLOH
WKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV cactácea alucinógena! droga
del huichol! fruto alusinojeno! planta con lo que se drogan en SLP! un cactus con el
que te puedes drogar! DQG droga de uichol buena!:KLOHWKHWHUPZDVQRWNQRZQWRDQ\
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVLQWKH
VHSDUDWHVXUYH\LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶UHSOLHVLQFOXGH FRUUHFWDQVZHUV
LQWKHLURZQULJKW auto?! ³FDU"´ tuotemalli! ³EUDQGSURGXFWPRGHO´ DQG Gta V auto!
³*7$9FDU´ UHIHUULQJWRDFDUDQGDµFROOHFWLEOH>LWHP@¶LQWKH*UDQG7KHIW$XWR9YLGHR
JDPH+LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG mauste! ³VSLFH´ DQG kirjailija! ³ZULWHU´
Pinole (pinol LV D GULQN RU PHDO PDGH IURP URDVWHG FRUQÀRXU DQG PL[HG ZLWK YDULDEOH
ingredients, including cacao, cinnamon, chia seeds, agave, sugar, and vanilla. The word
originates in Nahuatl pinolli PHDQLQJ µÀRXU¶ RU µVRPHWKLQJ JURXQG¶ .DUWWXQHQ The
word pinolLVDOVRXVHGIRUDQXQUHODWHGWUDGLWLRQDOGULQNLQ(FXDGRUPDGHIURPWRDVWHGEDUOH\
ÀRXUDQGVXJDUDQGPL[HGZLWKYDULRXVVSLFHVDQGPLON,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ RIWKH
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGQRQHLQ$ODVND)LQODQGRU3RODQGNQHZWKHWHUP2QHVWXGHQWLQ$ODVND
DQVZHUHG³DW\SHRISHSSHU´DQGDQRWKHURQHLQ3RODQG³PDOHUHSURGXFWLYHRUJDQ´7KHZRUG
DOWKRXJKUDUHDQGUHVWULFWHGLQXVHZDVDGGHGWRWKHVXUYH\DPRQJRWKHUOHVVNQRZQ,QGLJHQRXV
American words, to explore the extent and boundary of loanwords vs. foreign words.
Quetzal LV D 1HRWURSLFDO ELUG VSHFLHV LQ WKH WURJRQ IDPLO\ ,WV EHVWNQRZQ VSHFLHV WKH
resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), is the one that was named quetzalli by the Aztec,
meaning “plumage of the quetzal bird” (Karttunen 1983), potentially related to the verb quetz(a)
“to stand up, to stop someone or to raise someone or something” (ibid.). The word is spelled
quetzal LQ PRVW ODQJXDJHV EXW µQDWXUDOL]HG¶ LQ VRPH LQFOXGLQJ )LQQLVK ketsaali DQG 3ROLVK
(kwezal ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\QRQHRIWKHHOHPHQWDU\RUKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQG
NQHZWKHWHUP85ZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH0H[LFDQXSSHU
2XW RI WKH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH VXUYH\ LQ )LQODQG RQO\ RQH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQW NQHZ WKH PHDQLQJ RI
ketsaali (and it has to be remembered that the sample of university students in this survey is composed
RIVWXGHQWVWKDWKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQH[SRVHGWR1RUWK$PHULFDQDQGRU/DWLQ$PHULFDQ6WXGLHV %HVLGHV
this answer, Guatemalan rahayksikkö; lintulaji ³*XDWHPDODQFXUUHQF\ ELUGVSHFLHV´ RWKHUUHSOLHVE\
85
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
141
elementary school students were familiar with the term. Answers from Mexico included the
IROORZLQJ un ave con hermosa cola! ave muy colorida! animal endemico de mexico!
ave representada en la moneda guatemalteca! pajaro del amazonas en peligro de extincion!
pajaro multicolor en peligro de extinción! animal volador extinto! DQG mineral precioso!
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota or Achras zapota) is a tree native to southern Mexico, Central
America, and the Caribbean. The word originates in Nahuatl tzapotl (the fruit of the sapodilla
WUHH>ZKLOHWKHWUHHLWVHOILVtetzapotl]) (Karttunen 1983). This is the source of Spanish zapote
(and its diminutive form zapotilla) and related terms in other languages, including English
sapodilla (since the 18th century) and its earlier and contemporary variants sapadilloe (17th
c.), sapadillo (17th to 18th c.), sappadilla, sapodylle, and sabatille (18th c.), and sapotilla,
sapadilla, sappodilla, and zapotilla WKF 2(' $VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RI
the Mexican students were familiar with the term zapote while the word sapotilla was poorly
NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG RQO\RQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW
DQGWKUHHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVVXJJHVWHG hedelmä! ³IUXLW´ IRUWKLVHQWU\2WKHUSURSRVDOVZHUH
vene! ³ERDW´ E\DQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQG voisiko olla sammakkoeläin! ³FRXOGLW
EHDQDPSKLELDQ"´ DQG joku kenkä! ³VRPH>W\SHRID@VKRH´ E\XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV7KH
ODWWHUWZRPLJKWEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH6SDQLVKZRUGIRUµVKRH¶zapato.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Sp. tomate (Physalis ixocarpa) vs. jitomate (Solanum
lycopersicum) originates in Nahuatl tomatl, the source for Spanish tomate and related words
in other languages. In Mexican Spanish, however, the word tomate refers to the small green
WRPDWRVDOVRNQRZQDVtomatillosZKLOHWKHZRUGIRUWKH HOVHZKHUHPRUHFRPPRQO\NQRZQ
large red tomato is jitomate, from Nahuatl [ƯWRPDWO. )URPWKH6SDQLVKtomate, English had an
identical form tomate from the 17th to 19th centuries, as well as the (current form) tomato since
WKHWKFHQWXU\2WKHUIRUPVLQFOXGHtomata (18th to 19th centuries), tomatum (18th c.), and
tomatus (19th c.). Terms derived from Nahuatl tomatl are quite numerous around the world,
LQFOXGLQJWKH6SDQLVK$ဧXULDQ3RUWXJXHVH*DOLFLDQDQG)UHQFKtomate, Catalan tomàquet,
'XWFK DQG )ULVLDQ tomaat $IULNDDQV tamatie, German Tomate /X[HPERXUJLVK Tomat,
Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish tomat, and Icelandic Tómatur, Welsh tomato, Irish tráta86,
/DWYLDQ WRPƗWV *UHHN IJȠȝȐIJĮ ~ ȞIJȠȝȐIJĮ, Bulgarian ɞɨɦɚɬ, Macedonian ɞɨɦɚɬɢ, Albanian
domate, Corsican pumata, Hindi ĂđĭĂē, and Bengali টেমেটা, Japanese トマト as well as Tatar
ɬɨɦɚɬ$ENKD]Ⱥɬɨɦɚɬ(ဧRQLDQtomatDQG)LQQLVKtomaatti87, Basque tomatea, Kabiye WѡPDDWѡ,
DQG%LNRO&HQWUDOkamatis. Besides the Nahuatl-based terms, many languages have also ended
up with descriptive terms for tomato, including the Italian pomodoro, an univerbation of pomo
d’oroRU³JROGHQDSSOH´7KHWHUPZDVXVHGE\3LHWUR$QGUHD0DWWLROLLQRQHRIWKHHDUOLHVW
descriptions of tomatoes in Europe (Matthioli 1554: 479), where he explains that tomatoes,
ZKHQUDZDUHJUHHQDQGWKHQWXUQHLWKHUJROGHQ\HOORZRUUHG
³7KHUHIRUHLQVDQHDSSOHVDUHIURPDFRPPRQVKUXEJURZLQJLQDOOSDUWVOLNHPHORQV
DQG JRXUGV ZLWK DQ HTXDO FXOWLYDWLRQ >RU µDSSHDUDQFH¶@ WRR QHDUO\ ¿JOLNH OHDYHV
university students include sulkakäärme ³IHDWKHUHGVHUSHQW´ tulee mieleen ketsalcoatl (“reminds me of
4XHW]DOFRDWO´ DQGkieli (“language”).
86
Compare (phonologically) with práta (“potato”).
87
)LQQLVK UHFHLYHG tomaatti from Swedish tomat – a loan from German Tomate, which derives from
)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVKtomate 66$ 7KHHDUOLHVWDWWHVWDWLRQRIWKHZRUGLQ)LQQLVKLVIURP +lNNLQHQ
2004: 1327).
142
Harri Kettunen
D ÀRZHU REORQJ KDQGVRPH ZKLWH ,W LV FRPPRQO\ HDWHQ FRRNHG LQ WKH PDQQHU RI
mushrooms from oil, salt, pepper. +HUPRODXV>UHFRXQWV@WKHVHWKLQJVZRUGIRUZRUG
$QGLQGHHGIURPDOOWKLV,WKLQNLWEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWERWK%UDVDXROXVDQG)XFKVLXV
incorrectly blame Barbarus in this matter. There are those from among our countrymen
who would eat insane apples to arouse desire. 3HUKDSVWKH\VRVWDQGIRUWKVLQFHWKH\
SURGXFHJDVHVDQGWKH\UHPDLQVWL൵LQERLOLQJ But when they are rather frequently eaten
(as Avicenna is witness), they produce bilious humors. 5DWKHUWKH\SURGXFHEORFNDJHV
RIWKHLQWHVWLQHVXOFHUVHOHSKDQWLDVLVKHDGDFKHVVDGQHVVEORFNDJHVRIWKHOLYHUDQG
VSOHHQ ZKHQFHODVWLQJIHYHUVODWHUFRPHDERXWDQGDEDGGLVSRVLWLRQ And so hence it
KDSSHQVDVLWZRXOGVXJJHVWLWVHOIWRORRNWR$YHUURHVWKDWLQERRNYRIWKHFROOHFWHG
ZRUNVKHVKRXOGKDYHUHFRPPHQGHGLQVDQHDSSOHVSUHSDUHGLQWKLVVDPHPDQQHU And
already another type of these had begun to be imported, pressed, in the manner of
URXQGHGDSSOHVFXWLQWKHVW\OHRIFXFXPEHUPHORQ¿UVWZLWKDJUHHQFRORUDQGIURP
there where it had achieved maturity, in certain plants it appears golden, but in others
reddish. And so commonly they are called POMI d’oro, that is, golden apples. The
latter, just as the former, are eaten. *DOHQXVLQERRNYLLRIWKHSimp. Medic. described
WKHSRZHUVRIWKHPDQGUDNHLQWKHVHZRUGV 0DQGUDNHKDVDQRYHUSRZHULQJFRROLQJ
ability, so that it would be of the third order of refrigerants. +RZHYHULWDOVRSDUWDNHVRI
DFHUWDLQKHDWDQGLQIUXLWRIPRLVWXUH OLNHZLVHWKH\KDYHDSRZHURIIDFLOLWDWLQJVOHHS
The rind of the root, when it be strongest, not only cools, but also dries. The rest (of)
what is within appears unnourishing.”88
The early popularization of the term might also explain the rather widespread distribution of
WKH GHULYDWLYHVRIWKH WHUPLQ(DVWHUQ(XURSHDQGEH\RQGVXFKDV3ROLVKpomidor8NUDLQLDQ
ɩɨɦɿɞɨɪ5XVVLDQɩɨɦɢɞɨɪDQG%HODUXVLDQɩɚɦɿɞɨɪDVZHOODV/LWKXDQLDQpomidoras<LGGLVK
ʸ ʕʠʣʩʮ ʕʠ˝, and Azerbaijani pomidor. The nomenclature and descriptions of tomato in the early
botanical treatises reveal the divided nature of the plant: at the same time as they are the pomme
d’amour ³ORYH DSSOHV´ LQ )UHQFK WKH\ DUH DOVR VDLG WR FDXVH YRPLWLQJ89. Another term for
7UDQVODWLRQE\7RGG.UDXVH7KHRULJLQDOWH[WUHDGV 0DODHUJRLQǕDQDHIUXWLFHXXOJDULǕXQWSDVVLP
QDǕFHQWH XW PHORQHV FXFXUELW SDUL TXRTXH FXOWX IROLMV SURSH ¿FXOQHLV ÀRUH REORQJR ǕSHFLRǕR
FDQGLGR 0DQGLWXU XXOJz SRPXP H[ ROHR ǕDOH SLSHUH IXQJRUXP PRGR FRFWXP + F DG XHUEXP
+HUPRODXV ([ TXLEXV HTXLGƝ RPQLEXV SDOjP ¿HUL DUELWURU TXzG SHUSHUjP WXP %UDǕDXROXV WXP
)XFKǕLXVKDFLQUH%DUEDUXPLQǕLPXODYHUXQW6XQWHQRǕWUDWLEXVTXL0DOLVLQǕDQLVXHǕFDQWXUDGXHQHUHP
H[FLWDQGDP4XRGIRUWqLGHRSU ǕWDQWTXRQLDPÀDWXVJLJQXQWFRQFRFW~T>XH@FRQWXPDFLDH[LǕWXQW. Verùm
FPIUHTXHQWLXVPDQGXQWXU XWWHVWLVHVW$XLFHQQD ELOLRǕRVJHQHUDQWKXPRUHV4XLQHWLDPSDULXQWYLǕFHUXP
REVWUXFWLRQHVFDUFLQRPDWDHOHSKDQWLDǕLQFDSLWLVGRORUHVWULVWLWLDP LHFLQRULV OLHQLVLQIDUFWXV XQGH
SRǕWHDGLXWXUQ SURXHQLXQWIHEUHV KDELWXVPDOXV+LQFLWDT>XH@¿WXW$XHUURHPPLUDULǕXEHDWTXzG
OLEURYFROOHFWDQHRUXPPDODLQǕDQDFRPPHQGDXHULWǕXRTXRGDPPRGRSDUDWD,DP DOLXGKRUXPJHQXV
LPSRUWDULF°SLWSUHǕǕXPRUELFXODWRUXPPDORUXPPRGRPHORSHSRQXPPRUHǕHFWXPFRORUHSULPPXLULGL
GHLQGHXELPDWXULWDWHPǕHQǕHULWLQTXLEXVGDPSODQWLVDXUHXPLQTXLEXVGDPXHUzUXEHXPXLǕLWXU,GHyT>XH@
XXOJzDSSHOODQWXU320,G¶RURKRFHǕWPDODDXUHD(GXQWXU K FTXHPDGPRGXPLOOD0DQGUDJRU XLUHV
GHǕFULSǕLW*DOHQXVOLEUR9,,ǕLPSPHGLFKLVXHUELV0DQGUDJRUDXLQFHQWHPKDEHWIDFXOWDWHPUHIULJHUDWRULă
DGHz XW WHUWLM ǕLW RUGLQLV UHIULJHUDQWLXP 9HUXQWDPHQ FDOLGLWDWLV FXLXVGDP SDUWLFHSV HǕW LQ SRPLV
KXPLGLWDWLV SURLQGHǕRSRUHPFRQFLOLDQGLXLPHDKDEHDQW5DGLFLVFRUWH[FPǕLWXDOHQWLȕLPXVQRQWDQWP
UHIULJHUDW ǕHG GHǕLFFDWUHOLTXXPTXRGLQWXVHǕWLPEHFLOOXPH[LǕWLW! 0DWWKLROL
89
,WZDVSUREDEO\WKH)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQRI0DWWKLROL¶VWUHDWLVHWKDWPDGHWKLVLGHDSRSXODU0DWWKLROL
KDV 'DXDQWDJH LO Q¶\ D SDV ORQJWHPV TX¶RQ D FRPPHQFp j YRLU YQ¶DXWUH ǕRUWH GH SRPPH
G¶DPRXUSODWWHFRPPHSRPPHVURQGHVGLXLǕHFHQFRǕWHVFRPPHSRPSRQVSUHPLHUHPHQWYHUWHSXLVHǕWDQW
88
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
143
tomato that has spread to various languages (although with a limited distribution) is the German
Paradiesapfel, or “paradise apple” (with an apparent reference to the fruit of the “forbidden
WUHH´ 7KHWHUPDSSHDUVLQ6ORYDNLQWKHIRUPparadajka (also UDMþLQD), Czech UDMþH, Croatian
UDMþLFD, Bosnian paradajz, Serbian ɩɚɪɚɞɚʁɡ, Slovenian SDUDGLåQLN, and Hungarian paradicsom.
2WKHULQYHQWHGRUGHVFULSWLYHWHUPVLQFOXGHHJ5RPDQLDQURЮLH7XUNLVKNÕ]DQDN90DQG.D]DNK
Ԕɵɡɚɧɚԕ ³UHG´ 7LEHWDQȳŎāȈŬĻāă ³URXQGYHJHWDEOH´" DQG&KLQHVH䕑勫 (foreign eggplant91).
$VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VLQVFKRROVDOOVWXGHQWVZKRWRRNDFWLYHO\SDUWLQWKHVXUYH\
LQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRNQHZWKHWHUP927KH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVDUHUHYHDOLQJDVWRWKH
GL൵HUHQFHRItomate and jitomate jitomate pero verde! jitomate aplastado! pariente de
el jitomate! una verdura pequeña! DQG una verdura verde!,QFRQWUDVWRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQW¶VDQVZHUVZDVVLPSO\ ³\RXPDNHNHWFKXSRXWRILW´
)LQDOO\ RQH LQWHUHVWLQJ ORDQZRUG IURP 1DKXDWO LV tiza, with a restricted distribution in
6SDQLVK7KHZRUGPHDQVµFKDON¶LQ6SDQLVKRI6SDLQZKLOHWKHWHUPLQ0H[LFDQ6SDQLVKLVgis,
ZKLFKLVWKHRULJLQDO/DWLQEDVHGWHUPXVHGLQ6SDLQEHIRUHWKH1DKXDWOGHULYHGWHUPUHSODFHG
it. I.e., Spain gave the term gis to Mexico and Mexico gave Spain tiza, and in the process both
FHDVHG XVLQJ WKHLU RULJLQDO WHUPV +RZHYHU LQ RWKHU SDUWV RI 6SDLQ WKH /DWLQEDVHG WHUP LV
still in used, as in Asturian and Galician xiz and Catalan guix (along with creta and clarió93).
)XUWKHUPRUH0LQRUFDQKDVxocZKLFKGHULYHVIURP(QJOLVKµFKDON¶ZKLOH7DJDORJ GXHWRWKH
LQÀXHQFHIURP6SDQLVKDQG(QJOLVK KDVWKHIXOOWULDGtisa, yeso, and tsokIRUµFKDON¶ tisa also
IRUµVKLQJOH¶DQGµWLOH¶
LOANWORDS FROM MAYAN LANGUAGES
Words originating from Mayan languages are rare in European languages, except for
Spanish dialects in Mexico and Guatemala. The importance of the Aztec empire for Spain, the
UHODWLYHUHPRWHQHVVRIWKH0D\DDUHDDQGWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJSUHVHQFHRI1DKXDWOVSHDNHUVZKR
traveled with the Spaniards across Mesoamerica, led to the richness of Nahuatl vocabulary in
Spanish, at the expense of Mayan words – or any other Mesoamerican language for that matter.
Some geographic terms, plants, and food-related vocabulary have been borrowed especially
IURPWKH<XFDWHFODQJXDJHYLD6SDQLVKWRRWKHU(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV7KH\DUHKRZHYHUUDWKHU
UDUH DQG VSHFL¿F WR FHUWDLQ ¿HOGV RI LQWHUHVW 7KHVH LQFOXGH <XFDWHFGHULYHG cenote (natural
XQGHUJURXQG UHVHUYRLU RU VLQNKROH IURP W]¶RQyҌRW), chaya >Cnidoscolus aconitifolius]
from chàay) and pib[il] HDUWKRYHQFRRNLQJSLWDQGGLVKHVWKHUHRI IURPpíib³>SLW@RYHQ´
pibil94³EDNHG´ 2WKHUFDQGLGDWHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGVXFKDV(QJOLVKµVKDUN¶IURP<XFDWHF
(uncommon) xok (Jones 1985), cockroach IURP <XFDWHF k’uruch µFLJDU¶ IURP .¶LFKH¶ sik’,
PHXUH HQ TXHOTXHV SODQWHV LDXQH FRPP¶RUHV DXWUHV URXJHV 2Q OHV DSHOOH YXOJDLUHPHQW 3RPL G¶RUR
3RPPHVG¶RU2QOHVPDQJHFRPPHOHVǕXǕGLWHV PDLVHOOHVG¶RQQHQWHQXLHGHYRPLU ǕRXXHQWIRQWYRPLU!
90
Besides NÕ]DQDN7XUNLVKKDVDOVRD1DKXDWOEDVHGWHUPdomatesIRUµWRPDWR¶
91
Interestingly, the eggplant (ⱳ) part of the Chinese term ␒ⱳ 3LQ\LQIƗQTLp in Mandarin) belongs to
the same genus (Solanum DVWRPDWR±VRPHWKLQJWKDWZDVQRWNQRZQDWWKHWLPHRIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI
tomatoes in China.
92
As tomaattiZDVFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIFRPPRQ)LQQLVKODQJXDJHWKHWHUPZDVH[FOXGHGIURPWKHLQLWLDO
student survey.
93
The latter is also shared with Aragonese clarión and Basque klarion.
94
See also the discussion regarding Bixa orellana.
144
Harri Kettunen
the chokolSDUW RI µFKRFRODWH¶ IURP YDULRXV 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV YLD 1DKXDWO LQWR 6SDQLVK DQG
µKXUULFDQH¶IURP.¶LFKH¶GHLW\QDPHJuraqan (or Jun Raqan). However, the source for shark
FDQQRWEH0D\DQDVWKHWHUPLVDOUHDG\UHFRUGHGLQODWH0LGGOH(QJOLVK7KH¿UVWRFFXUUHQFH
is from the year 1442 in the Letters of Thomas Bekynton, Secretary to Henry VI and Bishop of
Bath and Wells, part 2 0LGGOH(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\ DQGZKLOHWKHFRQWH[WLV/DWLQWKH
term itself is English:
“Circiter horam vijam in sero per æstimationem navem sequebatur piscis vocatus le
6KDUNTXLTXLGHPSLVFLVSHUFXWLHEDWXUELVFXPXQRKDUSLQJ\UHQHWUHFHVVLW´
Consequently, the term appears to be of Germanic origin (compare to Dutch schurk and
German Schurke “scoundrel, villain,” and archaic English sharker “a conman”).95 /LNHZLVH
there is little linguistic or historical evidence that the word cockroach (Spanish cucaracha)
ZRXOGEHRI1HZ:RUOGRULJLQ)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVTXLWHHYLGHQWWKDWWKHZRUGµKXUULFDQH¶FRPHV
IURP7DLQRUDWKHUWKDQ.¶LFKH¶,WLVLQFRQFHLYDEOHWKDWDKLJKODQG0D\DQODQJXDJHIURPDQ
area where there are no hurricanes would be the origin of the word, rather than a language that
ZDVVSRNHQLQWKHDUHDZKHUHKXUULFDQHVDUHDEXQGDQW7KHRULJLQRIWKHZRUGIRUcigar is more
problematic, and requires more investigation. All in all, although there are numerous loanwords
IURPGL൵HUHQW0D\DQODQJXDJHVWRWKHORFDOYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVKLQ*XDWHPDODDQG0H[LFRWKHUH
are no common loanwords from Mayan languages to various languages around the world (unless
cigar and chocolSURYHWRWKHRI0D\DQRULJLQ ,QIDFWLWVRPHWLPHVORRNVDVLIWKHSHRSOH
whose focus is in the Maya area also “want to believe” that also Mayan languages provided
ORDQZRUGVWRGLVWDQWODQJXDJHVDQGQRWRQO\WKH³QHLJKERULQJ´0H[LFD$]WHF1DKXDWO
However, although not directly a borrowing from a term in a language as such, sisal is
by far the most wide-spread (attested) word stemming from a Mayan language, deriving from
D <XFDWHF SODFH QDPH 6LVDO ZLWK D <XFDWHF DQ HW\PRORJ\ síis PHDQV µFROG¶ LQ <XFDWHFDQ
ODQJXDJHV DQG KDV FRJQDWHV LQ RWKHU 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHV LQ WKH ORZODQG GL൵XVLRQ ]RQH LH
WKH &K¶RODQ ODQJXDJHV RI &KRQWDO &K¶RO &K¶RUWL¶ DQG >WKH H[WLQFW@ &K¶ROWL¶ )RU <XFDWHF
Diccionario Motul (Ciudad Real 1557a: f102r) has “la frescura y sombra que hacen los árboles
grandes” for sisal7KH6SDQLVK±0D\D LH<XFDWHF SDUW YROXPH RIWKHGLFWLRQDU\ &LXGDG
5HDOE IY KDV VLLVKDD!IRU³DJXDIUtD´)XUWKHUPRUH%DUUHUD9iVTXH] KDV
sis alIRU³GHDJXDVIUtDV´LQFRQWHPSRUDU\ WKFHQWXU\ <XFDWHF$VDWRSRQ\PLFUHIHUHQFH
%DUUHUD9iVTXH] >UHIHUULQJWRYDULRXVZRUNVE\5DOSK/5R\VEHWZHHQ DQG
1957]) states the following for sisal:
“quizá provenga de sisil: frescura, frialdad + a’ DJXD DFWXDOPHQWH HV XQ EDUULR GH
9DOODGROLG SHUR HQ pSRFDV FRORQLDOHV HUD XQD SREODFLyQ FRQWLJXD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH D
HVWD~OWLPD ORVKDELWDQWHVGHSisalH[SOLFDQTXHHOQRPEUHVLJQL¿FDODJRRODJXQDGH
DJXDIUtDUH¿ULpQGRVHWDOYH]DOFHQRWHTXHDFWXDOPHQWHVHHQFXHQWUDHQORVWHUUHQRVGHO
FRQYHQWRSHURTXHKDVLGRFXELHUWR HVWDEDHQODSURYLQFLDGHORV.XSXOHV >WDPELpQHV
QRPEUH@GHXQSXHUWRVLWXDGRHQODFRVWDQRUWHGHODSHQtQVXODGH<XFDWiQHQGLUHFFLyQ
noroeste a Hunukma’ HVWDEDHQODSURYLQFLDGH$K.DQXO.”96
Note also Norwegian skark³ROGOHDQKRUVH´ ³ROGLQHGLEOH¿VK´ DQG³GHFUHSLWSHUVRQ´ %RNPnOVRUGERND
_1\QRUVNRUGERND
96
“Maybe it comes from sisil IUHVKQHVVFROGQHVVD¶ ZDWHU QRZDGD\VLWLVDQHLJKERUKRRGLQ9DOODGROLG
95
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
145
Consequently, Sisal in the toponymic context could refer to the coolness and freshness of
WKHSODFHLWVHOI±RUWRWKHUHIUHVKLQJZDWHUVQHDUE\$Q\RQHZKRKDVYLVLWHG<XFDWDQZKHQWKH
WHPSHUDWXUHUHDFKHV& RU) NQRZVWKDWWR³WDPHWKHIXU\RIWKHVXQ´RQHPXVWHLWKHU
wait until the nighttime or jump into a cenote. As it happens, Sisal might be able to cool you
GRZQ7KHWRZQRI6LVDOLVORFDWHGRQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQFRDVWRIWKH<XFDWDQ3HQLQVXODVRPH
NLORPHWHUVQRUWKZHVWIURP0pULGDDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\NLORPHWHUVIURPWKHVRFDOOHG³FHQRWH
ULQJ´$OWKRXJKQRWSUHFLVHO\LQWKHPRVWFHQRWHULFKDUHDLQQRUWKHUQ<XFDWDQ6LVDOGRHVVHHP
WRKDYHDQRWVRZHOONQRZQFHQRWHDVGHVFULEHGE\$OOIUH\ :KHWKHULWLVWKHFHQRWHRU
WKH2MRGH$TXDRQWKH6LVDOVHPLLVODQG±RUVRPHRWKHUIHDWXUHWKDWLQVSLUHGWKHQDPHRIWKH
SODFH6LVDODSSDUHQWO\VSDUNHGDVHQVDWLRQVLPLODUWR$OOIUH\¶V LQWKHHDUO\LQKDELWDQWV
of the area: “in the perfection of fairytale-style beauty of nature, I pinched myself to see if this
was real. A tall tree of life sprouted majestically from the waters of the cenote, reminding me of
a hidden treasure.
As regards the term sisal that derives from the name of the town, many languages have
ERUURZHGWKHZRUGVDVVXFKLQFOXGLQJ6SDQLVK&DWDODQ3RUWXJXHVH)UHQFK(QJOLVK'XWFK
'DQLVK1RUZHJLDQ6ZHGLVK6ORYDN&URDWLDQ5RPDQLDQ)LQQLVK7XUNLVK%DVTXH&HQWUDO
%LNRO DQG 4XHFKXD 6LPLODUO\ +XQJDULDQ KDV szizál 5XVVLDQ KDV ɫɢɡɚɥɶ %XOJDULDQ ɫɢɡɚɥ
Hebrew ʬʱʩʱ V\VO 3HUVLDQϝΎδϴγ (sisal>KRPRQ\PRXVWRsi sal or “thirty year(s)”]), and Bengali
ΛΓΓΚΐ (sisal), while Upper Sorbian has zizalowc and Icelandic Sísallilja,QWHUHဧLQJO\-DSDQHVH
has サイザルアサVDL]DUXDVDDQG0DOD\DP( םsaisal): the words appear to be
LQÀXHQFHGE\(QJOLVKWKXVWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQRIWKH¿UဧV\OODEOHDVVDLLQဧHDGRIVLDVLQ
0DOD\DP VDLVDO LQဧHDG RI VLVDO )XUWKHUPRUH DW OHDဧ WKH R൶FLDO QDPHV RI VLVDO LQ PDQ\
languages incorporate the term agave: German Sisal-Agave 3ROLVK Agawa sizalowa, Czech
Agáve sisalová*UHHNǹȖĮȪȘȘıȚȗĮȜĮȞȒ8NUDLQLDQȺɝɚɜɚɫɢɡɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ,WDOLDQAgave sisalana,
/LWKXDQLDQVL]DOLQơDJDYD, Azerbaijani VL]DODTDYDVÕ, and Arabic ϝΰϴγϑΎϏ DJDIVL]DO 2WKHU
terms include Amharic ؏ۢ TDWތݕD ³¿EHUMXWHVLVDO´ &KLQHVH∸麻 (where ∸LVµVZRUG¶
and 麻µKHPS¿EHU 9LHWQDPHVHWKDVӧLDQG7DPLO୷ஆ NDGDODL ZKLOH6ZDKLOLKDV
mkonge dume, where mkonge is Sansevieria/Dracaena, a plant native to Africa (and includes,
e.g., mother-in-law’s tongue), Wolof yoos-bisaaw, Shona gonjeDQG$IULNDDQVGaringboom.
6LVDOGLGQRWHQWHUWKHVFKRROVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGEXWLWGLGLQ$ODVND0H[LFRDQG3RODQG,Q
$ODVNDQRQHRIWKHVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUG2EYLRXVO\WKLVLVQRWDVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQW
VDPSOHRI(QJOLVKVSHDNHUVDQ\ZKHUHEXWLWLVDWOHDVWLQGLFDWLYHRIWKHRYHUDOODFTXDLQWDQFH
of the term within the teenage population of northern North America. Similarly, none of the
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPH[FHSWWKDWLWLVWKHQDPHRIDWRZQDQGSRUWLQ<XFDWDQ un
puerto en Yucatán, desconozco si es otra cosa.
Cenote IURP<XFDWHFW]¶RQyҌRW) was the only attested Mayan word that entered the student
survey besides sisal RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH WHUP ZKLOH QRQH
RIWKH$ODVNDQRU)LQQLVK VFKRRO VWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP&RQVHTXHQWO\DQGH[SHFWHGO\WKH
term clearly falls into the category of foreign wordsDWOHDVWLQ)LQQLVK7KHWZRDQVZHUVIURP
WKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVZHUH kanootti! ³FDQRH´ DQG pähkinä! ³QXW´ ZKLOHKLJKVFKRRO
EXWLQ&RORQLDOWLPHVLWZDVDFRQWLJXRXVDQGLQGHSHQGHQWSRSXODWLRQWRWKHODWWHU WKHLQKDELWDQWVRI6LVDO
H[SODLQWKDWWKHQDPHPHDQVFROGZDWHUODNHRUODJRRQSHUKDSVUHIHUULQJWRWKHFHQRWHWKDWLVWRGD\RQ
WKHJURXQGVRIWKHFRQYHQWEXWZKLFKKDVEHHQFRYHUHG LWZDVLQWKHSURYLQFHRIWKH.XSXOHV >LWLVDOVR
WKHQDPH@RIDSRUWORFDWHGRQWKHQRUWKHUQFRDVWRIWKH<XFDWiQSHQLQVXODLQDQRUWKZHVWHUO\GLUHFWLRQWR
+XQXNPD¶ LWZDVLQ$K.DQXOSURYLQFH´
146
Harri Kettunen
VWXGHQWVGLGQRWSURYLGHDQ\UHSOLHV%H\RQGWKHVFKRROVXUYH\VRQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWLQ)LQODQG
FRUUHFWO\LGHQWL¿HGcenoteDV kalkkikiveen veden uurtama syvänne/allas! ³DGHSUHVVLRQEDVLQ
that has been carved into the limestone by water”), while the Mexican students had the following
GHVFULSWLRQV agua subterranea! alberca natural! como una fosa llena de agua! crater
en la tierra ubicado en yucatan con agua y gran profundidad! depresión u hoyo el cual tiene
aguas estancada! están en cancún! oye en la tierra con agua en yucatán! un lugar
en el que hay agua y esta medio escondido y esta bonito! XQRUL¿FLRHQODWLHUUDFRQDJXD
y tiene muy poca luz! un pozo en las cuevas! un yacimiento de agua en yucatan! una
laguna pero con túneles de coneccion entre ellos! DQG un pozo gigante natural hecho por el
metiorito de los dinosaurios! 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG LVOD ÀRWDQWH! pequeña isla! un
monte! como un cerro! es como una montaña! árbol?! DQG comida!
LOANWORDS FROM QUECHUA
/RDQZRUGVIURP4XHFKXDLQFOXGHWKHUHODWLYHO\FRPPRQWHUPVcoca, llama, and puma, as
well as less common condor, guanaco, guano, pampa, quinine, quinoa, and vicuña.
Coca (Erythroxylon spp., especially Erythroxylon Coca var.) has been used for thousands of
years in western South America for various purposes, including as a stimulant to reduce tiredness,
KXQJHUDQGDOWLWXGHVLFNQHVV7RGD\LWLVNQRZQZRUOGZLGHPDLQO\EHFDXVHRILWVSV\FKRDFWLYH
DONDORLGFRFDLQH7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVHLWKHULQ4XHFKXDRU$\PDUDkuka and it was distributed
to other languages via Spanish coca )RUEHV The school survey answers varied
FRQVLGHUDEO\ ZKLOH RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVFRQQHFWHGWKHWHUPHLWKHUWRWKHFRFDSODQW
&RFD&RODRUFRFDLQHRQO\RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVPDGHWKHVHFRQQHFWLRQV970DQ\$ODVNDQ
students connected the term to chocolate possibly because of the sound resemblance between
FRFDDQGFRFRD ³SRZGHUHGFKRFRODWHEDVH´ ³DQXWIURPDWUHHXVHGWRPDNHFKRFRODW>VLF@´
³WUHHPDGHLQWRFKRFRODWH´ DQG³\RXFDQPDNHFKRFRODWHZLWKFRFR´EXWDOVR ³SODQWIURP
ZKLFKFRFDLQHLVPDGH´,QFRQWUDVWWKHDQVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG bebida o
droga! bebida o refresco dañina! ¿cocaína?! cola xdxd! comercialmente una bebida
o droga! droga o con lo que se fabrica la bebida coca cola! planta de donde sale droga!
DQG planta andina! EXW DOVR sirve para hacer chocolate! DQG chocolate en polvo muy
fuerte y rico!,Q)LQODQGHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG pensas tai huume!
³DEXVKRUDGUXJ´ huume ja lääke + kokanlehti! ³GUXJDQGPHGLFLQHFRFDOHDI´ DQG
kokaiini!RUMXVW –iini !>DVWKHkoka part was already written in the survey] (“cocaine”).
2WKHU DQVZHUV ZHUH FRQQHFWHG WR &RFD &ROD juoma cocacola! ³&RFD &ROD GULQN´ DQG
limsaa! ³VRIW GULQN´ 6RPH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK )LQQLVK
kokoRUµVL]H ¶ se on paidoissa ja housuissa oleva lappu! ³LW¶VDODEHORQVKLUWVDQGWURXVHUV´
DQG minkä kokoinen olet! ³WKHVL]H\RXDUH´ ZKLOHRWKHUVSUREDEO\PDGHDFRQQHFWLRQWR
)LQQLVKkokkaRUµERZ ¶ veneen kärki! ³WKHERZIURQWRIDERDW´ DQG veneen pääty! ³WKH
DIWHQGRIDERDW´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG kasvi, josta tehdään nenäsokeria! ³DSODQW
WKDWLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJQRVHVXJDU´ 6LPLODUO\ 3ROLVKVWXGHQWVFDPHXSWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV
for koka ³PDULKXDQDLQRWKHUZRUGVSRSXODUGUXJIURP&RORPELD´ ³¶+HUD.RND+DV]¶VRQJ´
DQG³0\IDYRULWHGUXJ MXVWNLGGLQJ\RXVKRXOGQ¶WWDNHGHVLJQHUGUXJV ´
97
1% LQWKHVXUYH\DOOWKHVHWKUHH WKHSODQWWKHGUXJDQGWKHGULQN ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDV³ULJKW´DQVZHUV
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
147
Condor (Sp. cóndor>Vultur gryphus (Andean condor)]) derives from Quechua kuntur. The
WHUPZDVUDWKHUZHOONQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\ RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
NQHZ WKH WHUP 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG HJ pájaro! pajaro montañero!
especie de aguila! ave de rapiña! ave que come carroña! ave carroñera! ave de
origen sudamericano! animal que vuela y vive en EU! DQG tipo ave y avion! 2QH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQW DOVR FRQ¿UPHG WKH ODWWHU E\ DQVZHULQJ VLPSO\ ³DLUOLQH´ Besides generic references
WRELUGVHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGHG iso lintu! ³DODUJHELUG´
DQG vaarallinen lentävä eläin! ³GDQJHURXVÀ\LQJDQLPDO´ 6RPHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
clearly associated the word with konduktööriRUµ>WUDLQ@FRQGXFWRU ¶ on junassa! ³LW¶VLQWKH
WUDLQ´ DQG onkse se kuka kerää junassa liput! ³LVLWWKHRQHZKRFROOHFWVWLFNHWVRQDWUDLQ´
Two others undoubtedly made an association with gondoliRUµJRQGROD ¶ vene! ³ERDW´ DQG
italiassa kuljetaan niillä! ³LQ ,WDO\ \RX WUDYHO ZLWK WKHP´ DQG \HW RWKHU WZR DVVRFLDWHG
WKH ZRUG ZLWK D SkWLVVHULH RU FRQIHFWLRQHU\ VKRS leipomo! ³EDNHU\´ DQG konditoria!
³SDVWU\VKRS´ 7KHODWWHULVDQRWKHUORDQZRUGLQ)LQQLVKWKLVWLPHIURP$UDELFDQGRU/DWLQ
via Swedish konditori and German Konditorei. Another elementary school student answered
= kondoomi / konduktööri ! ³ FRQGRPFRQGXFWRU´ \HWDQRWKHUVRXQGDVVRFLDWLRQZKLOH
\HWDQRWKHURQHKDG kondorihissi! ³FRQGRUOLIW´ DQDSSDUHQWUHIHUHQFHWRgondolihissi, or
µJRQGROD OLIW¶ )XUWKHUPRUH RQH 3ROLVK VWXGHQW SURYLGHG WKH IROORZLQJ HQLJPDWLF DQVZHU WR
kondor: “My life.”
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe), a camelid native to South America from Central Andes to
3DWDJRQLD derives its name from Quechua wanaku. Spanish guanaco is the source of the word in
other European languages, including the historical variants of English: guanco, guianaco, and
guinaco (17th century), huanaco (17th to 19th c.), guanico and guanaca (18th c.), and guanacho
WKF 2(' GuanacoZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH
$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP,Q)LQODQGRQO\
WZRHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQGQRQHRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWK
the term (spelled guanakoLQ)LQQLVK )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG
eläin joka on sukua laamalle ja alpakalle! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWLVUHODWHGWRWKHOODPDDQGDOSDFD´
kahvi! ³FR൵HH´ DQG keihäs! ³VSHDU´ 2QH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQW UHSOLHG soossia!
(“mash”), a possible reference to guacamoleZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURYLGHG kokapensas!
³FRFDEXVK´ DQG lepakonjäte! ³EDWZDVWH>IHFHV@´ 7KHODWWHULVDQREYLRXVDVVRFLDWLRQZLWK
guano (see below).
Guano, the accumulated excrement, or natural manure, of seabirds and bats has its lexical
origin in Quechua wanu. Spanish guano (variant huano) is the intermediary for other (European)
ODQJXDJHV$V UHJDUGV WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\ WKH WHUP ZDV LGHQWL¿HG E\ RI WKH 0H[LFDQ
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVZKLOHQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
DQGRQO\RIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG caca
de murciélago! caca de murcielago! estiercol! heces de murcielago! la popo de los
murcielagos! popis de mursielago! popo de los murcielagos que contiene enfermedades,
droga! DQG un animal!ZKLOHWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVKDG³EDWSRRS´ ³EDWIHLFHV´>VLF@ DQG
³EDWGXQJ´3URSRVDOVE\WKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG eläin! ³DQLPDO´
kahvi! ³FR൵HH´ soitin! ³>PXVLFDO@LQVWUXPHQW´ DQG guonomarja! ³guono berry”), a
SRVVLEOHDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKJRMLEHUU\2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDOVRVXJJHVWHG hedelmä! ³IUXLW´
a possible confusion with guava)XUWKHUPRUHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG³VRPHWKLQJWRHDW
in Africa.”
148
Harri Kettunen
Llama (Lama glama), a domesticated South American camelid, has its lexical origin in
Quechua llama IURP 3URWR4XHFKXD ݠDPD >(POHQ DQG$GHODDU @ 7KH WHUP ZDV
ZHOONQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\ RYHUDOOUDQNLQJWKDOODUHDVFRPELQHG RIWKH0H[LFDOXSSHU
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH )LQQLVK KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV PDUNHG GRZQ WKH
FRUUHFWDQVZHU$QVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVFKRROVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal parecido
a la alpaca! animal de peru! un animal de origen peruano, y se parece a la alpaca!
un animal peludo y de cuello muy largo! animal hermoso! alpaca, o fuego! animal o
proveniente del fuego! animal parecido al camello! animal peludo! animal q escupe y q
es muy repreentativo de perui y chile! DQG animal que vive en el desierto!)XUWKHUKRPRSKRQ\
in Spanish (besides llama DV µOODPD¶ DQG µÀDPH¶ LQ 6SDQLVK SURGXFHG WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV
(based on Spanish llamarRUµWRFDOO¶ una llama de fuego y de la acción de llamar! accion
de hablarle a alguien por telefono! DQG 3ra persona presente indicativo del verbo llamar!,Q
WKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ)LQODQGlaamaZDVWKH¿IWKEHVWNQRZQHQWU\LQWKHVXUYH\(OHPHQWDU\
school students were quite familiar with the animal, although some divergence could be
GHWHFWHG eläin joka on kuin alpakka tai kameli mutta ilman kyttyrää! ³DQ DQLPDO WKDW LV
OLNHDOSDFDRUDFDPHOEXWZLWKRXWDKXPS´ alpakoille sukua, iso ja pörröinen! ³UHODWHGWR
DOSDFDVODUJHDQGIXUU\´ söpö vähän niinkuin alpakka! ³FXWHDELWOLNHDQDOSDFD´ eläin
jolla on turkki aika pitkä kaula ja vähän niinku hevonen! ³DQDQLPDOZLWKDIXUDUDWKHUORQJ
QHFNDQGDELWOLNHDKRUVH´ kamelin tapainen eläin! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWUHVHPEOHVDFDPHO´
märehtijäeläin! ³UXPLQDQW´ on lampaan näköinen eläin! ³LW¶VDQDQLPDOWKDWORRNVOLNHD
VKHHS´ kuljetus eläin amerikassa! ³DFDUJRWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQLPDOLQ$PHULFD´ DQG eläin,
joka jaksaa kantaa paljon! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWLVDEOHWRFDUU\DORW´ 1XPHURXV)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\
VFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHDOVRYHU\IDPLOLDUZLWKRQHWUDLWRIWKHOODPD sylkemisestään tunnettu
eläin! ³DQDQLPDOIDPRXVIRUVSLWWLQJ´ eläin joka sylkee jos suuttuu! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV
ZKHQDQJU\´ eläin joka räkii jos sitä ärsyttää! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWVZKHQDJJUDYDWHG´
neljä jalkaa sylkee! ³IRXUOHJV>DQG@VSLWV´ räkivä eläin! ³VSLWWLQJDQLPDO´ kuolaava
eläin! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWGURROV´ DQG sylkevä tuittupää (kaunisteltuna)! ³VSLWWLQJKRWKHDG
WR SXW LW QLFHO\ ´ 2WKHU GHVFULSWLRQV E\ WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQFOXGHG aasin ja
hevosen lapsi! ³DFKLOGRIDGRQNH\DQGDKRUVH´ eläin esim. Egyptissä! ³DQDQLPDOHJ
LQ(J\SW´ DQG eläin harvinainen suomessa! ³DQDQLPDO>@UDUHLQ)LQODQG´ )LQQLVKKLJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG vähän niiku lammas! ³DELWOLNHDVKHHS´ eläin. sylkee. tyhmä aasin
näköinen! ³DQLPDOVSLWVVWXSLGORRNVOLNHDGRQNH\´ ruma eläin, kamelin kaltainen! ³DQ
XJO\DQLPDOUHVHPEOHVDFDPHO´ DQG eläin ja sukunimi! ³DQDQLPDODQGDVXUQDPH´ 7KH
VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ 3RODQG SURGXFHG WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV ³0RUH WKDQ RQH DQLPDO´ DQG
³/ODPDLQ0\/LYLQJ5RRP $URQ&KXSD /LWWOH6LV1RUD ´
Pampa XVXDOO\LQSOXUDOµSDPSDV¶LQ(QJOLVK WKHQDPHIRUWKH vast plains of South America
VRXWKRIWKH$PD]RQ±HVSHFLDOO\LQ$UJHQWLQDDQGQHLJKERULQJFRXQWULHV 2(' GHULYHVLWV
name from Quechua pampa, µSODLQ¶ RU µVWHSSH¶ LELG 6RPHZKDW VXUSULVLQJO\ QRQH RI WKH
VWXGHQWVIURP0H[LFRDQGRQO\RQH$ODVNDQDQGWZR )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZZKDWWKHZRUGPHDQV
)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH puuton ja kuiva alue! ³WUHHOHVVDQGGU\
DUHD´ kasvi! ³SODQW´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF pumpu, banba!+LJKVFKRRO
VWXGHQWV DGGHG EHVLGHV WKH RI FRUUHFW DQVZHUV suotyyppi! ³VZDPSPDUVKSHDWODQG
W\SH´ aavikko! ³GHVHUW´ kasvi! ³SODQW´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG espanjalaiseen/
meksik. kulttuuriin liittyvä esine?! ³DQREMHFWWKDWLVUHODWHGWR6SDQLVK0H[LFDQFXOWXUH"´
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
149
Puma (Felis concolor) derives from Quechua pumaZKLOHWKH(QJOLVKµFRXJDU¶SUREDEO\
originates in Tupi susua’rana that is frequently connected to the concept “similar to deer.”
Another possible source is the related Guarani guasu (wasu) ara. Note also that in modern
Guarani guasu PHDQV ERWK µODUJH JUHDW¶ 6S grande DQG µGHHU¶ 6S ciervo /XVWLJ DQG
5DPtUH] 3XPD ZDV RQH RI WKH PRVW ZHOONQRZQ WHUPV LQ WKH VXUYH\ RYHUDOO UDQNLQJ
WK )DPLOLDULW\LQ0H[LFRZDV $ODVND)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVDQG)LQQLVK
KLJKVFKRROV $VLQWKHVXUYH\LQJHQHUDORQHKDVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHHUURUPDUJLQDQG
WKHIDFWWKDWVRPHVWXGHQWVPLJKWKDYHOHIWVRPHTXHVWLRQVXQDQVZHUHGHYHQLIWKH\NQHZWKH
WHUP$OVRZKDWLVLQWHUHVWLQJUHJDUGLQJWKHPDQ\GHVFULSWLRQVRISXPDLQWKHVXUYH\LQ$ODVND
DQG)LQODQGLVWKDWTXLWHDIHZVWXGHQWVGHVFULEHGWKHDQLPDODVEHLQJEODFN$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUH
QREODFNSXPDVFRXJDUVWKHWHUP³EODFNSDQWKHU´LVTXLWHZLGHVSUHDGDQGPD\KDYHFRQIXVHG
VRPH RI WKH VWXGHQWV 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV SURYLGHG XV ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV animal
felino! animal feroz! felino salvaje! animal mamifero felino! animal parecido a un
gato! animal que se parece al tigre! felino mediano! felino grande! DQG marca de
ropa deportiva!)XUWKHUPRUHWKHIROORZLQJLVDJLYHDZD\DVWRWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHPDMRUSDUW
RIWKHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFR animal felino representativo de la UNAM!7KH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶
DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ ³DFDWLVEODFNZLOGDQLPDOKXJH´ ³W\SHRIWLJHUDQLPDO´
³IDVWDQLPDO´ ³DODUJHEODFNFDWWKDWLVPRUHDJUHVVLYH>VLF@´ ³DEODFNODUJ>VLF@MXQJOHFDW´ ³D
MXQJOHFDWDOOEODFN´ DQG³DQDQLPDOIRXQGLQ$IULFD´
,Q WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ )LQODQG puuma98 ZDV WKH WKLUG EHVW NQRZQ HQWU\
(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH kissa peto pohjois-amerikassa! ³IHOLQHSUHGDWRU
LQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ DQG taas kissaeläin! ³DQRWKHUIHOLQH´ )XUWKHUPRUHPDQ\HOHPHQWDU\
school students associated puumaPRVWOLNHO\ZLWKEODFNSDQWKHUV iso kissa eläin ja musta!
³ODUJH IHOLQH DQG EODFN´ musta kisaeläin! ³EODFN IHOLQH´ DQG musta saalistajaeläin!
³EODFN SUHGDWRU\ DQLPDO´ 2WKHU GHVFULSWLRQV LQFOXGH tiikerin tapanen! ³OLNH D WLJHU´
pantteri/eläin! ³SDQWKHUDQLPDO´ vaarallinen kissaeläin! ³GDQJHURXVIHOLQH´ DQGTXLWH
FRUUHFWO\ toiseksi nopein kissa eläin! (“second fastest feline”). Many elementary school
students made a connection between puumaDQG3XPD laukun merkki ja eläin! ³EDJEUDQG
DQGDQDQLPDO´ DQG puuma on vaatemerkki ja vaarallinen eläin! ³3XPDLVDFORWKLQJEUDQG
DQGDGDQJHURXVDQLPDO´ 2QHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWNQHZWKDWpuuma means something
HOVHEHVLGHVWKHDQLPDODQGWKHEUDQG puumanainen! ³FRXJDU ZRPDQ ´ DQGRQHDQVZHUHG
minä! ³,´ $OVRKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHTXLWHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHVODQJZRUGFRQQRWDWLRQ
kissa tai nainen! ³FDW RU D ZRPDQ´ eläin tai vanha nuoria miehiä “pyydystävä”
naishenkilö! ³DQDQLPDORUDQROGIHPDOHSHUVRQZKR³KXQWV´\RXQJPHQ´ eläin tai nainen
joka on kiinnostu nuorista miehista! ³DQDQLPDORUDZRPDQZKRLVLQWHUHVWHGLQ\RXQJPHQ´
eläin / nainen jolla on nuorempi mies! ³DQDQLPDODZRPDQZKRKDVD\RXQJHUPDQ´ DQG
¿QDOO\ eläin, n. 40v. nainen! ³DQDQLPDOFD\HDUROGZRPDQ´
Quinine (Sp. quinina chinchona) or (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8YLQ\OTXLQXFOLGLQ\O PHWKDQRO HWKHQ\OD]DELF\FOR>@RFW\O PHWKR[\TXLQROLQ
\O PHWKDQROLVDQLPSRUWDQWDONDORLG &20H24N222) used as a medication to primarily prevent
DQGWUHDWPDODULD 1HZ:RUOG(QF\FORSHGLDFRQWULEXWRUV³4XLQLQH´ 2(' 7KHVRXUFH
RITXLQLQHLVLQWKHEDUNRIYDULRXVVSHFLHVRIFLQFKRQDWUHHV,Q4XHFKXDWKHEDUNRIWKHWUHHLV
)LQQLVK UHFHLYHG WKH ZRUG SRVVLEO\ YLD (QJOLVK LQ WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ (DUO\ )LQQLVK YDULDQWV
also included amerikanleijona (“American lion”), kugaari (“cougar”), and hopealeijona (“silver lion”)
+lNNLQHQ
98
150
Harri Kettunen
called kina or kinakina, the source of quinine and kiniini (New World Encyclopedia contributors,
³4XLQLQH´ 7KHZRUGZDVDOOEXWXQNQRZQWRVWXGHQWVWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\ QRQHRIWKH
0H[LFDQ$ODVNDQRU)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPH[FHSWWKDWRQH0H[LFDQDQGRQH)LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG medicamento! lääke! ³PHGLFLQH´ DQGRQH)LQQLVK
high school student answered <kuulostaa joltakin kuorelta! ³VRXQGV OLNH VRPH EDUNVKHOO
ZUDS´ 3URSRVDOV E\ 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV LQFOXGHG barco! DQG semilla! ZKLOH RQH )LQQLVK
KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVXJJHVWHG joku mauste> ³VRPH>NLQGRI@VSLFH´
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a grain crop that is cultivated in the Andes for its edible
IDULQDFHRXVVHHGV 2(' 7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVLQ4XHFKXDkinwa IURP3URWR4XHFKXD NLQZD
>(POHQDQG$GHODDU @ Acquaintance with the word kvinoa varied a lot among students
RIGL൵HUHQWDUHDVDQGOHYHOV:KLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQDQG RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVZHUH
IDPLOLDUZLWKWKHWHUPRQO\RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJK
VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKH ZRUG $QVZHUV IURP 0H[LFR LQFOXGHG semilla! condimento!
planta! fruto! lancha! DQG un barco!ZKLOHWKHDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³EDE\
ULFH´DQG³DUHSODFHPHQWIRUULFH´,Q)LQODQGHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG
riisin tapainen, pahan makuinen! ³OLNH ULFH WDVWHV EDG´ pahaa vähän riisin tapaista!
³ULFHOLNH >EXW@ EDG WDVWLQJ´ DQG semmonen “riisin” tapanen mut terveellisempi! ³OLNH
³ULFH´EXWKHDOWKLHU´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG EHVLGHVFRUUHFWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV hedelmä!
³IUXLW´ mauste! ³VSLFH´ DQG kastike! ³VDXFH´ ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVR൵HUHGEHVLGHV
WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI FRUUHFW DQVZHUV perunantapainen ruoka-aine! ³SRWDWROLNH IRRGVWX൵´
hedelmä! ³IUXLW´ marja! ³EHUU\´ DQG pieni laama eläin! ³D VPDOO OODPDDQLPDO
>6RXWK$PHULFDQFDPHOLG@´
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), the other South American wild camelid besides guanaco, derives
lexically from Quechua wik’uña 9LNXxDSD VRVWHQLEOH PDQHMRQ DOOLQ NDZVDNX\QLQSDTZDQ
PDQHMRPSD PDQXDO 7KH WHUP ZDV SRRUO\ NQRZQ WKURXJKRXW WKH VXUYH\ 1RQH RI WKH
$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP ZKLOH RQO\ RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH
)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWNQHZWKHWHUP%DVHG
on the descriptions, some elementary school students associated the word with three similarVRXQGLQJ )LQQLVK ZRUGV viikuna! µ¿J¶ vinkuja! µZKLQHU¶ DQG vinkua! µVTXHDN
VTXHDO¶ sellain joka vinkuu kaikkea! ³VRPHRQH ZKR QDJVLQVLVWV HYHU\WKLQJ´ se haluu
kaikkee! ³ZDQWV HYHU\WKLQJ´ inisiä! ³ZKLQHU´ vinkuu kimee ääni! ³VTXHDNV KLJK
SLWFKHGYRLFH´ hedelmä! ³IUXLW´>VL[DQVZHUV@ viikuna! ³¿J´ DQG puu! ³WUHH´ 2QH
VWXGHQWDOVRDQVZHUHG lintu! ³ELUG´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDG kasvi/
hedelmä! ³SODQW IUXLW´ DQG viikunan toinen nimi! ³DQRWKHUQDPHIRU¿J´ $QVZHUV IURP
0H[LFR LQFOXGHG hijo de la llama! DQG herramienta! ZKLOH LQ WKH VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ
3RODQGwikunia was connected to a personal name, based on these answers: “diminutive of the
QDPH:LNWRULD´DQG³IULHQG´
LOANWORDS FROM TUPIAN LANGUAGES
/RDQZRUGVIURP7XSLDQDUHQXPHURXVLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG$VLVWKH
case of other indigenous languages of the Americas, these words are primarily names of animals
RU SODQWV &RPPRQ ZRUGV IURP 7XSLDQ LQ GL൵HUHQW ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH ananas µSLQHDSSOH¶
cashew, cayenne (pepper), jaguar, manioc, tapioca, tapir, and toucan. Infrequent loanwords
include agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), ara (Ara spp.), coati (Nasua spp.), guarana (Paullinia
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
151
cupana), jacaranda (Bignoniaceae spp.), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), margay
(Leopardus wiedii), (castaña de) ParáRUµ%UD]LOQXW¶ Bertholletia excelsa), petunia (Petunia
spp.), and piranha (Serrasalmidae spp.). Guarana HVSHFLDOO\ DV DQ LQJUHGLHQW LQ VRIW GULQNV
DQGHQHUJ\GULQNV LVSUREDEO\WKHPRVWIDPLOLDUZRUGLQWKHODWWHUOLVW HVSHFLDOO\DPRQJIRUWKH
\RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQ DOWKRXJKDWOHDVWLQWKHORDQZRUGVWXG\FDUULHGRXWLQ3RODQGRQHVWXGHQW
made the connection to a fruit, based on the following answer: guarana: “fruit, smells very
PXFKOLNHDGHDGERG\´
Agouti (Sp. agutí )U DJRXWL >Dasyprocta spp.]) GHULYHV IURP 2OG7XSL akuti by way of
Spanish agutí. $VUHJDUGVWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV
RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZ
that aguti DJRXWL LVDQDQLPDO6RPH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHWHUP
with akuuttiRUHPHUJHQF\URRP (5 RIDKRVSLWDO(QWULHVIURPWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH
WKHIROORZLQJ sairaala! ³KRVSLWDO´ hätäinen tapaus tai sellainen “akuutti” ?! ³HPHUJHQF\
FDVHRUNLQGRI³DFXWH´"´ se on terveys asemalla oleva paikka! ³LWLVDSODFHDWWKHKHDOWK
FOLQLF´ joku lääkäri juttu! ³VRPHNLQGRI>PHGLFDO@GRFWRUWKLQJ´ lääke(kauppa) sielt
voi hakee lääkkeitä! ³GUXJ VWRUH \RXFDQJHWGUXJVIURPWKHUH´ 2WKHUHQWULHVLQFOXGH joku
lisko! ³VRPHNLQGRIDOL]DUG´ soitin! ³PXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQW´ DQG pieni vihreä mies! ³D
little green man”). Besides a few correct answers, some of the Mexican students also suggested
agua! una bebida! DQG fruta!
Ananas ‘pineapple’ (Ananas comosus). The origin of the pineapple (the plant) is in southern
%UD]LODQG3DUDJXD\ZKLOHWKHZRUGµDQDQDV¶RULJLQDWHVLQ2OG7XSLDQVSRNHQLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ
Brazil. The form in Tupian is nanas7KH¿UVWDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHZRUGLVLQWKHWUHDWLVHE\
André de Thevet (1516–1590) titled Les singularitez de la France Antarctique (“Singularities of
)UDQFH$QWDUFWLTXH´ 7KLVYROXPHDOVRLQWURGXFHVZRUGVDQGFRQFHSWVVXFKDVµPDFDZ¶µVORWK¶
µWDSLU¶ µPDQLRF¶ µSHDQXW¶ DQG µWREDFFR¶ ,Q KLV ERRN 7KHYHW XVHV WKH IRUP nana, probably
PLVWDNLQJWKHRULJLQDO7XSLDQ¿QDO-sIRUDSOXUDOPDUNHU 0XUUD\9RO, ,WLVDOVR
ZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWµD¶LVWKHVLQJXODUIHPLQLQHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLQ3RUWXJXHVH±KHQFHSUREDEO\
the confusion between nana, nanas, anana, and ananas)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWDV
most European languages have ananas for pineapple (save Spanish and English), Brazilian
3RUWXJXHVHKDVabacaxi±DZRUGDOVRRULJLQDWLQJIURP2OG7XSL ibakatí ,Q)LQQLVKWKHZRUG
µDQDQDV¶LV¿UVWDWWHVWHGLQ'DQLHO(XURSDHXV¶VGLFWLRQDU\ +lNNLQHQ LQWKHIRUP
ananas-omena (“pineapple-apple”)99. Due to the fact that ananas was considered as part of
VWDQGDUG)LQQLVKYRFDEXODU\WKHWHUPZDVOHIWRXWIURPWKHLQLWLDOORDQZRUGVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG
+RZHYHU LW DSSHDUHG LQ WKH VXUYH\V FDUULHG RXW LQ 0H[LFR DQG 3RODQG 'XH WR WKH IDFW WKDW
WKHFRPPRQWHUPLQ6SDQLVKLVSLxDRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUG
+RZHYHUVRPHRIWKHPNQHZWKDWWKHWHUPLVLQXVHLQ$UJHQWLQDDQG*HUPDQ \ piñas en
Argentina! piña en aleman!
Cashew 3RUW acaju (Anacardium occidentale GHULYHV IURP 2OG 7XSL acajú via the
3RUWXJXHVHQDPHRIWKHFDVKHZWUHHIUXLWacaju ~ caju. English had, before the current cashew
form, casheu (18th century), as well as cashoe and caju WKF 2(' Cashew was rather
ZHOONQRZQDPRQJWKH$ODVNDQDQG)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKHZRUGZDV³QDWXUDOL]HG´LQWR)LQQLVK±DVWKHLQÀHFWHGIRUPVLQ)LQQLVKGRQRW
IROORZWKHW\SLFDOLQÀHFWLRQRI QHZ ORDQZRUGVEXWUDWKHUWKHLQÀHFWHGIRUPVRIQDWLYH)LQQLVKZRUGV
+HQFHWKHDFFXVDWLYHDQGJHQLWLYHIRUPRISLQHDSSOHLQ)LQQLVKLVananaksen rather than *ananasin.
99
152
Harri Kettunen
DQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP100.
2QH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQW GHVFULEHG WKH QXW RU DFWXDOO\ WKH VHHG DV cashewpähkinät ovat hyviä ja kuunsirpin muotoisia! ³FDVKHZQXWVDUHWDVW\DQGVKDSHGOLNHDPRRQ
FUHVFHQW´ $QRWKHUGHVFULEHGLWDV pähkinä vaalea kikkura dinosauruksen kynnen näköinen!
³QXWOLJKWFRORUHGFXUOHGORRNVOLNHDGLQRVDXUFODZ´ 2QHDQVZHUIURPDKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW
ZDVDQHQLJPDWLF jenkkijuttu! ³$PHULFDQ>UHIHUULQJWRWKH86$@WKLQJ´
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum >YDULHW\@ RULJLQDWHV LQ 2OG 7XSL kyinha or
kyiha ~ kuyinha 2(' 6LMV DOWKRXJKYDULRXVVRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ:LNLSHGLD VWDWHWKDWLWLV
QDPHGDIWHUWKHFLW\RI&D\HQQHLQ)UHQFK*XLDQD(QJOLVKKDGcayan, kayan, kian, kyan, chian,
and chyan in the 18th century before cementing the form cayenne 2(' ,Q WKH ORDQZRUG
VXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKH
KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH pippuri, jota
ei kannata laittaa paljon! ³DSHSSHUWKDW\RXVKRXOGQ¶WSXWWRRPXFK>LQWR\RXUIRRG@´ DQG
tulinen mauste. asteekolla 30 000! ³KRWVSLFHRQWKHVFDOHRI´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH
kastike! ³VDXFH´ tuotemalli! ³SURGXFW PRGHO´ DQG soitin! ³>PXVLFDO@ LQVWUXPHQW´
6RPH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKDW FD\HQQH LH &D\HQQH LV DOVR D FDU
auto! ³FDU´ automerkki tai kukka! ³FDUPRGHORUDÀRZHU´ DQG porche! ³3RUVFKH´
)XUWKHUPRUH RQH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQW DVVRFLDWHG LW ZLWK LQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQ SHRSOH
intiaaniheimo! ³,QGLDQ>1DWLYH$PHULFDQ@WULEH´ DOLNHO\DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH&KH\HQQH
+LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG pippurilaji! ³SHSSHUVSHFLHVYDULHW\´ intialainen
mauste! ³,QGLDQ>IURP,QGLD@VSLFH´ DQG vahva tulinen mauste ja intiaaniryhmä! ³DKRW
spice and an Indian group”). Similar to a couple of elementary school student answers, quite a
IHZKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDW&D\HQQHLVDOVRDFDUPRGHO pippuri / myös auto malli!
³SHSSHU DOVR FDU PRGHO´ DQG Porschen katumaasturimalli tai mauste! ³3RUVFKH¶V 689
model or a spice”).
Jaguar (Panthera onca GHULYHV IURP WKH H[WLQFW 2OG7XSL ODQJXDJH7KH H[DFW RULJLQDO
IRUPLVREVFXUHGE\GL൵HUHQWRUWKRJUDSKLHVSURGXFLQJSRWHQWLDOIRUPVVXFKDV yawa, jawar, and
îagûara2ULJLQDOO\WKHZRUGPD\KDYHLPSOLHGDQ\FDUQLYRURXVEHDVWV QRWHDOVRWKHPRGHUQ
Guarani terms jagua hete guasetéva and jagua ro’ypegua that refer to bears, as well as mbói
jagua that is glossed in Spanish as dragónLQWKH/XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] *XDUDQLGLFWLRQDU\
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHZRUGZDVH[WHQGHGWRGRJVDIWHUWKHFRQTXHVW 2(' 7KLVLVDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQ
modern Guarani where dog is jagua and jaguar is jaguarete 'LFFLRQDULR*XDUDQL /XVWLJ
DQG5DPtUH] 7KHVDPHSDWWHUQLVLQ7XSLZKHUHVRPHRIWKH2OG:RUOGDQLPDOVUHFHLYHG
local names and the native animals received an -eté augmentative, with the general meaning of
µWUXH¶RUµUHDO¶ 2(' &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHZRUGIRUMDJXDULQ7XSLEHFDPHjaguareté, the “real
MDJXDU´ 7KH ZRUG WUDYHOHG IURP 3RUWXJXHVH jaguar to other European languages, including
English jaguar>LQWKHWKFHQWXU\DOVRiaguar and in the 18th century jaguara 2(' @DQG
)LQQLVKjaguaariDWWHVWHGDWOHDVWE\ +lNNLQHQ %HVLGHVWKHHW\PRORJ\RIMDJXDULWV
VFLHQWL¿FQDPHLVRILQWHUHVWPanthera obviously refers to the Panthera genus, while the word
oncaRULJLQDWHVLQ3RUWXJXHVHonça (cognate of English ounce>DQROGQDPHIRUWKH(XURSHDQ
O\Q[DQGIRUVQRZOHRSDUG@ ,Q3RUWXJXHVHonça can refer to onça-pintada (Panthera onca),
µMDJXDU¶ RU onça-parda (Puma concolor µFRXJDU SXPD¶ 8OWLPDWHO\ WKH ZRUG GHULYHV IURP
/DWLQlynx, lyncemZLWKWKH¿UVWOHWWHUPLVWDNHQIRUDGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH FRPSDUHWR2OG)UHQFK
l’once 2('
,Q)LQQLVKWKHZRUGLVDODWHFRPHUSRVVLEO\IURPWKHODWWHUSDUWRIWKHWKFHQWXU\
100
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
153
Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of students in the surveys were familiar with the term,
although there was some uncertainty as to the exact appearance of the animal. Answers from
$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG ³DEODFNZLOGFDWVLPLODUWRDFRXJDU´ ³W\SHRIWLJHUDQLPDO´ ³D
EODFNFDW´ ³EODFNIHOLQH´ ³IDVWHVWDQLPDO´ ³DYHU\IDVWEODFNFDW´ DQG³FDUEUDQG´0H[LFDQ
VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal de color amarillo con manchas negras!; <un
animal con puntos! un felino con manchas de origen mexicano! animal que es parecido a un
tigre! animal depredador! animal salvaje quie vive en las montañas! DQG animal tipico
de mexico! )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH täplikäs iso kissa eläin!
³VSRWWHGELJIHOLQH´ kissapeto etelä-amerikassa! ³IHOLQHEHDVWRISUH\LQ6RXWK$PHULFD´
leopardin näköinen kissapeto! ³IHOLQHEHDVWRISUH\WKDWUHVHPEOHVDOHRSDUG´ eläimenä
se on pilkullinen pantteri! ³DVDQDQLPDOLW¶VDVSRWWHGSDQWKHU´ puuman tapanen! ³OLNHD
SXPD´ suunnilleen leopardi! ³URXJKO\DOHRSDUG´ tiikerin tapainen eläin! ³DQDQLPDO
WKDW UHVHPEOHV D WLJHU´ DQG saalistajaeläin! ³SUHGDWRU´ 2WKHU GHVFULSWLRQV RI MDJXDDUL
PLJKW UHIHU WR RWKHU VSHFLHV LQFOXGLQJ musta kissapeto! ³EODFN IHOLQH EHDVW RI SUH\´ ± D
SUREDEOHUHIHUHQFHWRDEODFNSDQWKHUWKDWFDQKRZHYHUUHIHUWRDQ\PHODQLVWLFFRORUYDULDQWRI
DQ\3DQWKHUDVSHFLHVLQFOXGLQJEODFNMDJXDUV Nopea eläin! ³IDVWDQLPDO´ DQG se on auton
merkki ja se on nopea eläin maalla! ³LW¶VDFDUEUDQGDQGLW¶VDIDVWDQLPDORQODQG´ SUREDEO\
UHIHUWRDFKHHWDK )LQQLVKgepardi UDWKHUWKDQDMDJXDU)XUWKHUPRUHVRPHDVVRFLDWHGjaguaari
ZLWK \HW RWKHU DQLPDOV gorillan tapainen eläin! ³DQ DQLPDO WKDW UHVHPEOHV D JRULOOD´
amatsonissa asuva apinan näkönen! ³>DQ DQLPDO@ OLYLQJ LQ $PD]RQLD WKDW UHVHPEOHV D
PRQNH\´ matelia! ³UHSWLOH´ DQG lisko! ³OL]DUG´ 7KHODVWWZRDUHSUREDEOHFRQIXVLRQV
with words such as leguaani µ,JXDQLGDH¶ DQG varaani µ9DUDQLGDH¶ $V DOUHDG\ LQGLFDWHG
above, quite a few students associated jaguaariDOVRZLWKDFDU$QVZHUVLQFOXGH jaguaari on
auton merkki mutta myös eläin> (“jaguar is a car brand but also an animal”). Similarly, some
VWXGHQWVLQ3RODQGDQVZHUHG³FDUEUDQG´
Jaguarundi (Sp. yaguarundí >Puma yagouaroundi]), a feline species native to Central and
6RXWK$PHULFDGHULYHVLWVQDPHIURP2OG7XSL yawaum’di )HUUHLUD Jaguarundi was
RQHWKHOHDVWNQRZQZRUGVLQWKHVXUYH\2QO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH)LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG QRQH RI WKH )LQQLVK RU$ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ
WKHWHUP)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ auto! ³FDU´ rata!
³>UDFH"@WUDFN´ DQG rundi! ³DURXQG´ ±DVODQJZRUG QRXQ IRUµDURXQG¶ DVLQDUDFH
ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURSRVHG jaguaarin ja jonkun sekoitus! ³DPL[WXUHRIDMDJXDUDQG
VRPHWKLQJHOVH´ DQG kukkakasvi?! ³ÀRZHULQJSODQW"´ 7KHODWWHULVDOLNHO\FRQIXVLRQZLWK
the word jakaranda µ-DFDUDQGD¶ DQRWKHU ORDQZRUG IURP 7XSLDQ PHDQLQJ µIUDJUDQW¶ 7KH
VXUYH\PDGHLQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV ³W\SHRIQRRGOHV´DQG³\RJKXUW´
Manioc (Sp. var. mandioca >Manihot esculenta]) GHULYHV IURP 2OG 7XSL mani’ok, Tupi
mãdi’og )HUUHLUD DQG *XDUDQL mandi’o /XVWLJ DQG 5DPtUH] 3RUWXJXHVH KDV
mandioca, as well as aipi, aipim, castelinha, macaxeira, maniva, maniveira, pão-de-pobre,
and uaipi. Spanish has mandioca, as well as aipim, casava, casabe, guacamota, tapioca, and
yuca, and English, besides manioc, also cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, and tapioca. Historically
English has had manihot (16th to 19th centuries), manyot, magniot, and mandihoca (17th c.)
mandioc, manioc (17th c. onwards), manyoc and mandioque (17th c.), mandioca (17th and 19th
c.), maniock (18th c.), and magnoc and manioc(c)a WKF 2(' 0DQLRFmandioca, and
maniokki ZHUH SRRUO\ NQRZQ DPRQJ WKH VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ WKH VXUYH\ 1RQH RI WKH$ODVNDQ
KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQXSSHUHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKH
154
Harri Kettunen
WHUP2QHUHDVRQIRUWKHORZSHUFHQWDJHVLVWKHIDFWWKDWManihot esculenta has various names in
GL൵HUHQWDUHDV±VRPHPRUHFRPPRQWKDQRWKHUV HJcassava and maniocLQ(QJOLVK casabe,
casava, guacamota, lumu, mandioca, and yuca in Spanish, and maniokki, kassava, and tapioka
LQ )LQQLVK )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG Afrikkalaisten peruna!
³SRWDWRRIWKH$IULFDQV´ DQG rahaa! ³PRQH\´
Petunia (PetuniaVSS LVDJHQXVRIÀRZHULQJSODQWV IDPLO\6RODQDFH FORVHO\UHODWHG
WR FKLOL SHSSHUV SRWDWRHV WREDFFR DQG WRPDWRHV 3ODQWV 'DWDEDVH 7KH ZRUG PRVW
OLNHO\GHULYHVYLD3RUWXJXHVHpetum from Tupian petun ~ petyn. Interestingly, Guarani has petÿ
IRUµWREDFFR¶ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] 3HWXQLDZDVUDWKHUZHOONQRZQDPRQJDOOVWXGHQWV
LQ WKH VXUYH\ RI WKH$ODVNDQ DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQV VWXGHQWV DQG RI )LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP0RVWRIWKH)LQQLVK
VWXGHQWV DQVZHUHG kukka! RU µÀRZHU¶ +RZHYHU WZR HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQVZHUHG
perunalaji> ³SRWDWRYDULHW\´ DQG perunalaji / kukka! ³SRWDWRYDULHW\ÀRZHU´ ±PDNLQJ
DFRQQHFWLRQ SUREDEO\XQNQRZLQJO\ EHWZHHQSRWDWRHVDQGSHWXQLDDVWKH\ERWKEHORQJWRWKH
6RODQDFHDHIDPLO\RIÀRZHULQJSODQWV)XUWKHUPRUHRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG kukka
(mamman poika)! ³ÀRZHU PDPD¶VER\ ´ 6LPLODUO\RQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG
kukkalaji ja nimi! ³DÀRZHUVSHFLHVDQGDQDPH´ DQGRQHMXVW nimi! ³QDPH´ ±DQDSSDUHQW
UHIHUHQFHWR3HWXQLD'XUVOH\WKHDXQWRI+DUU\3RWWHU 2WVR.HWWXQHQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
7KLV ZDV ODWHU VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH VXUYH\ GRQH LQ 3RODQG ZLWK DQVZHUV VXFK DV ³+DUU\
3RWWHU¶V$XQW´DQG³5DQGRP*UDQGPD´
Piranha 3RUW SLUDQKD 6S piraña >Serrasalmidae spp.]) derives from Tupian pira nya,
pira’ya, or a related word. PiraLVDJHQHULFQDPHIRU¿VKLQ7XSLDQODQJXDJHVDQGWKHODWWHUSDUW
PD\UHIHUWRWHHWK2('KDVµVFLVVRUV¶ EHVLGHVWKH¿VKLWVHOI IRUpi’ra nya and pi’raya. Guarani
provides pira aña and pira râiIRU³SLUDxD SH]GHOGLDEOR ´ ³SLUDQKD GHYLO¶V¿VK ´ /XVWLJDQG
Ramírez 1996). 3LUDQKDZDVYHU\ZHOONQRZQE\DOOVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\ RIWKH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWV RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV HOHPHQWDU\
KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ NQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG ³D¿VKWKDW
ZLOOELWHSHRSOH´ ³DQHYLOFDUQLYRURXV¿VK´ ³YLVFLRXV¿VK´ DQG³SV\FKR¿VK´$QVZHUVIURP
0H[LFRLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal acuatico carnivoro! animal marino letal! animal
que devora todo! pez con dientes! pez no muy grande amazonico! una animal marino
feo! DQG un pez canibal!,QWKHVDPHYHLQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZWKDW
piraijaLVD kala joka elää Amazonilla ja syö lihaa! ³D¿VKWKDWOLYHVLQWKH$PD]RQDQGHDWV
PHDW´ agressiivinen amazon joessa asuva kala! ³DQDJJUHVVLYH¿VKWKDWOLYHVLQWKH$PD]RQ
5LYHU´ syö hetkessä vaikka ihmisen! ³>LW@HDWVHYHQDKXPDQEHLQJLQDQLQVWDQW´ kala
jolla on terävät hampaat ja joka puree ihmisiä! ³D¿VKWKDWKDVVKDUSWHHWKDQGELWHVSHRSOH´
kala joka on lihan syöjä hyökkää ihmiseen! ³D ¿VK WKDW LV FDUQLYRURXV DWWDFNV SHRSOH´
ihmis syöjä kala! ³PDQHDWLQJ ¿VK´ kala, hyvin vaarallinen! ³¿VK YHU\ GDQJHURXV´
vaarallinen kana! ³GDQJHURXVFKLFNHQ´>kalaµ¿VK¶FOHDUO\PLVVSHOOHGDVkanaµFKLFNHQ¶@
DQG torahampainen petokala! ³DSUHGDWRU\¿VKZLWKIDQJV´ )XUWKHUPRUH one elementary
VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG se on merimies! ³LW¶VDVDLORU´ RQH piraatti! ³SLUDWH´ DQGIRXU
DQVZHUHG merirosvo! ³SLUDWH´ ±FOHDUDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKWKHZRUGµSLUDWH¶
Tapir (Tapirus spp.) is an odd-toed ungulate native to South and Central America and
6RXWKHDVWHUQ$VLD,WLVUHODWHGWRGRQNH\VKRUVHV]HEUDVDQGUKLQRV 76* 7KHZRUG
RULJLQDWHVLQ2OG7XSLtapi’ira+RZHYHUOLNHLQWKHFDVHRIWKHMDJXDUWKHWDSLULVQRZDGD\V
usually called tapira-eté RU ³WUXHUHDO WDSLU´ DV ZHOO DV tapir-ussu ³JUHDW WDSLU´ WR PDNH D
GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHQDWLYHDQLPDODQG2OG:RUOGFDWWOHWRZKLFKWKHVDPHQDPHZDVJLYHQ
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
155
E\WKH7XSLDQVSHDNHUVRI%UD]LO 2(' +RZHYHUPRGHUQ*XDUDQLKDVtapi’i for tapir and vaka
6SDQLVKORDQZRUG IRUFRZ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] )XUWKHUPRUHLWLVQRWHZRUWK\WKDWWKH
two most emblematic Brazilian animals, jaguar and tapir, are called onça and anta, respectively,
LQ%UD]LOLDQ3RUWXJXHVH±UDWKHUWKDQE\WKHLU7XSLGHULYHGQDPHV)DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHZRUG
tapirYDULHGFRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\V RQO\ RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HG
WKHWHUPZKLOHWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQ)LQODQGZDV HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV DQG KLJKVFKRROV
,Q FRQWUDVW WKH ¿JXUH ZDV LQ 0H[LFDQ VFKRROV101. Answers from the Mexican students
LQFOXGH animal que parece cerdo con nariz! un animal con un osico alargado! un tipo de
puerco! animal con trompa! animal como cerdito chiquito! un animal pequeño! DQG
tapete!,QFRQWUDVWDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³DQDQWHDWHU´DQG³DW\SHRI¿VK´ZKLOH
WKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ kavioeläin etelä amerikassa!
³DQ>RGGWRHG@XQJXODWHLQ6RXWK$PHULFD´ eläin jolla on kärsä! ³DQDQLPDOZLWKDWUXQN´
sorkkaeläin jolla on raitoja! ³DQHYHQWRHGXQJXODWHZLWKVWULSHV´ DQG norsun kaltainen
eläin! ³DQ HOHSKDQWOLNH DQLPDO´ 2QH VWXGHQW GHVFULEHG WKH DQLPDO DV ruma eläin! ³DQ
XJO\ DQLPDO´ DQG DQRWKHU DV harvinainen eläin! ³D UDUH DQLPDO´ 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGH
lintu! ³ELUG´ eläin, aika pieni! ³DQLPDO UDWKHU VPDOO´ eläin/hyönteinen! ³DQLPDO
LQVHFW´ nenä! ³QRVH´ liittyy intiaaneihin! ³KDVWRGRZLWK,QGLDQV´ DQG keskipiste,
ylhäällä, substantiivi! ³FHQWHU SRLQW XS QRXQ´ ± WKH ODVW RQH SUREDEO\ D FRQIXVLRQ ZLWK
the word nadiiri RU µQDGLU¶ WKH RSSRVLWH RI ]HQLWK )XUWKHUPRUH WZR VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG
WKHZRUGZLWKDSUHFLRXVVWRQH timantti! ³GLDPRQG´ DQG joku timantti! ³VRPHNLQGRI
a diamond”), probably due to close resemblance to VD¿LUL µVDSSKLUH¶ RU D FRPELQDWLRQ RI
topaasi µWRSD]¶ DQG VD¿LUL or similar-sounding gemstones. High school students proposed
hassu sorkkaeläin! ³D IXQQ\ HYHQWRHG XQJXODWH´ eläin josta saa hyvää nahkaa! ³DQ
DQLPDOWKDW\LHOGVJRRGOHDWKHU´ apina! ³PRQNH\´ DQG jalokivi! ³JHPVWRQH´ 6WXGHQWV
IURP3RODQGDGGHGWKHIROORZLQJ ³DQDFWLYLW\\RXSHUIRUPZLWK\RXUKDLU´ ³JLYLQJYROXPH´
DQG³3RWDWR0RQNH\´
Tapioca.7KHÀRXURIWKHURRWVRIWKHFDVVDYD Manihot esculenta) plant has its lexical origin
in Tupian WLSL¶yND IURP tipi µUHVLGXH GUHJV¶ og ~ ók ³WR VTXHH]H RXW´ 2(' 7KH ZRUG
LV LGHQWLFDO LQ 6SDQLVK 3RUWXJXHVH DQG (QJOLVK ZLWK WKH ODWWHU KDYLQJ HDUOLHU IRUPV tipioca
(18th to 19th centuries) and tabiaca WKF 2(' )DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHZRUGWDSLRFDYDULHG
FRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHVXUYH\V ZKLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV
NQHZWKHWHUPQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRQO\RIWKHKLJKVFKRRO
VWXGHQWV LQ )LQODQG LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP $QVZHUV IURP $ODVND LQFOXGHG HJ WKH IROORZLQJ
³JHODWLQOLNHVXEVWDQFH´ ³VLPLODUWRULFH´ ³DVXEVWLWXWHIRUZKHDW´ ³SXGGLQJ´ ³EHVWSXGGLQJ
101
The percentage might have been even higher had the term danta or anta (variants of the term tapir
LQYDULRXVUHJLRQVIURP0H[LFRWR6RXWK$PHULFD EHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKHVXUYH\2WKHUUHJLRQDOWHUPVRI
GL൵HUHQWWDSLUVSHFLHVLQFOXGHmboreví (from Guarani mborevi), as well as macho
de monte and sachavaca.
ሔ ᠐
The aforementioned (d)anta possibly derives from Andalucian Arabic ᓀኤᑿመ ᑢ ODPWD )XUWKHUPRUHLQPDQ\
KLJKODQG0D\DQODQJXDJHVWKHQDWLYHWHUPIRUWDSLUKDVEHHQH[WHQGHGWRPHDQµHOHSKDQW¶ DQGODWHUWR
PHDQH[FOXVLYHO\µHOHSKDQW¶>/\OH&DPSEHOOSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@ $QDORJRXVO\LQ<XFDWHFDQ
ODQJXDJHVWKHRULJLQDOWHUPIRUµWDSLU¶tziminQRZPHDQVµKRUVH¶RUµPXOH¶ <XFDWHFDQG/DFDQGRQtzíimin,
,W]D¶DQG0RSDQtzimin ZKLOHWKHWHUPµWDSLU¶LVk’áaxir-tzíimin ³IRUHဧtzíiminKRUVHWDSLU´ LQ/DFDQGRQ
and tzimin che’ (“tree tziminKRUVHWDSLU´ LQ,W]D¶DQG0RSDQ LQ,W]D¶DOVRd’aantoj>DQREYLRXV6SDQLVK
ORDQ@ %ULFNHU +RÀLQJDQG7HVXF~Q +RÀLQJ +RÀLQJ
)XUWKHUPRUH0RSDQKDVtzimin k’ak’ naab’ ³KRUVHVHD´ IRU µVHDKRUVH¶ +RÀLQJ DQG
<XFDWHFKDVtzimin k’áak’ ³KRUVH¿UH´ IRUµWUDLQ¶ %ULFNHU
156
Harri Kettunen
HYHU´ ³VSLFH´ ³DFLUFXODUSDVWD´ DQG³DOLWWOHSHUDO>VLF@EDOOSXWLQVPRRWKLHVSXGGLQJ´ZKLOH
WKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV tuberculo! alimento con forma de
bolitas! bolitas como arroz! bolitas dulces bien ricas! dulce de bolitas (raiz)! raiz
brasileña! las raices de un arbol! sale de las raices y se come de postre! hecha de
yuca! las bolitas de la soda italiana! semilla comestible! una semilla babosa! una
semilla como perla! postre! una fruta! animal? ! DQG no se que es pero me gusta
muco! ,Q WKH VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ )LQODQG RQH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQW NQHZ WKDW \RX
FDQ PDNH D vanukas! ³SXGGLQJ´ RXW RI WDSLRFD 2WKHU VXJJHVWLRQV ZHUH rakennelma!
³VWUXFWXUH´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG hedelmä! IUXLW´ 7ZR XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV KDG UHDG
WKHLU7LQWLQDVWKH\DQVZHUHG kenraali Alcazarin vihollinen! ³*HQHUDO$OFD]DU¶VHQHP\´ DQG
kenraali Tapiocan seuraaja???! ³*HQHUDO7DSLRFD¶VVXFFHVVRU"""´ ,QWKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXW
LQ3RODQGWKHVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDWtapioka refers to the “balls used for bubble tea.”
Toucan 3RUWtucano 6Stucán (Ramphastidae spp.) is a neotropical bird that derives its
name from Tupi tu’kan or tukana>*XDUDQLtukâ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] @7KHZRUGVSUHDG
WR RWKHU (XURSHDQODQJXDJHVPRVWOLNHO\YLD3RUWXJXHVHtucano. In Spanish the word is spelled
tucánDQGLQ)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVKtoucan>LQ(QJOLVKHDUOLHUDOVRtokan and toukan, in the 18th
DQG WKFHQWXULHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ 2(' @,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ RIWKHVWXGHQWVLQ0H[LFR
LQ$ODVNDDQGLQ)LQODQG HOHPHQWDU\DQGKLJKVFKRROVUHVSHFWLYHO\ PDUNHG
GRZQ WKH FRUUHFW DQVZHU$QVZHUV IURP 0H[LFR LQFOXGHG tipo de ave con un gran pico!
animal con pico de colores! ave de muchos colores! pajaro de brasil! DQG pajaro
hablador!ZKLOHWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDGGHG EHVLGHVWKH]RRORJLFDOGHVFULSWLRQV DOVR³6DP
IUXLW ORRSV ELUG ´ DQG ³WKH JX\ RQ IUXLWORRSV´ )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV
LQFOXGH lintu, joka elää sademetsässä! ³DELUGWKDWOLYHVLQWKHUDLQIRUHVW´ DQG papukaija!
³SDUURW´ 2QH DQVZHU ZDV hiusket! PLVVSHOOHG ³KDLU´ ± SUREDEO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH
)LQQLVKZRUGtukka DQRWKHUZRUGIRUµKDLU¶ DQGHVSHFLDOO\LWV¿UVWSHUVRQVLQJXODUSRVVHVVLYH
form tukkani2WKHUSURSRVDOVE\HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQFOXGH käärme! ³VQDNH´ DQG
paikka! ³SODFH´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDOVRVXJJHVWHG intiaaniheimo! ³,QGLDQWULEH´
DQGRQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQW jalokivi! ³JHPVWRQH´
LOANWORDS FROM ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGES
/RDQZRUGVIURP$OJRQTXLDQODQJXDJHVDUHUHODWLYHO\IUHTXHQWLQ1RUWK$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK
DQGVRPHRIWKHPKDYHDOVRPRUHZLGHVSUHDGGLVWULEXWLRQ/RDQZRUGVRULJLQDWLQJLQ$OJRQTXLDQ
languages include eskimo, totem, caribou, opossum, tomahawk, pecan, persimmon, moccasin,
kinkajou, wapiti, and wigwam.
Eskimo )U esquimaux 5X ɷɫɤɢɦɨɫɵ 6S esquimal) There is some controversy as to
WKHRULJLQRIWKHZRUG2('DQGPRVWRWKHUVRXUFHVTXRWH$EQDNLaskimo³HDWHURIUDZÀHVK´
(or related words in related languages). However, recent studies show that the etymology
³VQRZVKRHQHWWHU´LVDQRWKHUSRVVLELOLW\GHULYLQJIURP2MLEZD .DSODQ RU0RQWDJQDLV
(Campbell 2004), D\DVVLPƝZ LQ WKH ODWWHU ODQJXDJH 7KH WHUP ZDV ZHOO NQRZQ WKURXJKW WKH
VXUYH\ RI WKH $ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP
DOWKRXJKFRQVLGHULQJWKHHUURUPDUJLQWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQ$ODVNDRXJKWWREH $ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG³$ODVND1DWLYH´ ³WHUPXVHGIRU$ODVNDQ1DWLYH$PHULFDQV W\SLFDOO\
,QXSLDT ´ ³DQDWLYHSHUVRQVRPHFRQVLGHUWKLVWHUPGHURJDWRU\´ ³KXPDQOLNHDQ\RQHHOVHWKDW
OLYHVDQ\ZKHUHWRGD\´ ³ZKDWZHZKLWHVFDOODQDWLYHDPHULFDQJURXSWKDWOLYHLQ$ODVNDDQG
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
157
QRUWK´ ³QDWLYHOLYLQJLQWKH6RXWKZHVW 1RUWKZHVW>RI$ODVND@´ ³HWKQLFLW\QDWLYHWR$UFWLF
FRDVWRI1RUWK$PHULFD´ ³FROGLQGLDQ´ ³DWULEHRIQDWLYHDODVNDQVZKLFKODWHUEHFDPHDJHQHUDO
WHUP´ ³UDZ PHDW HDWHU´ ³PHDW HDWHU´ ³UDZ ¿VK HDWHU´ DQG ³µ(DWHUV RI UDZ PHDW¶ $ODVND
1DWLYH´$QVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ una tribu de alazka! una persona
que vive en alaska! término despectivo para los inuits! alguien que vive en una zona muy
fria, generalmente en iglus! una persona que vive en el frio y llevan una chamarra muy
grande! persona que vive en el artico! persona del antartico! alguien que vive en la
nieve! alguien que vive en el frio! originario del polo norte habita ahi! alguien que
vive en el polo norte! una persona que vive en los polos! comida (helado) o gente que
vive en lugars muy frios! bebida fría! sandwich de helado! un dulce de helado! un
instrumento de cocina! persona autista! DQG un estilo de vida!,QWHUHVWLQJO\RIWKH
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\FRQVLGHUHGWKDW(VNLPRVOLYHLQWKH1RUWK3ROH
,QWKHVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQ)LQODQGPRVWVWXGHQWV LQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVDQG LQ
KLJKVFKRROV LGHQWL¿HGeskimo102DVSHRSOH0DQ\DOVRLGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUGDVLFHFUHDP±GXH
to the fact that EskimoLVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQEUDQGV RUW\SHV RILFHFUHDPEDUVLQ
)LQODQG$VDPDWWHURIIDFWHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQVZHUHGMXVWjäätelö (ice
FUHDP QRWKLQJHOVH0DQ\RWKHUVDQVZHUHGVRPHWKLQJDERXWHVNLPRDVSHRSOHand ice cream,
VXFKDV eskimo asuu iglussa ja se on myös jäätelö! ³(VNLPROLYHVLQDQLJORRDQGLWLVDOVR
LFHFUHDP´ RQ jäätelö tai tyyppi, joka asuu pohjoisnavalla! ³LWLVLFHFUHDPDQGVRPHERG\
ZKROLYHVLQWKH1RUWK3ROH´ jäätelö tai napapiirillä asuva ihminen! (“ice cream or a person
OLYLQJLQWKH$UFWLF&LUFOH´ jäätelö ja jäätiköllä asuva ihminen! ³LFHFUHDPDQGDSHUVRQ
OLYLQJLQDQLFH¿HOGJODFLHU´ DQG jäätelö, inuitti! ³LFHFUHDP,QXLW´ $VLQWKHFDVHRIWKH
answers from Mexican students (see above), there was a lot of confusion as to the homeland
RIWKH(VNLPR$FFRXQWVLQFOXGH arktinen ihminen! ³DUFWLFSHUVRQ´ napa alueella asuva
ihminen! ³SHUVRQ OLYLQJ LQ WKH SRODU UHJLRQV´ jäässä asuvia ihmisiä! ³SHRSOH OLYLQJ
LQ LFH´ pohjoisnavalla elävä ihminen! ³SHUVRQ OLYLQJ LQ WKH 1RUWK 3ROH´ pohjois- tai
etelänavalla asuva tyyppi! ³VRPHRQH ZKR OLYHV LQ WKH 1RUWK RU 6RXWK 3ROH´ outo tyyppi
joka asuu iglun sisällä! ³D VWUDQJH FKDUDFWHU ZKR OLYHV LQVLGH DQ LJORR´ jäbä joka asuu
kylmässä ilmastossa iglussa! ³GXGHZKROLYHVLQFROGFOLPDWHLQDQLJORR´ jotain jäämiehiä
jotka asuu jossain jäätiköllä! ³VRPHLFHPHQZKROLYHLQVRPHLFH¿HOG´ eskimo on Lapissa
oleva tyyppi! ³(VNLPR LV D SHUVRQ LQ /DSODQG´ asuu islannissa! ³OLYHV LQ ,FHODQG´
eskimo on huppupäinen henkilö! ³(VNLPR LV D KRRGHG SHUVRQ´ semmoi ihminen kellä
on semmoi hieno takki! ³DSHUVRQZKRKDVDFRROMDFNHW´ kylmillä alueilla elävä ihminen,
joka elää luonnon antimilla! ³D SHUVRQ OLYLQJ RXW RI QDWXUH LQ FROG DUHDV´ intiaaneille
sukua oleva kansa Pohjoisessa! ³SHRSOHUHODWHGWR,QGLDQV>OLYLQJ@LQWKH1RUWK´ DQG¿QDOO\
eskimot ovat ihmisiä! ³(VNLPRV DUH KXPDQ EHLQJV´ 0DQ\ )LQQLVK KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV
DVVRFLDWHG(VNLPRZLWKLFHFUHDPDVZHOO2WKHUGHVFULSWLRQVLQFOXGHG nimitys Grönlannin
inuiiteista! ³D GHVLJQDWLRQ RI WKH *UHHQODQG ,QXLW´ napapiirin natiiveja! ³QDWLYHV IURP
WKH$UFWLF&LUFOH´ Alaskan alkuasukas! ³QDWLYHDERULJLQDORI$ODVND´ kylmä hemmo!
³FROGGXGH´ ihminen lapissa! ³DSHUVRQLQ/DSODQG´ DQG asuu napapiirillä iglussa. ei
ehkä enää (ei niin yleistä)! ³OLYHVLQWKH$UFWLF&LUFOHLQDQLJORRPD\EHQRORQJHU QRWVR
commonplace)”).
)LQQLVK UHFHLYHG WKH ZRUG GXULQJ WKH ODWWHU SDUW RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ LQ WKH IRUP eskimot, eskimoet,
eskimoit, and eskimolaiset +lNNLQHQ
102
158
Harri Kettunen
Caribou )Ucaribou 6Scaribú>Rangifer tarandus]) RULJLQDWHVLQWKH0L¶NPDT 0LJPDZ
word qalipu “pawer, scratcher, shoveler” or “the one who paws” (probably from the action
RI NLFNLQJ RU VKRYHOLQJ VQRZ DVLGH WR ¿QG IRRG RQ WKH JURXQG EHORZ VQRZ DQG XOWLPDWHO\
IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ *PDNDāULSL. 7KH ZRUG IRXQG LWV ZD\ IURP$OJRQTXLDQ WR )UHQFK LQ
the 17th century and onwards to English and other languages. The term was, obviously, well
NQRZQ LQ$ODVND EXW UHODWLYHO\ ZHOO NQRZQ DOVR LQ 0H[LFR DQG )LQODQG
RIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV *HRJUDSKLFFXOWXUDO
GL൵HUHQFHV ZHUH TXLWH HYLGHQW EDVHG RQ WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV IURP$ODVND ³PHDW´ ³JRRG
VRXUFHRIPHDW´ DQG³OHJVOLYHVLQWXQGUDJRRGHDWLQJ´2WKHUDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG
³DKRUVHZLWKDQWOHUV´ ³FRXVLQRIWKHPRRVH´ DQG³DPDPPDOWKDWWUDYHOVLQKHDUGV>VLF@LQ
WKHLQWHULRU´,QFRQWUDVW0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVKDGWKHIROORZLQJ una especie de reno! alce!
venado!; parecido a un ciervo! es como un vendao! animal de familia de los renos!
animal que vive en EU y Canadá! un animal que vive en la sabana! un ave! DQG un
lugar!$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQFOXGH Pohjois-amerikassa asuva hirvi
laji! ³GHHUHONPRRVHVSHFLHVWKDWOLYHVLQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ RU poroeläin pohjois amerikassa!
³UHLQGHHUDQLPDO>VSHFLHV@LQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWFKDUDFWHUL]HGNDULEXDV
helvetin iso hirvi! ³DKHOORIDELJGHHUHONPRRVH´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVDWWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
OHYHO LQFOXGHG koira rotu! GRJ EUHHG marja! EHUU\ kasvi! SODQW lehmä! FRZ
DQG maa! ODQGFRXQWU\ ±WKHODWWHUSUREDEO\GXHWRFORVHUHVHPEODQFHWRWKHZRUGKaribia
&DULEEHDQ )XUWKHUPRUHVL[HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVQLQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGIRXU
university students proposed that karibuLVDELUG0RUHRYHURQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWNQHZDOVR
that karibu means “welcome” in Swahili.
Kinkajou (Sp. kinkajú >3RWRV ÀDYXV]). 7KH HW\PRORJ\ RI NLQNDMRX LV TXLWH LQWHUHVWLQJ
the word comes from Algonquian, but the animal itself does not exist in North America. The
$OJRQTXLDQZRUGDFWXDOO\PHDQVµZROYHULQH¶EXWIRUVRPHUHDVRQWKLVZRUGZDVDSSOLHGWRDQ
DQLPDOIRXQGLQWKHWURSLFVIURP0H[LFRWRFHQWUDO6RXWK$PHULFD)URP$OJRQTXLDQWKHZRUG
WUDYHOHGWR)UHQFKLQWKHIRUPquincajou and further to other European languages. The term
ZDVSUDFWLFDOO\XQNQRZQWRDOOVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HG
WKHWHUPZKLOHWZR$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHNLQNDMRXDVDQDQLPDO ZKHUHRIWKHRWKHU
DGGHG ³VXSHU FXWH PDPPDOV´ 6LPLODUO\ RQO\ RQH VFKRRO VWXGHQW RXW RI LQ WKH )LQQLVK
VXUYH\LGHQWL¿HGkinkajuDVDQDQLPDO7KHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ
NLQNDĪX ³EDOOSOD\HU´ ³MRXUQDOLVW´ DQG³&KLQHVHIRRG´
Moccasin )Umocassin 6Smocasín) is a term that derives from an Algonquian language.
However, the exact donor language and original source of moccasin is debatable. Candidates
include 3RZKDWDQmokasin2MLEZHmakizinDQG0tNPDTPѠNXVXQ, all ultimately deriving from
3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ PD[NHVHQL &RVWD 2(' 103. )DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHWHUPmoccasin
YDULHGVRPHZKDWLQWKHVXUYH\DVGLGWKHGHVFULSWLRQVSURYLGHGE\WKHVWXGHQWVRIWKH
$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ
VXUYH\ LQFOXGH ³VOLSSHUV PDGH RI DQLPDO VNLQ WKDW XVXDOO\ KDYH D EHDGHG GHVLJQ´ ³HVNLPR
ERRW´ ³W\SHRIZDUPVRFNV´ DQG³DVPDOOPDPDO´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXV
7KHGDQJHURIWUXVWLQJ:LNLSHGLDDVDSULPDU\VRXUFHIRUHW\PRORJLHVLVZHOOLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKHHQWU\IRU
µPRFFDVLQ¶ZKLFKLQFOXGHGDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJWKLVDUWLFOHWKHIROORZLQJ ³(W\PRORJLFDOO\WKHmoccasin
GHULYHVIURPWKH6FRWWLVK*DHOLFPRFKDVDQPHDQLQJµ0\IHHW¶WKHODWHUZRUGFDPHDERXWDVDUHVXOWRIWKH
GLVSRVVHVVHG+LJKODQG3HRSOHVZKRVHWWOHGQHDUWKHZLOGQDWLYHWULEHV´ DGGLWLRQSXEOLVKHG-XO\WK
and removed September 10th, 2020).
103
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
159
ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ es como un zapato! tipo de zapato! ropa! ¿prenda?! saco!
tipo de pantalon! adorno de la camisa! traje! punta de aguyjeta! tipo de saco!
corbata! creo una medicina! moco! mocos! moquito! DQG moco pequeño!
)LQQLVK UHFHLYHG WKH ZRUG UHODWLYHO\ ODWH E\ E\ PHDQV RI 1RUWK$PHULFDQ ¿FWLRQ
+lNNLQHQ 7KH IDPLOLDULW\ RI WKH ZRUG DPRQJ WKH VWXGHQWV ZDV VRPHZKDW OHVV WKDQ
H[SHFWHG HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV DQG KLJK VFKRROV 0DQ\ VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG
mokkasiini with shoes, but the answers revealed that many of them made the association to
mokkakengät µVXHGH VKRHV¶ RU mokkanahka µVXHGH¶ +RZHYHU VRPH NQHZ WKDW WKH ZRUG
UHIHUV WR intiaanien kenkä! ³VKRH RI WKH ,QGLDQV´ $QVZHUV IURP WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV
LQFOXGH (intiaanien kengän) vaatemateriaali! ³FORWKLQJPDWHULDO RI,QGLDQVKRH ´ kevyet
nahka kengät! ³OLJKWZHLJKWOHDWKHUVKRHV´ pehmeää kangasta! ³VRIWIDEULF´ takki/hattu?
! ³FRDWKDW"´ DQG hieno puku tai intiaanin joku juttu! ³D ¿QHIDQF\ GUHVVVXLW RU VRPH
,QGLDQWKLQJ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH joku ruoka! ³VRPHW\SHRIIRRG´ soitin! ³PXVLFDO
LQVWUXPHQW´ eläin! ³DQDQLPDO´ DQG käärme! ³VQDNH´ 7KHODWWHULVRIFRXUVHDFRUUHFW
answer as well, as mokkasiiniLVDOVRDVQDNH mokkasiinikäärmeRUµPRFFDVLQVQDNH¶ 2WKHU
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKFR൵HH kahvi! ³FR൵HH´ kahvinkeitin!
³FR൵HH PDNHU´ mokkamasteri! ³0RFFDPDVWHU´ DQG kahvia kiitos! ³FR൵HH SOHDVH´
The last one indicates that the test was done at a time when someone was already craving for
FR൵HH$QRWKHUVWXGHQWUHSOLHG tää on tyhmää muistuttaa – mokkapala! ³LW¶VXQIDLUWRUHPLQG
– brownie”).
Opossum (DidelphimorphiaVSHFL¿FDOO\WKH9LUJLQLDRSRVVXP>Didelphis virginiana]) has
LWVOH[LFDORULJLQVLQ3RZKDWDQ7KHVRXUFHDSSHDUVWREHapasum, opussum, or aposoum, all
XOWLPDWHO\ GHULYHG IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ ZDŻSDࣄݦHPZD PHDQLQJ ³ZKLWH GRJ´ +HZVRQ
2001, 2020) The term was absent from the survey in Mexico, as the (Virginia) opossum is
NQRZQLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDE\LWV6SDQLVKQDPHV RIWHQDOVRGHULYHGIURP,QGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVRI
the respective area), including tlacuache and tacuazín (from Nahuatl WODNZƗW]LQ) and zarigüeya
(from Guarani sarigueia?), as well as carachupa, comadreja, chucha, fara, faro, guazalo,
mbicuré, muca, rabipelado, raposa, runcho, yaguare, and zorra chucha)XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJK
the term is common in (North American) English, the range of opossums does not extend to
$ODVND7KLVPLJKWH[SODLQWKHUHODWLYHO\ORZ IDPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHWHUPDPRQJ$ODVNDQ
students – although the possibility that the common pronunciation (and even the spelling) of
the animal as possumLQ1RUWK$PHULFDQ(QJOLVKPLJKWDOVRKDYHD൵HFWHGWKHUHVXOWV$VIRU
WKH )LQQLVK VXUYH\ WKH ZRUG opossumi ZDV LGHQWL¿HG DV DQ DQLPDO E\ RI WKH VWXGHQWV
LQ WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO RI WKH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH VPDOO VDPSOH
of) university students. The high percentage among school children may stem from the Ice
AgePRYLHV VHHEHORZ 2QHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWLGHQWL¿HGopossumiDVD karvanen
oravarotta (ice ace)!RU³DKDLU\VTXLUUHOUDW LFHDJH ´ZKLOHRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG
eläin, tuttu mm. Ice Age -elokuvista! ³DQLPDONQRZQHJIURPWKHIce Age movies”). Some
confusion is detectable in the answers, as some elementary and high school students appear to
associate opossumi ZLWKWKHEHKDYLRURI RWKHUDQLPDOVVXFK DV VORWKVRU NRDODV eläin joka
nukkuu päivät! DQDQLPDOWKDWVOHHSVGXULQJWKHGD\ nukkuva eläin! ³VOHHSLQJDQLPDO´
DQG pussieläin, elävät australiassa! ³PDUVXSLDOOLYHVLQ$XVWUDOLD´ +RZHYHUVRPHNQHZ
WKDW opossumi is eläin joka suojautuessaan esittää kuollutta! ³DQ DQLPDO WKDW SOD\V GHDG
WRSURWHFWLWVHOI´ 2WKHUUHSOLHVLQFOXGH eläin joka roikkuu puissa hännällään! ³DQDQLPDO
WKDWKDQJVIURPWUHHVE\LWVWDLO´ yö eläin! ³QLJKW>WLPH@DQLPDO´ pieni eläin vähän kuin
raidallinen rotta! ³DVPDOODQLPDODELWOLNHDVWULSHGUDW´ hyönteis syöjä! ³LQVHFWHDWHU´
160
Harri Kettunen
pyörivä kovakuorinen eläin! D UROOLQJ KDUGVKHOOHG DQLPDO mini possu! ³PLQL SLJ´
maatilaeläin! ³IDUPDQLPDO´ opossumi on mammutin sukulainen! ³RSRVVXPLVDUHODWLYH
RIDPDPPRWK´ hedelmä! ³IUXLW´ DQG huume! ³GUXJ´ 7KH,FH$JHFRQQHFWLRQLVDOVR
FRQ¿UPHGE\WKH3ROLVKVXUYH\ opos: “animal from Ice Age.”
Pecan )U pacane >WUHH pacanier ~ noyer de pécan@ 6S pecán ~ pacano ~ pacana ~
pecana >Carya illinoinensis]) derives from one of the Algonquian languages, such as Cree
pakan2MLEZHbagaanRU$EQDNLpagann 2(' 8QVXUSULVLQJO\WKHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQLQ
$ODVNDEXWOHVVVRHOVHZKHUH RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHQRQHRIWKH
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGLW,Q)LQODQGWKHWHUPZDVNQRZQE\RIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV$WDOOOHYHOVDIHZVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUG
with a type of a bird (lintu), and some as a type of an animal (eläin), probably due to confusion
with the word pekari SHFFDU\ 2QHDQVZHUE\DQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWZDV ei syö lihaa!
(“does not eat meat”) – an obvious confusion with the word vegaani (vegan).
Persimmon )U kaki 6S caqui >Diospyros VSS@ GHULYHV PRVW OLNHO\ IURP 3RZKDWDQ
pesseminRUDVLPLODUZRUG7KH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHZRUGLVRIXQFHUWDLQRULJLQEXWWKHODWWHU -min
JRHVDOOWKHZD\EDFNWR3URWR$OJRQTXLDQZLWKWKHJHQHUDOPHDQLQJRIµ VPDOO IUXLWEHUU\¶
2(' ,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHIUXLWZDVEHWWHUNQRZQLQ)LQODQGWKDQLQ$ODVND2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLV
PLJKWEHWKDWSHUVLPPRQVGRQRWJURZDVIDUQRUWKDV$ODVND WKRXJKQHLWKHULQ)LQODQG ZKLOH
WKH\KDYHEHHQDSSHDULQJODWHO\ VLQFHDWOHDVWV LQ)LQQLVKJURFHU\VWRUHV2QO\RI
WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV
DQG RIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVFDPHXSZLWKWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHU$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV
LQFOXGHGEHVLGHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHIUXLW³DVKDGHRIUHG´ ³DNLQGRIÀRZHU´ DQG³DW\SHRI
VSLFH´$VIRUWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGVRPHDQVZHUVE\VFKRROFKLOGUHQLQFOXGHGGHVFULSWLRQVVXFK
DV hedelmä, maistuu hyvältä! ³DIUXLWWDVWHVJRRG´ DQG hedelmä, tomaatin ja mandariinin
sekoitus! ³DIUXLWDIXVLRQRIDWRPDWRDQGDPDQGDULQPDQGDULQHWDQJHULQH´ 6RPHDVVRFLDWHG
persimoni probably with persilja SDUVOH\ DVWKHDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG mauste! VSLFH DQG kasvi
mitä on ruuassa yleensä! ³DSODQWWKDWLVXVXDOO\LQIRRG´
Tomahawk derives from 3RZKDWDQ tamahaak DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ
WHPDKDNDQL WHPDK ³WR FXW´ DāNDQ ³LQVWUXPHQW IRU´ &XWOHU RI WKH
$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO
VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ
VXUYH\LQFOXGH³D[IRUWKURZLQJ´ ³JRRGIRUVFDOSLQJSHRSOHZLWK´ ³DW\SHRIWKURZNQLIH´ DQG
³DELUG´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDGGHG arma! hacha! hacha lanzable! DQG seguro
algo de América! )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH ase! ³ZHDSRQ´
intiaanilainen ase! ³,QGLDQZHDSRQ´ lähitaistelu ase jota käytettiin sodassa, kirves jonka
voi heittää tai käyttää kädessä! ³PHOHHZHDSRQWKDWZDVXVHGLQZDUDQD[HWKDW\RXFDQWKURZ
RU XVH LQ KDQGWRKDQG FRPEDW´ heittopuukko/heittokirves! ³WKURZLQJ NQLIH WKURZLQJ
D[H´ hiustyyli, heittokirves! ³KDLUVW\OHWKURZLQJD[H´ toteemipaalun ylin toteemi! ³WKH
WRSPRVW WRWHP RI D WRWHP SROH´ intiaanien päällikkö! ³,QGLDQ FKLHI´ lintu! ³ELUG´
kaupunki?! ³FLW\"´ skeittari! DQG skeittaaja! ³VNDWHERDUGHU´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW
DGGHG taktinen manner[ten] välinen ohjus! ³WDFWLFDO LQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO PLVVLOH´ EDFNHG XS
E\RQHDQVZHUIURPDXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQW heittokirves sekä U.S.A:n ilmalaivaston ohjus! ³D
WKURZLQJD[HDQGDPLVVLOHRIWKH86DLUÀHHW´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDGGHG³0DUYHO
Universe Character.”
Totem )Utotem 6Stótem) derives from 2MLEZHdodaem, ododam, or related words, and
UHIHUVWRDNLQJURXSRUVRPHWKLQJWKDW³PDUNV´WKHIDPLO\RUWULEH 2(' 7KHWHUP was well
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
161
NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\ RIWKH$ODVNDQDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV
LGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUGZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWKLW$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQVXUYH\LQFOXGH³DSROHFDUYHG
ZLWKLPDJHVLQ1DWLYH$ODVNDQFXOWXUH´ ³VSLULWVWDWXH´ ³WULEDOVWDWXV´ ³DVSLULWXDO¿JXUH´ ³D
YHUWLFDO SROH ZLWK HQJUDYLQJV WKDW VKRZ IDPLO\ OLQH VWRU\´ ³LGRO WKDW D SHUVRQ ZRUVKLSV´
³V\PERORIPHPRULHV´ DQG³NHHSVDNH´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQFROOHDJXHVGHVFULEHGWKHWHUPDV
IROORZV algo representativo al espiritu! artesania y estructura! cosa grande de piedra
centro ceremonial! como un símbolo que representa algo preciado! cosa q se les dava a las
personas pensando q eran dioses q los regian! escultura con varios animales! escultura
o pequeña torre con simbologia! escultura religuiosa de las islas mauricio! estatua de
dioses! ¿JXUD GH PDGHUD! ¿JXUD VDJUDGD! madera tallada! poste de madera con
cosas religiosa! una escultura! una estructura prehispanica! una escultura alta con
MHURJOL¿FRV LQVFULWRV HQ HOOD! una escultura de madera con varias cabezas! XQD ¿JXUD
enorme de madera! una torre de representaciones! escudo hecho con restos humanos!
un amuleto! simbolo! religión! venerar! DQG collar!$QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH intiaanien puinen korkea juttu! ³KLJK ZRRGHQ WKLQJ RI WKH
,QGLDQV´ intiaanien sellainen jänskä patsas! ³DFRROVWDWXHRIWKH,QGLDQV´ poppamiehen
torni! ³PHGLFLQHPDQ¶VWRZHU´ toteemipaalu, ennen aikaisessa Etelä-Amerikassa! ³WRWHP
SROH LQ DQFLHQW 6RXWK$PHULFD´ jonkinlainen paalu Etelä-Amerikassa! ³VRPH NLQG RI D
SROHLQ6RXWK$PHULFD´ pylväs mihin on veistetty eläimiä! ³DSROHZLWKFDUYHGDQLPDOV´
paalu, johon on tehty kotkia ja muita symboleita! ³DSROHZLWKHDJOHVDQGRWKHUV\PEROV´
monta päätä paallekkain puusta! ³PDQ\ ZRRGHQ KHDGV RQ WRS RI HDFK RWKHU´ paalu,
jossa on intiaanien palvomien asioiden kuvia! ³DSROHZLWKLPDJHVRIWKLQJVWKDWWKH,QGLDQV
ZRUVKLS´ intiaanien eläinjumala symbolijuttu! ³DQLPDOJRGV\PEROWKLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´
kohtalopaalu! ³GHVWLQ\ SROH´ suojelushahmo! ³JXDUGLDQ VSLULW´ intiaanien jumala!
³,QGLDQJRG´ intiaanit kertoivat niillä kohtalon! ³,QGLDQVXVHGWKHPWR>IRUH@WHOOGHVWLQ\´
heimon esi-isä! ³DQFHVWRURIDWULEH´ DQG joku pyhä asia josta ei saa puhua! ³VRPHNLQG
RIDVDFUHGKRO\WKLQJWKDWRQHLVQRWVXSSRVHGWRWDONDERXW´ 7KLVODVWUHVSRQGHQWSUREDEO\
confused toteemiZLWKWKHZRUGµWDERR¶2WKHUPRUHHQLJPDWLFDQVZHUVLQFOXGH jokin laite!
³VRPHNLQGRIDGHYLFH´ DQG paikka johon voi piilottaa tavaraa! ³DSODFHZKHUH\RXFDQ
hide things”). +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH intiaanien “taikapalmu”! ³,QGLDQ
µPDJLFSDOP¶´>WKHLQWHQGHGZRUGSUREDEO\EHLQJpaaluµSROH¶UDWKHUWKDQpalmu@ intiaanien
jumalpuujuttu! ³GHLW\WUHHWKLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´ uskonnollinen esine! ³UHOLJLRXVREMHFW´
onnenpaalu! ³IRUWXQHSROH´ DQG semmoi esine jolla on tietty merkitys ihmiselle! ³DNLQG
RIREMHFWWKDWKDVDFHUWDLQPHDQLQJIRUDKXPDQEHLQJ´ $QVZHUVIURPWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQG
LQFOXGH³D0LQHFUDIWLWHP´ ³VKRZVWKHPDSLQ/HDJXHRI/HJHQGV´ DQG³RI,PPRUWDOLW\´
Wapiti )Uwapiti 6Swapití>Cervus canadensis]) originates probably from Cree wapitik,
Shawnee waapiti ~ wahpiti RU 2MLEZH waabidiy, all meaning “white rump” or “white deer”
2(' 7KHWHUPZDVSRRUO\NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKH
WHUP SRVVLEO\GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUDQJHRIZDSLWLVGRHVQRWH[WHQGWR$ODVNDDQGRUWKDWWKH
WHUPµHON¶LVPRUHFRPPRQWKDQµZDSLWL¶,QFRQWUDVW RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKH
WHUPZKLOHRQO\HLJKWRXWRI a VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQWKH)LQQLVKVXUYH\LGHQWL¿HGvapiti as
DQDQLPDO)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG jonkintason nisäkäs! ³VRPH
W\SHRIDPDPPDO´ se on sanonta! ³LW¶VDVD\LQJ´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF rakennus, johon voi
mennä tietty sisään! ³DEXLOGLQJWKDW\RXFDQFHUWDLQO\>"@HQWHU´ $KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDGGHG
DOVR intiaaniheimo> (“Indian tribe”).
162
Harri Kettunen
Wigwam FDQ EH WUDFHG WR (DVWHUQ$EHQDNL ZuNΩZDP a ZLJLZDP a ZLJZRP DQG 2MLEZH
wiigiwaam DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU $OJRQTXLDQ ODQJXDJHV DOO GHULYLQJ IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ
ZLāNLZDā¶PL &RVWD 2(' RU ZLāNLZDāKPLµKRXVH¶ +HZVRQ EDVHGRQWKHURRW
ZLāNLZD³WRGZHOO´ +HZVRQ 7KHWHUPZDVSRRUO\NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\V:KLOHRI
WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPQRQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZLWDQGRQO\±
RIWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVUHFRJQL]HGLW (OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH intiaanin
asunto! ³GZHOOLQJ RI DQ ,QGLDQ´ mökki! ³FDELQ´ intiaani kylä! ³,QGLDQ YLOODJH´
olen kuullut liittyy intiaaneihin! ³,¶YH KHDUG LW ± FRQFHUQV ,QGLDQV´ jonkun sukunimi!
³VRPHRQH¶V ODVW QDPH´ apumies! ³KDQG\PDQ´ DQG eläin! ³DQ DQLPDO´ ZKLOH KLJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWVKDG intiaanipäällikkö! ³,QGLDQFKLHI´ intiaaniryhmä! ³,QGLDQJURXS´
alkuperäiskansa! ³,QGLJHQRXV SHRSOH´ siansaksaa! ³JLEEHULVK´ DQG suomalainen
proge-bändi!! ³)LQQLVKSURJ>UHVVLYHURFN@EDQG´ $OWKRXJKRQO\DVSHFLDOFRQWUROJURXSLQ
)LQODQGZLWKDVPDOODQGELDVHGVDPSOHWKH)LQQLVKXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV ZLWKIDPLOLDULW\
ZLWKWKHZRUG DGGHGWKHIROORZLQJ EHVLGHVWKHH[SHFWHGDQVZHUV linko (intiaanien ase)!
³DVOLQJ ZHDSRQRIWKH,QGLDQV ´ DQG kanootti! ³FDQRH´ ZHUHSURSRVHGDORQJZLWKDQRWKHU
³FRUUHFW´DQVZHU bändi! ³EDQG´ DQG suomalainen bändi XD! ³D)LQQLVKEDQG;'´
/2$1:25'6)520(6.,02$/(87/$1*8$*(6
Anorak derives from Greenlandic Inuit DQQXѸDDT DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR(VNLPR
URRW DWԥµWRSXWRQ¶ )RUWHVFXHet al ,Q3URWR,QXLWWKHWHUPLV DWQXݒDDT IURP
DWƾXݒDDT" DQGPHDQVµFORWKLQJ¶ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV 6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD,QXLWDWQXѸDDT,
µDUWLFOHRIFORWKLQJ¶ :HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ&DQDGLDQDQG1RUWK$ODVNDQ,QXLWDQQXѸDDTµSLHFH
RIFORWKLQJ¶ *UHHQODQGLF,QXLWDQQXѸDDTµDQRUDN¶ HDUOLHUµFORWKLQJGUHVV¶SODQQXѸDããDW),
East Greenlandic DѸQDѸ˾aatµFORWKHV¶DQGDѸQDѸ˾aaqµGUHVV¶ )RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 55)104. Besides
the reference to anorakLWVHOI(QJOLVKVODQJKDV³>D@ERULQJVWXGLRXVRUVRFLDOO\LQHSW\RXQJ
SHUVRQ FDULFDWXUHG DV W\SLFDOO\ ZHDULQJ DQ DQRUDN esp. one who pursues an unfashionable
DQG VROLWDU\ LQWHUHVW ZLWK REVHVVLYH GHGLFDWLRQ´ 2(' DQG ³>@ RQH RI WKRVH ERULQJ JLWV
ZKRVLWDWWKHIURQWRIHYHU\OHFWXUHZLWKWKHLU3ULQJOHMXPSHUVDVNLQJWKHOHFWXUHUWKHLUFOHYHU
TXHVWLRQV´ 2(' ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\WKHWHUPZDVVRPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJO\EHWWHUNQRZQ
LQ )LQODQG WKDQ LQ$ODVND:KLOH RQO\ RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH$ODVNDQ
VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJK
VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQG RIWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV NQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ
VXUYH\ LQFOXGH ³D SXOORYHU SDUND QR ]LSSHUV´ ³SXOO RYHU FRDW GHHS SRFNHWV´ ³VZHDWVKLUW´
³UDLQ MDFNHW´ ³JHDU EUDQG´ ³D FUHDWXUH´ DQG ³DQLPDO´ ZKLOH WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV KDG WKH
IROORZLQJ es un tipo de chamarra! un abrigo muy grueso para protegerte de las nevadas!
fruta! semilla! creo una arma! un Pokémon? (Anorith)! DQG la neta que no se!$V
UHJDUGVWKH)LQQLVKVXUYH\EHVLGHVFRUUHFWDQVZHUVVRPHVWXGHQWV DFURVVDOOOHYHOV DVVRFLDWHG
WKHZRUGZLWKPHQ¶VIRUPDORXW¿W±SRVVLEO\GXHWRfrakkiRUµZKLWHWLH¶µIXOOHYHQLQJGUHVV¶
(OHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH takki jossa ei ole vetoketjua! ³D MDFNHW WKDW
GRHVQ¶W KDYH D ]LSSHU´ parkatakki! ³SDUND´ eläimen nahkatakki! ³DQLPDO¶V OHDWKHU
MDFNHW´>SRVVLEO\µDQLPDOOHDWKHU¶MDFNHW@ joku takki! ³VRPHNLQGRIMDFNHW´ takki, jota
1RWH DOVR 3URWR(VNLPR DWԥNԥ DQG DWԥNXܵ µSDUND¶ DQG *UHHQODQGLF ,QXLW DWLћLT µZRPDQ¶V MDFNHW¶
)RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 55).
104
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
163
miehet käyttävät! ³DMDFNHWZRUQE\PHQ´ VHRQWDNNLWDLÀHHVHSDLWD! ³LW¶VDMDFNHWRUD
ÀHHFHVKLUW´ DQG hieno takki! ³¿QHIDQF\MDFNHW´ 2WKHUUHSOLHVLQFOXGH lintu! ³ELUG´
koira! ³GRJ´ DQG sairaus! ³LOOQHVV´ 1RWHWKDWWKHSHQXOWLPDWHRQH µGRJ¶ LVSUREDEO\
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDGHURJDWRU\ZRUGIRUµGRJ¶LQ)LQQLVKrakki. AnorakkiDVµLOOQHVV¶RQWKHRWKHU
hand, probably stems from anoreksia µDQRUH[LD¶ +DOIRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDW
anorakki LV VRPH W\SH RI D MDFNHW 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGH sadetakki! ³UDLQ FRDW´ juhla
takki! ³IHVWLYHMDFNHW´³GLQQHUMDFNHW´ joku siistimpi takki! ³VRPHNLQGRIQLFHUMDFNHW´
DQG naulakko?! ³FRDWUDFN"´ $VUHJDUGVWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVQHDUO\DOORIWKHPNQHZWKH
meaning of anorakki'HVFULSWLRQVLQFOXGHG oli ennenvanhaan hiihtotakki! ³LWZDVDVNLLQJ
MDFNHWLQWKHROGWLPHV´ DQG ruma takki, jota voi käyttää esim. metsäretkellä! ³DQXJO\MDFNHW
WKDWRQHFDQXVHIRUH[DPSOHRQDKLNHLQDIRUHVW´ 6RPHDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKDIDQF\
DWWLUH miesten vaate! ³PHQ¶VFORWKLQJ´ DQG miesten hieno puku! ³PHQ¶VVW\OLVKVXLW´ $Q
HQLJPDWLF heittolinko! ³WKURZLQJVOLQJ´" DOVR DSSHDUHG DPRQJ WKH DQVZHUV )XUWKHUPRUH
WKH 3ROLVK VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG ³HYLO´ ]áR ³VLFNQHVV´ ³VWXSLG SHUVRQ´ ³DUURZ RI
$PRU´ DQG³DOFRKRO´
Igloo )Uigloo ~ iglou 5Xɢғɝɥɭ 6Siglú) derives from Inuit LћOXµKRXVH¶DQGXOWLPDWHO\
IURP3URWR(VNLPR ԥƾOXµKRXVH¶ )RUWHVFXHet al 1RWHDOVRWKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV
$OXWLLT$ODVNDQ<XSLN ΩƾOXT µKRXVH¶ 1DXNDQ 6LEHULDQ<XSLN ΩQOX µVPDOO VHPLVXEWHUUDQHDQ
KRXVH¶ &HQWUDO 6LEHULDQ <XSLN QΩƾOX DQG 6LUHQLN lu µVRG KRXVH¶ 6HZDUG 3HQLQVXOD ,QXLW
LћOX DQG 1RUWK$ODVNDQ ,QXLW LћOX µKRXVH¶ :HVWHUQ &DQDGLDQ ,QXLW LћOX µVQRZ KRXVH LJORR¶
Eastern Canadian Inuit illu DQG /DEUDGRU GLDOHFW LѣѣXN µKRXVH¶ *UHHQODQGLF ,QXLW LѣѣX (and
East Greenlandic dialect ittiq µKRXVH¶ )RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 123). The term was the second
EHVWNQRZQORDQZRUGLQWKHVXUYH\ DIWHUchili ZLWKDQRYHUDOODYHUDJHRI $ODVND
0H[LFR )LQODQG HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRROV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH DQVZHUV
IURP$ODVND GL൵HUHG VRPHZKDW SUHGLFWDEO\ IURP WKH UHVW DQG LQFOXGHG ³DQ FLUFXODU VKDSHG
KRXVHPDGHRXWRI³RUJDQLF´UDZPDWHULDOV´ ³LFHKRXVHWKDWSHRSOHWKLQNDOO$ODVNDQVOLYH
LQ´ ³SHRSOHXVHWKLVWROLYHLQRQWKH1RUWKRI$ODVND5XVVLD´ DQG³LFHKRPHXVHGWRR>VLF@
VWD\RXWRIEDGZHDWKHU´0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV lugar que habitan
los inuits! casa d hielo! casa de hielito! domo de hielo! casa en forma de bola hecha
de hielo! hielo en forma de media esfera con una pequeña entrada! cueva de bloques de
hielo! casa de los esquimales! casa que utilizan algunas personas en la antartida! llugar
para dormir en la nieve! casas de los que están en los polos! la casa de los esquimales
o pingüinos! vivienda fria! DQG casa moderna!)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKH
IROORZLQJ iglu on inuiittien jäästä valmistettu koti! ³LJORR LV WKH ,QXLW KRPH PDGH RXW RI
LFH´ eskimon koti! ³KRPHRIDQ(VNLPR´ jää mökki! ³LFHFDELQ´ napalaisen ihmisen
talo! ³DKRXVHRIDSHUVRQIURPWKHSROH´ eskimon talo joka ei ole nykyisin paljon käytössä!
³DKRXVHRIDQ(VNLPRWKDWLVQRWXVHGDORWWKHVHGD\V´ jää kuutioista rakennettu teltta! ³D
WHQWPDGHRXWRILFHFXEHV´ on jäästä tehty pulipallon muotonen talo! ³LW¶VDKHPLVSKHULFDO
KRXVHPDGHRXWRILFH´ asunto! ³GZHOOLQJ´ lumilinna! ³VQRZFDVWOH´ jääpala! ³LFH
FXEH´ pingviinit asuvat siellä! ³SHQJXLQVOLYHWKHUH´ DQG jäälinna missä on pingviinit!
(“ice castle with penguins”). The last two probably stem from the stop-motion animated TV
series Pingu that was – and to a certain extent still is – popular among the younger school
FKLOGUHQ 2WVR.HWWXQHQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 3UDFWLFDOO\DOOKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV
NQHZWKHZRUG Pingviinin talo! ³SHQJXLQV¶KRXVH´ DSSHDUHGRQFHDQGRQHVWXGHQWDGGHGDQ
HQLJPDWLF vasikat voivat asua kesäisin ulkona iglussa! ³FDOIVFDQOLYHRXWVLGHLQDQLJORRLQ
WKHVXPPHU´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQHVWXGHQWDGGHG asun siellä!! ³,OLYHWKHUH´
164
Harri Kettunen
KayakRULJLQDWHVLQDSDQ(VNLPRWHUPqayaqLWVHOIGHULYHGIURP3URWR(VNLPR TD\D ݒRU
possibly *qanyD ݒZLWKWKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV $OXWLLT$ODVNDQ<XSLNqayaqµND\DN¶ RULJLQDOO\
µEDLGDUND¶LH$OHXWLDQND\DNDQGWRGD\DQ\NLQGRIERDW &HQWUDO$ODVNDQ1DXNDQ6LEHULDQDQG
&HQWUDO6LEHULDQ<XSLNqayaqµND\DN¶ DQG6LUHQLNqayaX 6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD1RUWK$ODVNDQ
and Western and Eastern Canadian Inuit qayaq µND\DN¶ DQG *UHHQODQGLF ,QXLW qayaq µND\DN
ND\DNZLWKPDQLQ¶ )RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 319). Most students in the survey were familiar with
WKHWHUP RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQG HOHPHQWDU\
KLJKVFKRRO RIWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVXUYH\LQFOXGH
balsa! barca! barco! bote! lancha! como barco de aventuras! bote pequeño
para una sola persona! tipo de barco para 2 personas! como un bote para ir en rios! DQG
un bote q se usa en el mar!$IHZDQVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVVKRZHGDOVR
VRPH H[SHULHQFH ZLWK ND\DNLQJ soutuvene jota melotaan ja se kaatuu helposti! ³D URZLQJ
ERDWWKDW\RXSDGGOHDQGLWÀLSVRYHUHDVLO\´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH vähän kun kanootti mut
peltinen! ³DELWOLNHDFDQRHEXWPDGHRXWRIVKHHWPHWDO´ DQG lentokoneen tms. ohjaamo!
³FRFNSLW RI HJ DQ DLUSODQH´ 7KH ODWWHU PLJKW EH D FRQIXVLRQ ZLWK WKH ZRUG kajuutta or
µFDELQSLORWKRXVH¶2WKHUUHSOLHVLQFOXGHse on vähän niinkuin tupakka! ³DELWOLNHFLJDUUHWWH
WREDFFR´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG hölmö! ³IRROLGLRW´ 7KHODVWRQHPD\VWHPIURPWKH
GHURJDWRU\DQGGHIDPDWRU\WHUPYDMDNNL IURPvajaamielinenµ UH WDUGGLPZLW¶ $WWKHXSSHU
levels of education, kajakki ZDV NQRZQ WR QHDUO\ DOO VWXGHQWV 2QH KLJK VFKRRO ZLVHFUDFNHU
DGGHG kulkuväline kouluun sadekelillä! ³DPRGHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQWRVFKRROZKHQLWUDLQV´
2WKHU±OHVVZLGHVSUHDG±WHUPVGHULYHGIURP(VNLPR$OHXWODQJXDJHVLQFOXGH kamik and
mukluk, (Alaskan) malamute, tupiq, and umiak. Kamik and mukluk refer to soft boots that are
WUDGLWLRQDOO\PDGHRIVHDOVNLQRUFDULERXVNLQ7KHWHUPkamik originates in Inuit while mukluk
LVSULPDULO\D<XSLNWHUP7KHIRUPHUGHULYHVIURP3URWR(VNLPR NDPԥܵµERRW¶DQGKDVWKH
IROORZLQJUHÀH[HV $OXWLLT$ODVNDQ<XSLNNDP ћ!XNµVKRH¶&HQWUDO$ODVNDQ<XSLNNDPΩNVDN
<XNRQ DQG 1RUWRQ 6RXQG GLDOHFWDO NDPћXN µVNLQ ERRW¶1DXNDQDQG&HQWUDO6LEHULDQ<XSLN
NDPΩNµVNLQERRW¶6LUHQLNNDPΩ[µVNLQERRW¶ DQG1RUWK$ODVNDQ,QXLWNDPѠNµVNLQERRW¶DV
ZHOODV6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ&DQDGLDQDQG*UHHQODQGLF,QXLWkamikµVNLQERRW¶
)RUWHVFXHet al %RWK<XSLNDQG,QXLWKDYHDOVRYHUEDOIRUPVµWRSXWRQERRWV¶VXFK
DV1DXNDQDQG&HQWUDO6LEHULDQ<XSLNDQG6LUHQLNNDPΩћ )RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 169). Mukluk,
RQWKHRWKHUKDQGGHULYHVIURPWKHZRUGIRUµEHDUGHGVHDO¶IURP3URWR(VNLPR PDNODܵZLWK
WKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV $OXWLLT$ODVNDQ<XSLNPDNѣDN¶VSRWWHGVHDO¶1DXNDQDQG&HQWUDO6LEHULDQ
<XSLNPDNѣDN&HQWUDO$ODVNDQ<XSLNPDNѣDNaPDNܽDDTµEHDUGHGVHDO¶ DORQJZLWK:HVWHUQDQG
Eastern Canadian Inuit PDNѣDTµEHDUGHGVHDO¶DQG*UHHQODQGLF,QXLWPDћODTµVKDPDQ¶VZRUGIRU
EHDUGHGVHDO¶7KHWHUP $ODVNDQ malamute (dog breed) derives from the name of a regional
0DOHPLXWGLDOHFWRIWKH$ODVNDQ,QXLWODQJXDJHRIWKH,xXSLDW DND,xXSLDTRU,QXSLDT SHRSOH
RI ZHVWHUQ$ODVND ZKLOH WKH ZRUG µ$ODVND¶ LWVHOI SRVVLEO\ FRPHV IURP DQ$OHXW VRXUFH QRWH
HJ3URWR(VNLPR DODƾNDݒµWRREVHUYHRUFDWFKVLJKWRI¶>)RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 17]), while
tupiqDWUDGLWLRQDO,QXLWWHQWOLNHGZHOOLQJPDGHIURPWKHVNLQVRIVHDOVRUFDULERXVRULJLQDWHV
in the Inuit term tupiqµWHQW¶LWVHOIGHULYHGIURP3URWR(VNLPR WXSԥݒµWHQWRURWKHUWHPSRUDU\
GZHOOLQJ¶ ZLWK WKH IROOORZLQJ UHÀH[HV 1DXNDQ DQG &HQWUDO 6LEHULDQ <XSLN WXSΩT µPDNHVKLIW
RU WHPSRUDU\ GZHOOLQJ¶ 6HZDUG 3HQLQVXOD ,QXLW tuviq µWHQW¶ 1RUWK $ODVNDQ ,QXLW WXSѠT µWHQW¶
0DOLPLXWGLDOHFWµKRXVH¶ DQG:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ&DQDGLDQDQG*UHHQODQGLF,QXLWtupiqµWHQW¶
)RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 385). And lastly, umiakDODUJHRSHQVNLQFRYHUHGERDWGHULYHVIURPWKH
pan-Inuit term umiaqµODUJHVNLQFRYHUHGERDW¶IURPD3URWR,QXLWWHUPZLWKWKHVDPHIRUPDQG
PHDQLQJ )RUWHVFXHet al :KLOHLQ6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD,QXLWWKHWHUPVUHIHUWRµODUJH
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
165
VNLQFRYHUHGERDWV¶LQ1RUWK$ODVNDQ,QXLWLWPHUHO\PHDQV µERDW¶LQ:HVWHUQ&DQDGLDQ,QXLW
µERDW SUHYLRXVO\VHDOVNLQ ¶DQGLQ*UHHQODQGLF,QXLWµWUDGLWLRQDOZRPHQ¶VERDW¶ )RUWHVFXHet
al 7KHFRQQHFWLRQWRZRPHQLQ*UHHQODQGPD\GHULYHIURPWKHIDFWWKDWXPLDNV
were used as summer transport for families, mostly women and children. This, however, has led
WRWKHPLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKDWXPLDNVDUHZRPHQ¶VERDWVLQJHQHUDO±UDWKHUWKDQMXVWODUJHERDWV
Derived terms of umiakDUHDOVRRILQWHUHVW 3URWR,QXLW105 XPLDOԥNFDQEHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDVWKH
µFDSWDLQRIDZKDOLQJERDW¶ZKLOHLQ6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD,QXLW umialikPHDQVµERDWRZQHU¶RUµDULFK
PDQ¶ZKLOHLQ1RUWK$ODVNDQ,QXLW umialikPHDQVµZKDOLQJFDSWDLQERVVULFKSHUVRQDORQJZLWK
Western Canadian Inuit (Siglit dialect) umialikµULFKSHUVRQ¶(DVWHUQ&DQDGLDQ,QXLW umialittaaq
µFDSWDLQ RI VKLS¶ DQG *UHHQODQGLF ,QXLW (DVW *UHHQODQGLF umialik µFDSWDLQ¶ )RUWHVFXH et al.
2010: 403).
LOANWORDS FROM OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES
OF THE AMERICAS
Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) probably derives from Aymara allpaqa, which is possibly related
to Quechua paku IURP3URWR4XHFKXD SDTX>(POHQDQG$GHODDU @ 6RPHVRXUFHV
LQFOXGLQJ 2(' DQG 66$ VXJJHVW WKDW WKH LQLWLDO al- PLJKW RULJLQDWH LQ WKH$UDELF GH¿QLWH
DUWLFOHEXWWKLVLVKLJKO\LPSODXVLEOH+RZHYHUWKHODFNRIDSURWRIRUPIRUWKHWHUPLQ$\PDUD
(Emlen and Adelaar 2017: 38) requires further research. The term is quite uniform around the
world, as one would expect with an animal that is not that common outside its native range
XQOLNH HJ WXUNH\ )URP 6SDQLVK DOSDFD ZH KDYH HJ )UHQFK alpaga, German Alpaka,
Swedish alpacka $UPHQLDQ འཫཹའའ alpaka DQG 5XVVLDQ ɚɥɶɩɚɤɚ DOүSDND )LQQLVK
alpakka *HRUJLDQ᪤᪲᪤᪭᪤ (DOۼDۘD $UDELFΔϜ˴ ˴Βϟ˸ ˴ (ҴDOEDND *XMDUDWLңӌӤӅӕұӕ (DOSƗNƗ 7KDLѠѤј
юѥдѥ (alpaka .RUHDQ알파카 (alpaka DQG-DSDQHVHρΧ (arupaka>D࡞݁ݐஓSD࡞ND࡞@ 7KH
WHUPZDVZHOOUHFRJQL]HGWKURXJKRXWWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQဧXGHQWV
RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ KLJK VFKRRO ဧXGHQWV
NQHZ WKH WHUP$QVZHUV IURP$ODVND LQFOXGHG ³IXUU\ DQLPDO WKDW VZHDWHUV DUH PDGH IURP´
³OODPDOLNH FUHDWXUH WKDW OLYHV LQ WKH DOSV´ DQG ³DQLPDO WKDW LV IDUPHG IRU ZRRO DQG VSLWV´
0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQV animal como una llama! creo que
es un animal argentino o peruano que parece una llama, su pelo es usado para fabricar telas!
animal andino! un animal mamifero de las montañas! una llerva! algo que se usa para
ropa! una llama o una planta! hierba! planta! verdura! un vegetal! semilla!
una planta verde! DQG saborizante y aromatizante! 7KH WHUP alpakka106 was described
E\ WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DV IROORZV laaman tapainen eläin! ³DQ DQLPDO
VLPLODUWRDOODPD´ laaman tapainen eläin joka sylkee! ³DOODPDOLNHDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV´
on eläin joka sylkee! ³LW¶VDQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV´ niin kuin kameli! ³OLNHDFDPHO´ joku
pukki! ³VRPHNLQGDEXFNJRDW´ pörröinen ja iso! ³ÀX൵\DQGELJ´ DQG laaman näköinen
HOlLQMRఅDWHKGllQYDDWWHLWD! ³DQDQLPDOUHVHPEOLQJDOODPDWKDWLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJFORWKHV´
2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG lintu! ³ELUG´ marja! ³EHUU\ ´SRVVLEO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVLPLODU
3URWR,QXLWKDVDOVR XPLXIRUµWRFDSVL]H¶7KHH[DFWUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHWHUPumiaqLVQRWNQRZQ
)RUWHVFXHet al. 2010: 403).
106
7KH ZRUG DUULYHG LQ )LQQLVK IURP 6SDQLVK DOSDFD YLD )UHQFK DOSDFD *HUPDQ$OSDND DQG 6ZHGLVK
DOSDFND 66$
105
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Harri Kettunen
sounding berries puolukka and juolukka >µOLQJRQEHUU\¶ DQG µQRUWKHUQ ELOEHUU\¶ UHVSHFWLYHO\@
kukka! ³ÀRZHU´ saari! ³LVODQG´ paikka! ³SODFH´ DQG tunturi! ³DIHOOPRXQWDLQ´
possibly associated with paljakkaLHDIRUHဧOHVVDUHDRIDIHOOPRXQWDLQWKDWULVHVDERYHWKH
WUHHOLQH )XUWKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH ravintola, baari! ³UHVWDXUDQWEDU´SRVVLEO\FRQIXVHGZLWK
the word kapakka µSXE¶ on kalenteri! ³LW LV D FDOHQGDU´ DQG kalenteri vähä niin ku!
³OLNH D FDOHQGDU´ ± WKH ODVW WZR LQ DOO OLNHOLKRRG IURP almanakka RU µDOPDQDF¶ 2QH ¿IWK
JUDGHUNQHZTXLWHFRUUHFWO\WKDW se on hopean korvaus aine! ³LW¶VDVXEVWLWXWHPDWHULDOIRU
VLOYHU´ 0RUHWKDQ RIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP6RPHDQVZHUVZHUH
GHVFULSWLYHVXFKD laamaeläin, joka sylkee suuttuessaan! ³DOODPDDQLPDO>6RXWK$PHULFDQ
FDPHOLG@WKDWVSLWVZKHQLWJHWVDQJU\´ kamelin näköinen eläin, ei kyttyröitä! ³DQDQLPDO
UHVHPEOLQJDFDPHOQRKXPSV´ HOlLQ DXఅUDOLDVVD" ! ³DQLPDO LQ$XVWUDOLD" ´ DQG söpö,
kallis elukka! ³FXWH H[SHQVLYH DQLPDO´ 2QH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQW DGGHG parempi villa kuin
laamassa + hopea! ³EHWWHUZRROWKDQRQDOODPDVLOYHU´
Chicha,DIHUPHQWHGGULQNPDGHIURPPDL]HDQGRWKHULQJUHGLHQWVE\VHYHUDOLQGLJHQRXV
SHRSOHLQ&HQWUDODQG6RXWK$PHULFDDQGWKH&DULEEHDQLVRIYDULRXV RUXQNQRZQ RULJLQV
7KHZRUGZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\ QRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQRU)LQQLVK
VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP ZKLOH WZR 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG FKLFKD DV bebida! RU
bebida peruana! DQG WZR RWKHUV tipo de elote! DQG maiz morado!$QVZHUV IURP WKH
$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV LQFOXGHG ³IHPDOH JLUO WKDW LV D IULHQG 6SDQLVK ´ DQG ³D GURS RI SHUIXPH´
$QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH kana! ³FKLFNHQ´ chicha on kai
kana! ³FKLFKDLVSUREDEO\DFKLFNHQ´ espanjaksi tyttö! ³JLUOLQ6SDQLVK´ savutupakka!
³D VPRNHWREDFFRFLJDUHWWH´ kiina ³&KLQD´ se on suurimmista maista! ³LW¶V >RQH@ RI
WKH ODUJHVW FRXQWULHV´ kaupunki! ³FLW\´ nimi! ³QDPH´ ruoka! ³IRRGGLVK´ DQG
koira! ³GRJ´ ± SRVVLEO\ IURP µ&KLKXDKXD¶ +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DGGHG tyttö! ³JLUO´
tyttö/suitsuke! ³JLUOLQFHQVH´ piippu :)! ³SLSH ´ DQG hevosen nimi, ylivoimainen
ikäluokissaan! ³QDPHRIDKRUVHXQEHDWDEOHLQLWVDJHJURXS´>1% VHFRQGOHWWHU K!LQFKLFKD
VPXGJHG LQ RUGHU WR VSHOO µFKLFD¶@ 6RPH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV FRUUHFWO\ LGHQWL¿HG chicha as
VRPH W\SH RI D GULQN HVSHFLDOO\ PDGH IURP PDL]H 6RPH RI WKHP DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK
µVKLVKD¶ SLSHDQGRUWREDFFR vesipiippu! ³ZDWHUSLSHVKLVKDKRRNDK´ joku poltettava
aine?/piippu! ³VRPH NLQG RI VXEVWDQFH"SLSH WKDW \RX FDQ VPRNH´ DQG makutupakka!
³ÀDYRUHG WREDFFR VKLVKD´ RWKHUV WR RWKHU WKLQJV VXFK DV tyttö espanjaksi! ³JLUO LQ
6SDQLVK´ musiikki/tanssilaji Perussa(?)! ³W\SHRIPXVLFGDQFHLQ3HUX " ´ DQG makkara?
(salchicha)! ³VDXVDJH VDOFKLFKD ´ 7KHORDQZRUGVXUYH\LQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ
“laughter”107 ³WR\´ ³µJLUO¶ LQ 6SDQLVK´ DQG ³)QDI´7KH ODVW RQH SUREDEO\ UHIHUV WR WKH Five
Nights at Freddy’s video game where we have Chica the ChickenRQHRIWKH¿YHFKDUDFWHUVRI
³)1$)´ WKHRWKHUVEHLQJFreddy the Bear, Bonnie the Bunny, Foxy the Fox, and Golden Freddy).
Kiva is a Hopi word for a chamber that is built entirely or partly underground, and used by
WKHPDOH3XHEOR,QGLDQVHJIRUUHOLJLRXVULWHV 2(' 1RQHLQDQ\RIWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\V
LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPFRUUHFWO\'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHWKHWHUPLVKRPRJUDSKLFZLWKWKH)LQQLVK
ZRUGWKDWPHDQV³QLFHQHDWIXQ´PDQ\DQVZHUVLQWKHVXUYH\VLQ)LQODQGFRQFHUQHGWKDWWHUP
$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQFOXGHG adjektiivi (ystävällinen)! ³DGMHFWLYH
NLQG ´ asia mikä on kiva xd miten tämmöi selitetää! ³VRPHWKLQJWKDWLVQLFH[GKRZGR
1% ,Q3ROLVK FK!LVSURQRXQFHG>[@LHWKH FK!LQ FKLFKD!VRXQGVOLNH6SDQLVK M!RU,3$>[@
6LPLODUO\³&KLKXDKXD´ZDVGHVFULEHGE\RQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDV³ODXJKLQJDQGEDUNLQJGRJDWWKHVDPH
time” and “narcotic, giggling” by another.
107
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
167
\RXH[SODLQVRPHWKLQJOLNHWKLV´ että on ystävällinen muille!! ³EHLQJNLQGWRRWKHUV´ se
on tunne tila! ³LW¶VDVHQWLPHQW´ mukava! ³QLFH´ sana jolla voi kehua! ³DZRUG\RX
FDQXVHWRFRPPHQG>VRPHRQH@´ DQG on mukava ja ei valehtele! ³LVQLFHDQGGRHVQ¶WOLH´
2QHVWXGHQWKDGZULWWHQ hyvä ystävä! ³JRRGIULHQG´ EXWKDGWKHQHUDVHGLW±PD\EHUHDOL]LQJ
WKDW WKH ZRUGV LQ WKH VXUYH\ DUH QRW VWDQGDUG )LQQLVK ZRUGV$QRWKHU VWXGHQW ZDV SHUSOH[HG
DQGZURWH Miks en tajuu?! ³ZK\GRQ¶W,JHWWKLV"´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG tässä ei
taideta hakea adjektiivia! ³,JXHVVZH¶UHQRWDLPLQJDWDQDGMHFWLYHKHUH´ DQG minä! ³,´
>ZLWK WKUHH DUURZV DURXQG LW@ 8QLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV KDG suomenkielinen sana!! ³D ZRUG LQ
)LQQLVK´ DQG puebloihin liittyvä, rakennuksen osa tms.! ³KDVWRGRZLWKWKH3XHEORVSDUW
RIDEXLOGLQJRUVRPHWKLQJOLNHWKDW´
Poncho GHULYHV SRVVLEO\ IURP D 0DSXGXQJXQ WHUP RI XQVSHFL¿HG IRUP QRWH DOVR WKH
Quechua term punchu +RZHYHU&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO '(&+ 9RO,9 VWDWH
that poncho “is a word that appears a lot in Chile, and with reference to the Indians, but it cannot
FRPH IURP$UDXFDQLDQ >EXW LQVWHDG@ SHUKDSV IURP WKH &DVWLOLDQ DGMHFWLYH poncho or pocho
µFRORUOHVV¶WRGHVFULEHDNLQGRIEODQNHWRIDVLQJOHFRORUDQGZLWKRXWGHVLJQV´108)DPLOLDULW\
ZLWKWKHWHUPLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VZDVUHODWLYHO\KLJKRIWKH0H[LFDQRIWKH
$ODVNDQDQG RIWKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\KLJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP
$QVZHUV IURP$ODVND LQFOXGHG ³0H[LFDQ DSSDUUHO >VLF@ WKDW KDQJV RYHU \RXU VKRXOGHUV´ ³D
EDJJ\VKLUWZLWKDKHDGKROHEXWQRDUPKROHV´ ³OLJKWDQRUDN´ ³FORWKLQJJDUPHQWXVHGWRNHHS
GU\´ ³SURWHFWIURPUDLQ´ ³VRPHWKLQJ,ZHDUDWVHDZRUOGWRQRWJHWZHW´ ³PL[RIVRPHWKLQJ´
DQG³KDW´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ chamarra! abrigo!
abrigo hecho de piel animal! como un rebozo! es como un sueter! algo con lo que
te tapas! para ubrirse de la lluvia o viento! prenda tradicional! sweter artesanal!
traje típico! prenda de ropa muy fea! XQ SDQWDORQ LQÀDGR! mochila! bebida!
nombre! apodo! DQG una prenda o diminutivo de alfonso!(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROFKLOGUHQ¶V
DQVZHUVIURP)LQODQGLQFOXGHG meksikolainen vaate! ³0H[LFDQFORWKLQJ´ espanjalainen
vaatetus! ³6SDQLVKFORWKLQJ´ intiaanivaate! ³,QGLDQ>1DWLYH$PHULFDQ@FORWKLQJ´ paita
missä ei ole hihoja (tosi lämmin)! ³DVKLUWWKDWKDVQRVOHHYHV UHDOO\ZDUP ´ kaulahuivin
ja neuleen yhdistelmä! ³DFRPELQDWLRQRIDVFDUIDQGDNQLWJDUPHQW´ vaate jossa pääaukko
mutta ei käsiaukkoja! ³DJDUPHQWWKDWKDVDQRSHQLQJIRUWKHKHDGEXWQRWIRUWKHDUPV´ DQG
sade viitta! ³UDLQ SRQFKR´ 6RPH DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK D KDW hieno hattu! ³IDQF\
KDW´ meksikolainen hattu! ³0H[LFDQ KDW´ DQG etelä-amerikkalainen hattu! ³6RXWK
$PHULFDQKDW´ DQGVRPHWRWKHGHURJDWRU\VODQJZRUGpontsoRUµIDWSHUVRQ¶ pyöreä/lihava
ihminen/eläin! ³URXQGHGIDW SHUVRQDQLPDO´ DQG läski! ³IDWVR´ 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGH
yhden kulttuurin ihminen(?)! ³D SHUVRQ IURP RQH FXOWXUH " ´ salee kasvi! ³VXUHO\>"@ D
SODQW´ DQG dinosaurusten aikaan elänyt iso eläin! ³DODUJHDQLPDOWKDWOLYHGGXULQJWKHHUD
of dinosaurs”). +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DGGHG Väli-Amerikkalaisten vilttimäinen “paita”! ³D
EODQNHWOLNH³VKLUW´RIWKH0LGGOH$PHULFDQV´ hartia huivi! ³VKDZO´ puettava matto! ³D
UXJWKDW\RX>FDQ@ZHDU´ hiusjuttu! ³KDLUWKLQJ´ DQG “machoileva” ihminen! ³PDFKR´
ZKLOH WKH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV KDG meksikolainen viitta! ³0H[LFDQ FDSHFORDNUREH´ DQG
vaate, tällä hetkellä muotia!! ³DSLHFHRIFORWKLQJIDVKLRQDEOHULJKWQRZ´ )XUWKHUPRUHWKH
3ROLVKVXUYH\SURYLGHGponczo: “alcoholic beverage.”
³321&+2HVSDODEUDTXHDSDUHFHPXFKRHQ&KLOH\FRQUHIHUHQFLDDORVLQGLRVSHURQRSXHGHYHQLU
GHODUDXFDQR TXL]iGHODGM>HWLYR@FDVW>HOODQQR@poncho o pocho¶GHVFRORULGR¶SRUGHVLJQDUXQDFODVHGH
manta de un solo color y sin dibujos.”
108
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Harri Kettunen
Tipi GHULYHV IURP /DNRWD thípi ³GZHOOLQJ´ RU HVVHQWLDOO\ ³WKH\ OLYH´ 8OOULFK HG
Andersson et al 7RGD\LQ/DNRWDWKHWHUPUHIHUVWRKRXVHVRUEXLOGLQJVLQJHQHUDO
while WKLtNþH\D means tipi (composed of thí “to live, dwell” and LNþp\D “ordinarily, freely,
QDWXUDOO\´ >8OOULFK HG @ ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK WKH WHUP ZDV KLJKHU LQ 0H[LFR
WKDQ$ODVND DQG KLJKHVW LQ )LQODQG RI WKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQ
VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQG RI
WKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP109$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG³DQLQGLDQ
KRXVHPDGHZVWLFNVNLQ´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVGHVFULEHGWKHWHUPDVIROORZV casa
donde viven los indios! cosa rara triangular en la q se dormian personas primitivas! tipo
de casa hecha de paja! DQG una cabaña aborigen!$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\
schools were more varied than those from the upper levels of education. These included
inkkareiden teltta! ³WHQW RI WKH ,QGLDQV´ teltta jota intiaanit käyttivät! ³D WHQW WKDW WKH
,QGLDQVXVHGWRXVH´ sellai teltta mis on tulta (intiaanit) kai! ³DWHQWWKDWKDV¿UH ,QGLDQV ,
VXSSRVH´ intiaanin asunto! ³GZHOOLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´ talo! ³KRXVH´ maja! ³KXW´
DQG mökki! ³FDELQ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH intiainen sotanaamari! ³,QGLDQZDUPDVN´
lintu! ³ELUG´ tipu! ³VPDOOELUG´ eläin! ³DQLPDO´ DQG ryhmä! ³WHDP´ ±WKHODVW
one possibly from tiimi (“team”).
DEBATED ORIGINS
Barbecue (Sp. barbacoa 7KH PRVW OLNHO\ VRXUFH RI WKH ZRUG barbecue is the Haitian
$UDZDN barbakoa ~ barabakoa '/( ZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQ6SDQLVKDVbarbacoa, and in
(QJOLVK¿UVWDVbarbecu (17th century), then borbecu (17th to 18th centuries), barbicue (18th
FHQWXU\ DQG¿QDOO\barbecue (18th century) – with a variant barbacue from the 17th to 19th
FHQWXULHV 2(' , KDYH DOVR HQFRXQWHUHG HW\PRORJLHV WKDW SRLQW WR D )UHQFK RULJLQ RI
WKHZRUGPRVWO\E\)UDQFRSKRQHVFKRODUV7KHVHDUHKRZHYHUIRONHW\PRORJLHVZLWKRXWDQ\
OLQJXLVWLF VXSSRUW 2(' KDV WKH IROORZLQJ ³7KH DOOHJHG )U>HQFK@ barbe a queue µEHDUG WR
WDLO¶LVDQDEVXUGFRQMHFWXUHVXJJHVWHGPHUHO\E\WKHVRXQGRIWKHZRUG´ The term appears
LQ 2YLHGR¶V Historia )HUQiQGH] GH 2YLHGR \ 9DOGpV IROLR U DV barbacoa with the
following description:
“Assi como el Mahiz va cresciendo tienen cuydado de lo deservar hasta que esta tan
alto que el Mahiz señorea la yerva, y quando esta bien crescido y grana, es menester
poner le guarda: en lo qual los indios ocupan los muchachos: y a este respeto les hazen
estar encima de los arboles y de andamios que les hazen de madera y cañas y cubiertos
como ramadas por el sol y agua, y a estos andamios llaman Barbacoas. E desde la
EDUEDFRD HVWDQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH GDQGR ER]HV RMHDQGR ORV 3DSDJD\RV \ RWUDV DYHV TXH
YLHQƝDFRPHUORVPDKL]DOHV´110
The word (spelled variably as tiipii or tipi DUULYHGLQ)LQQLVKDURXQGWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\ +lNNLQHQ
DQGLWPD\EHWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHJROGHQHUDRIWKLQJV:HVWHUQ DVLQ:HVWHUQPRYLHVDQGERRNV LV
DOUHDG\RYHUWKHLQWHUHVWLQWKH 1RUWK $PHULFDQ:HVWLVQRWHQWLUHO\JRQHLQWKH)LQQLVKFXOWXUH
110
,Q PRGHUQL]HG 6SDQLVK )HUQiQGH] GH 2YLHGR \ 9DOGpV >@ HGLWHG E\ 'RUDOLFLD &DUPRQD
Dávila) the quote is as follows: “Así como el Maíz va creciendo, tienen cuidado de lo desherbar hasta
que está tan alto que el Maíz señorea la yerba, y cuando está bien crecido y grana, es menestaer ponerle
guarda, en lo cual los Indios ocupan los muchachos, y a este respecto les hacen estar encima de los árboles
109
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
169
There is no good etymology for the term in Taino, and it is possible that it is a composite
WHUPZLWKDQRZORVWRULJLQ+RZHYHUDV2YLHGRKDVLWLQWKHTXRWHDERYH³DHVWRVDQGDPLRV
OODPDQ%DUEDFRDV´LH³WKHVHVFD൵ROGVDUHFDOOHG%DUEDFRDV´LWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHVRPHRQHLQWKH
*UHDWHU $QWLOOHVXVHGDWHUPWKDWVRXQGHG WRD6SDQLVKHDU OLNH³EDUEDFRD´2WKHUSRVVLELOLW\
LVWKDWWKHWHUPZDVSLFNHGXSHOVHZKHUHDQGSXEOLVKHGDIHZGHFDGHVDIWHUWKH&RQTXHVW DV
LVWKHFDVHZLWKPRVWRIWKHHDUO\UHSRUWVIURPWKH1HZ:RUOG +RZHYHUWKLVVHHPVXQOLNHO\
VRWKHEHVWRSWLRQLVVWLOOWRORRNIRUDSRWHQWLDOHW\PRORJ\LQ7DLQR7DNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
2YLHGR¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIDVFD൵ROG,GRQRW¿QGLWLPSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHWHUPZDVFRPSRVHGRI
VRPHWKLQJUHIHUULQJWRDIUDPHPDGHRXWRIZRRGHQVWLFNVRUERDUGV7KHLQLWLDOPHDQLQJRID
frame or VFDৼROG transformed into a cooking device (which might have been another meaning
RIWKHWHUPE\H[WHQVLRQ DQGWRDFRRNLQJPHWKRGDQG¿QDOO\WR³VDXFH´DVZHZLOOVKRUWO\
see. Although more research is needed, it is worth noting that Taino (Granberry and Vescelius
2004:103, 108) has ba- for “big, great, large,” ara for “tree, wood,” and kowa for “planting
VWLFN´ :KHWKHU VRPH RU QRQH RI WKHVH WHUPV DUH SDUW RI WKH ZRUG WKDW ZDV UHFRUGHG E\ WKH
6SDQLVKLQWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\UHPDLQVWREHYHUL¿HGDQGH[SORUHGIXUWKHU,QDGGLWLRQ/DV
&DVDV &KDSWHU/;,,, QRWHVWKDWWKHQDWLYHVOLYHGLQEDUEDFRDVRU³KRXVHVRQWRSRIWUHHV
>LHSROHVVWLOWV"@RQWKHZDWHU´
³)XHVHSRUODWLHUUDGH$EUD\EDiODSURYLQFLDQRPEUDGD&HUDFDQiOD~OWLPDOXHQJD
TXHYLYLDQHQODVEDUEDFRDVyFDVDVVREUHORViUEROHVTXHHVWDEDQHQHODJXDORVFXDOHV
VLQWLHQGRORVHVSDxROHVVHGHIHQGLHURQFRQVXVYDUDVXQEXHQUDWR>«@´111
:KDW/DV&DVDVLVPRVWOLNHO\UHIHUULQJWRDUHVWLOWKRXVHVRQWKHFRDVWRI3DQDPD/DV
Casas could have used a Taino-derived term to describe the houses of the Ceracaná, but just as
OLNHO\KHFRXOGKDYHUHIHUUHGWRDQDWLYHWHUP7KHODQJXDJHVLQWKH,VWKPR&RORPELDQDUHDDUH
primarily Chibchan languages but at least so far, no linguistic entries have proven productive in
the search for the etymology of the term.112
/DWHUWKHWHUPUHIHUVVSHFL¿FDOO\WRFRRNLQJGHYLFHVDQGPHWKRGV(GZDUG7\ORUGHVFULEHG
EDUEHFXHLQKLVERRNAnahuac: or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern this
way:
y de andamios que les hacen de madera y cañas y cubiertos como ramadas por el sol y agua, y a estos
DQGDPLRVOODPDQEDUEDFRDV<GHVGHODEDUEDFRDHVWiQFRQWLQXDPHQWHGDQGRYRFHVRMHDQGRORVSDSDJD\RV
y otras aves que vienen a comer los Maizales”. The term “ojeando” is ambivalent here but as the original
text has “oxeando,” the meaning is clearly oxear ~ ojear for “espantar las aves domésticas y la caza” and
“ahuyentar la caza con voces, tiros, golpes o ruido, para que se levante, acosándola hasta que llega al sitio
GRQGHVHOHKDGHWLUDURFRJHUFRQUHGHVOD]RVHWF´ '/( UHVSHFWLYHO\LQVWHDGRIojear for “Mirar
DDOJXQDSDUWH´ '/( RU³PLUDUUiSLGD\VXSHU¿FLDOPHQWH>DOJRRDDOJXLHQ@´ '3'
111
7KHDUHDWKDW/DV&DVDVLVUHIHUULQJWRLVTXLWHOLNHO\OLNHO\3DQDPD*DUFtD0HQDFKR\5RYLUD QG
JLYHVDQDFFRXQWRI%DUWRORPp+XUWDGRZKRH[SORUHGWKHSURYLQFHRI9HUDJXDDQGWRRNSDUWLQWKHFRQTXHVW
of Darién. In the process, he was ordered to punish the chiefs Abenamechey and Abrayba of Rio Grande
(but never succeeding in it).
112
A tempting connection is also the now extinct Barbacoa language (part of the Barbacoan language
IDPLO\ VSRNHQLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ&RORPELDDQGQRUWKHUQ(FXDGRU7KHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHWHUPLVLQWHUHVWLQJ
but as the name of the language is undoubtedly an exonym and the area not in the vicinity of the early
contacts between the Europeans and the Indigenous Americans, the relevance to the discussion of the
etymology of the term is relatively inconsequential.
170
Harri Kettunen
>@KHKDGLQYLWHGDSDUW\RIQHLJKERXUVWRHDWXSDNLGWKDWKDGEHHQFRRNHGLQDKROH
in the ground, with embers upon it, after Sandwich Island fashion. This is called a
EDUEDFRD±DEDUEHFXH:HVKRXOGKDYHOLNHGWREHDWWKHIHDVWEXWWLPHZDVVKRUWVR
ZHURGHRQWRWKHWRSRI0RXQW-DFDO>@ 7\ORU
7KHµNLG¶LQWKHDFFRXQWLVREYLRXVO\D\RXQJJRDWQRWDUHIHUHQFHWR0HVRDPHULFDQFKLOG
VDFUL¿FH$QRWKHUDFFRXQWE\(YHUDUGLP7KXUQSURYLGHVXVZLWKDQRWKHUYDULDQWRIWKHZRUG
barbecue:
>@WKHPHDWDQGPRVWRIWKH¿VKLVVPRNHGRUEDEUDFRWHG>@$EDEUDFRWLVDVWDJH
RIJUHHQVWLFNVEXLOWRYHUD¿UHRQZKLFKWKHPHDWLVODLGDQGH[SRVHGIRUDORQJWLPH
WRWKHDFWLRQRIWKHVPRNH0HDW¿VKDQGHYHQHJJVWUHDWHGLQWKLVZD\EHFRPHYHU\
WDVWHOHVVEXWUHWDLQWKHLUQXWULWLYHSRZHUVIRUDORQJZKLOH>@ 7KXUQ
,Q(QJOLVKWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIEDUEHFXHKDVGHYHORSHGIURPWKHGHYLFHIRUFRRNLQJWRVRFLDO
JDWKHULQJV2('KDVWKWR WKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@UXGHZRRGHQIUDPHZRUNXVHGLQ
$PHULFDIRUVOHHSLQJRQDQGIRUVXSSRUWLQJDERYHD¿UHPHDWWKDWLVWREHVPRNHGRUGULHG´DQ
WKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHWR³>D@QLURQIUDPHIRUEURLOLQJYHU\ODUJHMRLQWV´WKDQG WKFHQWXU\
UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@KRJR[RURWKHUDQLPDOEURLOHGRUURDVWHGZKROH>@´WKWRWKFHQWXU\
UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@ODUJHVRFLDOHQWHUWDLQPHQWXVXDOO\LQWKHRSHQDLUDWZKLFKDQLPDOVDUHURDVWHG
ZKROH DQG RWKHU SURYLVLRQV OLEHUDOO\ VXSSOLHG´ WK FHQWXU\ UHIHUHQFHV WR ³>D@ VWUXFWXUH IRU
FRRNLQJIRRGRYHUDQRSHQ¿UHRIZRRGRUFKDUFRDOXVX>DOO\@RXWRIGRRUVDQGIUHT>XHQWO\@DV
SDUWRIDSDUW\RURWKHUVRFLDOHQWHUWDLQPHQW´DQGHYHQD WKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHWR³>D@QRSHQ
ÀRRURQZKLFKFR൵HHEHDQVHWFPD\EHVSUHDGRXWWRGU\´
,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH VWXGHQW VXUYH\ RI$PHULQGLDQ ORDQZRUGV LQ )LQQLVK VKRZHG WKDW PRVW
of the elementary school children did not associate the word with the method or the apparatus
RI EDUEHFXLQJ EXW UDWKHU WR EDUEHFXH sauce or ÀDYRULQJ. However, the concept was
UHODWLYHO\ZHOO UHFRJQL]HGE\KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\
VFKRROVLQFOXGH kastike! ³VDXFH´ kai chilimauste! ³PD\EHFKLOLVSLFH´ DQG lihakastike!
³PHDW VDXFH´ +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG PRUH GHVFULSWLRQV RI EDUEHFXH DV D
PHWKRG RI EDUEHFXLQJ RU WKH EDUEHFXH JULOO LWVHOI 2WKHU DQVZHUV ZHUH VLPLODU WR WKRVH IURP
WKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV kastike! ³VDXFH´ grillisanastoa. kastike! ³EDUEHFXHYRFDEXODU\
VDXFH´ kastikemaku! ³ÀDYRURIDVDXFH´ sitä soossia! ³WKDWVDXFH´ käytetään esim.
ribsien kanssa! ³XVHGIRUH[DPSOHZLWKULEV´ grilli kastike tai mauste! ³EDUEHFXHVDXFHRU
VSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ grillimauste! ³EDUEHFXHVSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ grillimaku!
³EDUEHFXH ÀDYRULQJ´ tulinen mauste! ³KRW VSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ maustamisen
“tyyli”! ³µVW\OH¶ RI VHDVRQLQJ´ teko savun maku! ³IDNH WDVWH RI VPRNH´ marinadi!
³PDULQDGH´ DQG sitä laitetaan grilliruuan päälle! ³\RXSXWLQRQWRSRIEDUEHFXHIRRG´
7KHDQVZHUVLQWKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQDQ$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROLQFOXGHGµVDXFH¶DVZHOOEXW
FRQWUDU\WRWKH)LQQLVKDQVZHUVWKHVRFLDOFRPSRQHQWRIEDUEHFXLQJZDVKHDYLO\SUHVHQW ³VDXFH
RUDIDPLO\JDWKHULQJ´³DQHYHQWZKHUH\RXJDWKHUZLWKIDPLO\DQGKDYHDVSHFL¿FOXQFK´DQG
interestingy, “a gathering of people, may include food.”
Buccaneer (Sp. bucanero LV D WHUP ZKRVH RULJLQV DUH VWLOO VRPHZKDW HOXVLYH /DRQ¶V
Relation du voyage des Francois fait au cap de Nord en Amerique LVWKH¿UVWNQRZQ
DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH WHUP LQ WKH )UHQFK IRUP boucanier. However, the term boucan appears
DOUHDG\LQ-HDQGH/pU\¶VHistoire d’un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil (1578). None of the
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
171
HDUO\VRXUFHVDUHVSHFL¿FDVWRWKHH[DFWODQJXDJHZKHUHWKHWHUPFRPHVIURPEXWEDVHGRQWKH
DFFRXQWVRIWKH)UHQFKH[SORULQJWKH1HZ:RUOGWKHDUHDPXVWKDYHEHHQVRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQ
WKH*X\DQDVDQGWKH%UD]LOLDQFRDVW&157/VWDWHVWKDWWKHODQJXDJHLV7XSLDQGWKHWHUP
IURPZKLFKWKH)UHQFKRULJLQDWHVLVmokaém. The reports by Raymond Breton (1666), seem to
point out to the Coast of Guiana, and if that is the case, a Cariban origin for the word probably
PDNHVPRUHVHQVHWKDQD7XSLDQ$QHDUO\UHSRUWE\-HDQGH/pU\ FOHDUO\UHIHUVWR
boucan as “roast(ing),” both game and people:
³+RZHYHUQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKLVHQPLW\RIRXU0DUJDwDVDWWKHHQFRXQWHURIWKH)UHQFK
ZKLFKWKH\DQGZHKLGDVPXFKDVZHFRXOGRXUTXDUWHUPDVWHUZKRNQHZKRZWRVOXU
their language a little, had gotten in our ship with some other sailors went towards to the
shore, where in large troops we saw these “savages” assembled. However, our people
only trusted in them to a certain point, in order to avoid the danger or that they could
have put themselves to be BoucanezWKDWLVWRVD\µURDVWHG¶WKH\GLGQRWDSSURDFKWKH
JURXQGFORVHUWKDQWKHUHDFKRIWKHLUDUURZV7KHUHE\VKRZLQJWKHPIURPDIDUNQLYHV
PLUURUV RWKHUVWULQNHWVDQGFDOOLQJWKHPWRDVNWKHPIRUVXSSOLHVDVVRRQDVWKRVH
that approached as much as they could, had agreed to it, without having been otherwise
DVNHGVHYHUDORIWKHPLQDKDVWHZHZHQWWRIHWFKDVNIRURXUIRUHPDQVRWKDWRQKLV
UHWXUQKHQRWRQO\EURXJKWXVÀRXUPDGHIURPDURRWZKLFKWKHVDYDJHVHDWLQVWHDGRI
bread, hams, and meat from a certain species of wild boar, with other provisions, in
VX൶FLHQWTXDQWLWLHVDVWKHFRXQWU\\LHOGVWKHVHEXWDOVRWRSUHVHQWWRXVVL[PHQDQGD
ZRPDQZKRGLGQRWKDYHDQ\GL൶FXOW\LQHPEDUNLQJDQGFRPLQJWRVHHXVRQRXUVKLS
1RZEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHWKH¿UVWVDYDJHVWKDW,VDZFORVHO\,OHDYH\RXWRFRQVLGHULI
,VDZ FRQWHPSODWHGWKHPDWWHQWLYHO\$OWKRXJK,UHVHUYHWRP\VHOIWRGHVFULEHDQG
SRUWUD\WKHPDWOHQJWKDWDQRWKHUPRUHDSSURSULDWHWLPH>«@´113
Raymond Breton, in his Dictionaire francois-caraibe (Breton 1666: 48), explains that the
term refers not only to a grill but also to a structure114. Boucan DV FRRNLQJ VW\OH LV OHQJWKLO\
GHVFULEHGE\-HDQ%DSWLVWH/DEDWLQKLVNouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amerique /DEDW
2U QRQREǕWDQW FHǕWH LQLPLWLp GH QRV 0DUJDwDV j O¶HQFRQWUH GHV )UDQoRLV ODTXHOOH HX[ QRXV
GLǕVLPXOLRQVWDQWTXHQRXVSRXXLRQVQRǕWUH&}WUHPDLǕWUHTXLǕDXRLWYQSHXJHUJRQQHUOHXUODQJDJHV¶HǕWDQW
PLVGDQVQRǕWUH%DUTXHDXHFTXHOTXHVDXWUHV0DWHORWVV¶HQDOODFRQWUHOHULXDJHRXHQJURǕǕHVWURXSHVQRXV
YR\}VFHV6DXXDJHVDǕǕHPEOH]7RXWHVIRLVQRVJHQVQHǕH¿DQVHQHX[TXHELHQjSRLQWD¿QG¶REXLHUDX
GDQJHURXLOVǕHIXǕǕHQWSHXPHWWUHG¶HǕWUH%RXFDQH]F¶HǕWjGLUHURǕWL]LOVQ¶DSSURFKqUHQWSDVSOXVSUHV
GHWHUUHTXHODSRUWHHGHOHXUVÀHǕFKHV$LQǕLOHXUPRQǕWUDQVGHORLQGHVFRXǕWHDX[GHVPLURXHUV DXWUHV
EDJXHQDXGHULHV OHVDSSHODQVSRXUOHXUGHPDQGHUGHVYLXUHVǕLWRǕWTXHTXHOTXHVYQVTXLV¶DSURFKHUHQW
OHSOXVSUHVTX¶LOVSHXUHQWO¶HXUHQWHQWӁGXǕDQVǕHIDLUHDXWUHPHQWSULHUSOXǕLHXUVG¶HQWU¶HX[HQJUDQGH
GLOLJHQFHQRXVHQDOOHUHQWTXHULU1RǕWUH&RQWUHPDLǕWUHGRQFTXHVjǕRQUHWRXUQRQǕHXOHPHQWQRXVUDSSRUWD
GHODIDULQHIDLWHG¶YQHUDFLQHODTXHOOHOHV6DXXDJHVPDQJHQWDXOLHXGHSDLQGHVLDPERQV GHODFKDLU
G¶YQHFHUWDLQHHǕSHFHGH6DQJOLHUVDXHFG¶DXWUHVYLFWXDLOOHV IUXLWVjǕX൶ǕDQFHWHOVTXHOHSD\VOHVSRUWH
PDLVDXǕVLSRXUQRXVOHVSUHǕHQWHUǕL[KRPPHV YQHIHPPHQH¿UӁWSRLQWGHGL൶FXOWpGHV¶ӁEDUTXHU
QRXVYHQLUYRLUHQQRǕWUH1DXLUH2USDUFHTXHFHIXUHQWOHVSUHPLHUV6DXXDJHVTXHLHYLVGHSUHVLHYRXV
ODLǕǕHjSHQǕHUǕLLHOHVUHJDUGD\ FRQWӁSOD\DWWHQWLXHPӁW3DUWDQWHQFRUHVTXHLHUHǕHUXHjOHVGHǕFULUH
GHǕSHLQGUHDXORQJHQDXWUHOLHXSOXVSURSUH>«@!7UDQVODWLRQE\WKHDXWKRUZLWKWKHJHQHURXVKHOSRI
&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH
114
%RXFDQFHPRWVHSUHQGSRXUYQHFDEDQHGHPDKRWVXUODTXHOOHRQVHFRXFKHRXSRXUYQJULOGHERLV
GHV6DXXDJHVLR~OODL¶HQD\XQ,R~OODQLiWLQD!
113
Harri Kettunen
172
/DEDWD'RPLQLFDQPLVVLRQDU\IURP3DULVHOXFLGDWHVLQGHWDLOKRZWR³ERXFDQ´DWXUWOHZLWK
WXUWOH" HJJ\RONVKHUEVVSLFHVOHPRQMXLFHVDOWDQGKRWSHSSHUSODFLQJLWLQDKROHLQWKHVDQG
IRXUWR¿YHIHHWGHHSDQGVL[IHHWLQGLDPHWHU¿OOLQJWKHSLWZLWKHPEHUDQGFRRNLQJWKHWXUWOH
IRUIRXUKRXUV7KLV/DEDWH[SODLQVLVZKDWLVFDOOHGD³%RXFDQGH7RUWXs´DQGKHFRQWLQXHV
SURFODLPLQJWKDWKHGRHVQRW³EHOLHYHWKDWWKHJUHDWHVWPRQDUFKVRIWKH2OGDQGWKH1HZ:RUOG
have ever had on their tables a pâtéRIDERXW¿YHKXQGUHGSRXQGV>«@WKHLQVLGHRIZKLFKZDV
PRVWGHOLFDWHDQGWKHFUXVWSDUWLFXODUO\¿UPDQGQDWXUDO´115
The term buccaneer did not appear in the English or Spanish surveys done in the US and
0H[LFRQRULVLWDWHUPWKDWDSSHDUVLQ)LQQLVKDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\LWZDVQRWSDUWRIWKHVXUYH\
LQ)LQODQG+RZHYHUWKHWHUPbukanierZDVDGGHGWRWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGLQ ZLWKWKH
IROORZLQJDQVZHUV ³EDQNHU´ ³QDPHRIDEXQNHU´ ³*HUPDQ:HDSRQRI0DVV'HVWUXFWLRQ´ DQG
³%XND´7KHODVWHQWU\ %XND LVWKHFKDUDFWHUIURP7RYH-DQVVRQ¶V0RRPLQVNQRZQDVMörkö
LQ)LQQLVKDQG0nUUDQ in Swedish.
NEW WORLD FLORA AND FAUNA WITH OLD WORLD LABELS
As it happens in every language contact, some terms of new things are borrowed while
others are invented or connected to existing concepts. Examples of New World “items” that
UHFHLYHGLQPRVWFDVHVDWHUPLQWKHUHFLSLHQWODQJXDJHLQFOXGHDPDUDQWKDJDYHEODFNEHDQ
ORJZRRG SDVVLRQIUXLW SHDQXW VXQÀRZHU YDQLOOD FRFKLQHDO DQDFRQGD DQWHDWHU DUPDGLOOR
FDSXFKLQPRQNH\JXLQHDSLJKRZOHUPRQNH\PDUPRVHWPXVFRY\GXFNVORWKVSLGHUPRQNH\
DQGWXUNH\
New World goods in the Old World
The travel route of the borrowed New World terms usually followed the travel route of
WKH1HZ:RUOGLWHPVH[FHSWIRUPDQ\DQLPDOWHUPVWKDWZHUHPDLQO\NQRZQIURPWH[WXDORU
SLFWRULDOGHVFULSWLRQV,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHVHHQWLWLHV¿UVWDUULYHGWRWKHFRXQWULHVDQGODQJXDJHV
that were in contact with the societies and languages from which the terms and their referents
originated. In most cases this meant Spain, but many things and terms also landed in other
DUHDVDQGODQJXDJHVLQFOXGLQJ3RUWXJXHVH)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVK,QPDQ\FDVHVHVSHFLDOO\WKH
ÀRUDDQGIRRGVWX൵VWUDYHOHGIURPWKHVHDUHDVWRQHLJKERULQJUHJLRQVFRXQWULHVDQGODQJXDJHV
FKDQJLQJWKHLUVSHOOLQJDQGRUSURQXQFLDWLRQRQWKHZD\ DWWLPHV 6RPHFRPPRGLWLHVZHUH
also shipped onwards to the overseas possessions of the colonial powers and while some items,
HVSHFLDOO\ ÀRUD IRXQG WKHLU ZD\ WR (XURSHDQ JDUGHQV DQG NLWFKHQV VRPH RWKHUV ZHUH PRUH
successful overseas.
2QHRIWKHVHLVWKHchili pepperWKDW&ROXPEXVHQFRXQWHUHGRQKLV¿UVWYR\DJHDQGEURXJKW
EDFNWR6SDLQLQ +RZHYHUDV$QGUHZV KDVQRWHGFKLOLSHSSHUVDVSDUWRIWKH
0HVRDPHULFDQIRRGFRPSOH[VSUHDGWRWKH2OG:RUOGLQDIDUPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGPDQQHUWKDQLV
commonly presumed, and that “the circuitous routes by which the complex reached Anatolia and
VRXWKHDVWHUQ(XURSHODUJHO\E\SDVVHGWKHZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ>DQG@WKDWWKH3RUWXJXHVHDQG
´-HQHFURLSDVTXHOHVSOXVJUDQGV0RQDUTXHVGHO¶DQFLHQ GXQRXYHDXPRQGHD\HQWMDPDLVHXVXUOHXU
WDEOHXQSkWpG¶HQYLURQFLQTFHQVOLYUHVSHVDQWFRPPHpWRLWOHQ{WUHGRQWOHGHGDQVIXWSOXVGpOLFDW OD
FURXWHSOXVIHUPH SOXVQDWXUHOOH´
115
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
173
7XUNVZHUHIDUPRUHLQÀXHQWLDOWKDQWKH6SDQLDUGVLQWKHGL൵XVLRQRIWKH0HVRDPHULFDQSODQW
complex, even though the source lay in the Spanish colonies and the complex was discovered
E\ &ROXPEXV RQ VHYHUDO YR\DJHV >«@´ $QGUHZV $V$QGUHZV DQG
Collingham (2006: 53) have pointed out, the success of chili peppers in Asia made many people
WKLQNWKDWWKH\RULJLQDWHGWKHUH
$FFRUGLQJWR$QGUHZV 1LNRODXV-RVHSK)UHLKHUUYRQ-DFTXLQ116 named a new
Capsicum species erroneously as chinenseLQWKLQNLQJWKDWWKHVSHFLHVRULJLQDWHGLQ&KLQD
RULQ(DVW$VLDLQJHQHUDO ,¿QGWKLVKDUGWREHOLHYHDV-DFTXLQGLG¿HOGZRUNLQWKH&DULEEHDQ
(see Jacquin 1760 and 1763) and must have been aware, as a botanist, of the origins of chili
SHSSHUV,QIDFWLIZHWDNHDFORVHUORRNDWKLVHortus Botanicus Vindobonensis, Vol II,
page 38, it says the following of Capsicum chinense:
“Based on its native land I have applied the name to the stem, which I judge to be
GL൵HUHQW LQ VSHFLHV IURP LWV /LQQDHDQ NLQ$ ZRRG\ WUXQN WKLFN WRZDUG WKH VWXPS
drawn over with an ashen cover, for many years already it has survived in a caldron,
ZKLOHLWVODVWEUDQFKHVSHULVKZLWKWKHZLQWHU DQGWKLVLQVHYHUDOXQEUDQFKHG7KHZKROH
is smooth. The leaves are egg-shaped, pointed, whole, alternating, long stemmed. The
SHGLFOHVDUHVLQJOHÀRZHUHGLQGLYLGXDORUWZLQVKRUWWRWWHULQJ$WLQ\DQGSRLQWHGEXG
blooms. The border of the petal is cut copiously into pointed strips, white with some
\HOORZ DQGWKHVHDERYHWKHWXEHHDFKVHFUHWHDGURSRIVZHHWOLTXLGKDQJLQJLQWKH
same place in the form of a ball. Deep violet blooms rise up. The fruit is shining, eggVKDSHGEOXQWKDUGO\DQJOHGZLWKWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWDVWHRILWVNLQÀD[FRORUHG7KH
VHHGVDUHSDOH,KDYHVHHQWKHSODQWFXOWLYDWHGRQWKHLVODQGRI0DUWLQLTXHDQG,¶YHVHHQ
WKHIUXLWVSXWWRXVHLQFRRNLQJ´117
,I-DFTXLQNQHZWKDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUVSHFLHVRIFKLOLSHSSHUJUHZRQWKHLVODQGRI0DUWLQLTXH
why would he name it Capsicum chinense? The most logical reason is that even though he saw
the plant growing in Martinique, he did not consider it native to the region (see the above quote:
³%DVHGRQLWVQDWLYHODQG>LHChina@,KDYHDSSOLHGWKHQDPHWRWKHVWHP>@´ 7KHRWKHU
116
Jacquin (1727–1817) was a Dutch scientist who studied, among other things, botany in the Caribbean
and was, besides Rousseau, one of the few contemporaries who questioned the “appropriation of exotic
VSHFLHV µH[RWLFERWDQ\¶ ´ &RRN RXWVLGHRIWKHLUQDWLYHJURXQGV$V&RRN QRWHV
³>I@RU5RXVVHDX(XURSHDQV¶ZKROHVDOHDSSURSULDWLRQRIH[RWLFSODQWVZDVDPRUDOLVVXHEHFDXVHLWGHIRUPV
QDWXUH>DQGWKH@WUDQVIHUUHGSODQWVµUHIXVHWRJHUPLQDWHDQGEHERUQLQRXUJDUGHQV>TXLUHIXVHQWGHJHUPHU
HWQDvWUHGDQVQRVMDUGLQV@¶E\WKHSODQWV¶DFWRIZLOO´6LPLODUO\&RRN SRLQWVRXWWKDW-DFTXLQ
“alluded to changes wrought by acclimatisation in his Historia stirpium americanarum” (see Jacquin
$VDQDQHFGRWHDQRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\DQGIDPLO\IULHQG0R]DUWGHGLFDWHGVHYHUDORIKLVZRUNVWR
the Jacquin family.
117
³$ SDWULD QRPHQ ǕWLUSL LQGLGL TXDP D ¶FRQJHQHULEXV /LQQ DQLV DUELWURU ǕSHFLH GLYHUǕDP 7UXQFXV
OLJQRǕXVSROOLFHPFUDǕǕXV FRUWLFHFLQHUDǕFHQWHREGXFWXVSHUSOXUHVMDPDQQRVLQFDOGDULRSHUHQQDW
GXPUDPLXOWLPLK\HPHSHUHXQW LGTXHLQSOXULEXVLQGLYLGXLV7RWDJODEUDHǕW)ROLDǕXQWRYDWDDFXPLQDWD
LQWHJHUULPD DOWHUQD ORQJH SHWLRODWD 3HGXQFXOL XQLÀRUL ǕROLWDULL YHO JHPHOOL EUHYHV QXWDQWHV &DO\[
H[LJXXV DFXWXV YLUHW 3HWDOL OLPEXV SURIXQGH LQ ODFLQLDV ODQFHRODWDV FXP DOLTXD ÀDYHGLQH DOEHQWHV
ǕHFDWXU TX ǕXSUDWXEXPǕLQJXO JXWWDPOLTXRULVGXOFLVJOREXOLǕXEIRUPDLELGHPK UHQWHPH[VXGDQW
$QWKHU DWURYLRODFH HULJXQWXU)UXFWXVQLWLGXVRYDUXVREWXǕXVREǕROHWHDQJXODWXVǕWUXFWXUD ǕDSRUH
FRQJHQHUXP ÀDYXV 6HPLQD SDOOHQW ,Q LQǕXOD 0DUWLQLFD FXOWDP YLGL IUXFWXVTXH LQ XǕXP FXOLQDUHP
adhibitos.” Translation from the original by Todd Krause.
174
Harri Kettunen
OHVV OLNHO\ SRVVLELOLW\ LV WKDW WKH WHUP chinense here refers not to China but to something
H[RWLF LQ JHQHUDO DNLQ WR guinea pig, turkey bird, etc.118 However, most other plants named
chinense or chinensis do originate in China, such as Allium chinense, Rhus chinensis, and Rosa
chinensis. The latter (Rosa chinensis ZDVDOVR¿UVWSXEOLVKHGE\-DFTXLQLQWKHWKLUGYROXPH
of his Observationum Botanicarum )XUWKHUPRUHDOOWKHRWKHUSODQWVGHVFULEHGLQ
the various volumes of Jacquin clearly point to the origins of the species, including Paullinia
mexicana (Jacquin 1764119: 18), Ægiphila martinicensis, Scutellaria havanensis, Convolvus
havanensis, Teucrium cubense, Cinchona caribæa, Ficus caribæa (Jacquin 1767: 3, 5, 25, 27,
30), Convolvulus jamaicensis (Jacquin 1768: 6), and Crotalaria incana, Boerhavia caribæa,
and Verbena jamaicensis (Jacquin 1771: 4, 5, 6).
Regardless of the misnomer, the fact remains that chili peppers were largely circumventing
(XURSHDQGEHFRPLQJH[WUHPHO\SRSXODULQ$VLD$IWHUWKHLQLWLDOLQWURGXFWLRQE\WKH3RUWXJXHVH
chili peppers were already growing in India120 3UREDEO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ JUHZ VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ
PDQ\DUHDVWKHUHZDVQRQHHGIRUDPDMRUWUDQVDWODQWLF RUWUDQVSDFL¿F PDUNHWIRUFKLOLSHSSHUV
E\WKHFRORQLDOSRZHUV)XUWKHUPRUHLQ(XURSHFKLOLSHSSHUVZHUHVWLOOFRQVLGHUHGH[RWLFDQG
did not replace the pepper(corn)s that originated in South Asia. The European cuisine was still
heavily reliant on Asian pepper and even the pricing of pepper (that doubled in a short time
EHWZHHQ DQG>%RUVFKEHUJ @ GLGQRWWXUQ(XURSHDQVLQWRchili farmers and
consumers. Additional reason probably stems from the fact that peppers were also used for
medicinal purposes in Europe.
:KHQ LW FRPHV WR WKH FKLOL DQG SHSSHU WHUPLQRORJ\ RQH ZRUG DQG LWV UHIHUHQW>V@ LV DQ
LQWHUHVWLQJIXVLRQRID1HZ:RUOGSODQWDQG2OG:RUOGWHUPLQRORJ\ paprika. The term refers in
many languages today for the sweeter varieties of Capsicum annuum. In English, however, the
word is restricted to the ground dried version of the sweet (or non-spicy) varieties of Capsicum
annuum, while in many other languages the term covers everything from the plant itself to the
fruit and the ground spice. Interestingly, though unsurprisingly, the terms pepper and paprika
GHULYHXOWLPDWHO\IURPWKHVDPHVRXUFHERWKUHWDLQLQJWKH3UDNULW*UHHNDQG/DWLQFRQVRQDQW
sequence p-p-r121.
5HODWHGWRWKLVLVWKHUHPDUNRQWKHWLWOHSDJHRI'LHJRGH/DQGD¶VRelación de las cosas de Yucatán,
stating “Esta aqui otra relacion de las cosas de la china” (“Here is another account of things from China”
or “There is another account of things from China in here”), although in the case of the librarian or copyist
ZRUNLQJLQ6SDLQLQWKHODWHWKRUHDUO\WKFHQWXU\WKHUHIHUHQFHWR³&KLQD´PLJKWKDYHEHHQPHUHO\
DUHIHUHQFHWRWKHDFFRXQWVRIIRUHLJQODQGVLQJHQHUDOZKLOH-DFTXLQVXUHO\NQHZZKHUHKHZDVZKHQKH
was identifying the plants.
119
Jacquin (1764: 2-4) describes – rather lengthily – also Theobroma cacaoRQWKH¿UVWSDJHVRIWKH¿UVW
volume of his Observationum BotanicarumZKLFKVSHDNVIRUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVSODQWLQWKHPLQGV
RI(XURSHDQERWDQLVWVDWWKHWLPH7KHSODQWZDVQDPHGE\/LQQpDQGDSSHDUVLQWKHVHFRQGHGLWLRQRI
his Systema Naturæ /LQQp DQGODWHULQWKHPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHFRQGYROXPHRIKLVSpecies
Plantarum /LQQp E ± RQO\ D GHFDGH EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW YROXPH RI -DFTXLQ¶V Observationum
Botanicarum7KH¿UVWHGLWLRQRISystema Naturæ /LQQp LVRQO\SDJHVORQJZKLOHWKHVHFRQG
HGLWLRQ /LQQp LVSDJHVORQJ,QFRQWUDVWWKHWZRYROXPHVRIWKHSpecies Plantarum have
1231 pages and the two volumes of the 10th edition of Systema Naturæ /LQQpDQG KDYH
pages in total.
120
The term for chili in Hindi is ĮđýŊ (mircPܼݐW ݕDWHUPWKDWLVDOVRVKDUHGZLWKEODFNSHSSHU
121
,Q WKLV FRQWH[W LW LV WHPSWLQJ WR LQYRNH WKH DSRFU\SKDO VD\LQJ DOOHJHGO\ E\ 9ROWDLUH >VHH EHORZ@
“etymology is a science where the vowels do nothing and the consonants very little.” Although this may be
true prima facie in some instances, the patterns in historical linguistics are not that simple. As an example
LQGHIHQVHRIYRZHOVDV7RGG.UDXVH SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ SRLQWVRXW³>W@KHYRZHOVDUHWKHNH\
118
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
175
%RWK WHUPV GHULYH IURP DQ XQVSHFL¿HG ,QGR$U\DQ ODQJXDJH RU DW OHDဧ WKLV ODQJXDJH
>RUODQJXDJHV@JDYHWKHZRUGWRWKHGHVFHQGDQW>DQGPDQ\QHLJKERULQJ@ODQJXDJHVEXWLWZDV
SUREDEO\QRWWKHRULJLQDOVRXUFH>VHHEHORZ@ 6DQVNULWKDVĮčɔĮĕ (pippali IRUµORQJSHSSHU
(Piper longum SHSSHUFRUQ¶ LWVHOISUREDEO\GHULYHGIURPĮčɔĕ>píppala@RUµEHUU\¿J¶ 122 but
the term itself is undoubtedly older. But how much older and from which language? It is possible
EXWQRWOLNHO\ WKDWWKH,QGR$U\DQVKDGDWHUPWKDWWKH\EURXJKWDORQJWRWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW
but I have not encountered any good candidates for such a term – whatever the original meaning
RIWKHSRWHQWLDOVRXUFHZRUGPLJKWKDYHEHHQLQ3URWR,QGR$U\DQRUHYHQ3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ
(meaning, of course, that the referent could not have been the (long) pepper, as it is not native
to any of the potential homelands of the abovementioned proto-languages). Consequently, it is
VRXUFHIRU6DXVVXUH¶VODU\QJHDOVZKLFKZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\GLVFRYHUHGLQ+LWWLWHDQGZKLFKUHYROXWLRQL]HG
RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ´2EYLRXVO\WKHNH\LVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHKLVWRULFDOSURFHVVHV
WKDWOHGWRWKHFKDQJHRIVRXQGVLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV7KHIDFWWKDW3UDNULWSLSSDUƯ and Irish piobar are
related is as predictable from the point of view of historical linguistics as the fact that Armenian erku and
English two derive from the same source. The former is more straightforward than the latter, but there lies
DOVRWKHGDQJHURIOD\PDQ¶VHW\PRORJLHVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQPHUHRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFHVZLWKRXWWKHPHWKRGV
RI FRPSDUDWLYH KLVWRULFDOOLQJXLVWLFV³9ROWDLUH¶V´VD\LQJLVDGRXEOHHGJHGVZRUG DWWKHVDPHWLPHDVLW
PDNHVWKHVWXG\RIHW\PRORJLHVVRXQGOLNHPHUHVSHFXODWLRQLWDOVRZDUQVXVQRWWRWUXVWWKHFRQQHFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WZR VXSHU¿FLDOO\ VLPLODU ZRUGV ZLWKRXW GRLQJ \RXU KRPHZRUN LQ OLQJXLVWLFV $V UHJDUGV WKH
DSRFU\SKDO VD\LQJ DOOHJHGO\ E\9ROWDLUH WKH ¿UVW NQRZQ UHIHUHQFH WR WKLV GLFWXP DV QRWHG SUHYLRXVO\
E\ 1RRUGHJUDDI LV IURP YRQ 6FKOHJHO >@ ³>@ PDFKW DP (QGH GLH
(W\PRORJLH]XHLQHU:LVVHQVFKDIWZREHLZLH9ROWDLUHVDJWGLH9RNDOHIUJDUQLFKWVGLH.RQVRQDQWHQ
IUVHKUZHQLJJHUHFKQHWZHUGHQ´ ³>@LQWKHHQGLWWXUQVHW\PRORJ\LQWRDVFLHQFHZKHUHE\DV9ROWDLUH
VD\V WKH YRZHOV FRXQW IRU QRWKLQJ >DQG@ WKH FRQVRQDQWV IRU YHU\ OLWWOH´ )ULHGULFK 0OOHU
stated in his Lectures on the Science of Language /HFWXUH 9, 2Q WKH 3ULQFLSOHV RI (W\PRORJ\ WKDW
³9ROWDLUH GH¿QHG HW\PRORJ\ DV D VFLHQFH LQ ZKLFK YRZHOV VLJQLI\ QRWKLQJ DW DOO DQG FRQVRQDQWV YHU\
OLWWOHµL’étymologie¶KHVDLGµest une science où les voyelles ne font rien, et les consonnes fort peu de
chose¶´%ORRP¿HOG IROORZVE\VD\LQJWKDW³9ROWDLUHLVUHSRUWHGWRKDYHVDLGWKDWHW\PRORJ\LV
a science in which the vowels count for nothing and the consonants for very little,” and elucidates in the
HQGQRWHV%ORRP¿HOG >QRWHRQ&KDSWHU@ WKDW³>W@KHHSLJUDPDERXWHW\PRORJ\LVDWWULEXWHGWR
9ROWDLUHE\0D[0OOHU>@ ,KDYHVRXJKWLWLQYDLQLQ9ROWDLUH¶VZULWLQJV´0XOWDWXOL RQWKH
other hand, in his IdeeënUHPDUNHG³>Z@DVLWQRW9ROWDLUHZKRVDLG LQHW\PRORJ\YRZHOVGRQRWPHDQ
PXFKDQGFRQVRQDQWVQRWKLQJDWDOO"$WWKHPRPHQW,GRQRWKDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRFKHFNWKHSODFHVR
,GRQRWNQRZZKHWKHU,DPGHVFULELQJWKDWH[SUHVVLRQFRUUHFWO\´ WUDQVODWLRQ>V@PLQH RULJLQDOO\ ³:DV¶W
QLHW9ROWDLUHGLHJH]HJGKHHIW HQHW\PRORJLHOHVYR\HOOHVQHVLJQL¿HQWSDVJUDQGFKRVHHWOHVFRQVRQQHV
ULHQGXWRXW",NEHQRS¶WRJHQEOLNQLHWLQGHJHOHJHQKHLGGHSODDWVQDWHVODDQHQZHHWGXVQLHWRILNGLH
XLWGUXNNLQJPHWMXLVWKHLGZHHUJHHI´ 2GGO\WKHODWWHULVWKHUHYHUVHRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDO DQGORJLFDO TXRWH
KRZHYHUDSRFU\SKDO ZKHUHWKHYRZHOV QRWWKHFRQVRQDQWV FRXQWIRUQRWKLQJ$OOLQDOOWKLVLQYRNHV
1RRUGHJUDDI¶V TXRWHFLWHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKLVDUWLFOH ³2YHUFRQ¿GHQFHOD]LQHVVRU
>WKHIDFWVRIPDWWHUEHLQJ@MXVWEH\RQGRQH¶VFRQWURORIWHQSUHYHQWVWKHUHVHDUFKHUIURPJRLQJDGIRQWHV´
³(HQWHJURRWYHUWURXZHQJHPDN]XFKWRIGRRGJHZRRQRYHUPDFKWYHUKLQGHUHQGHRQGHU]RHNHUYDDNRP
ad fontes te gaan” in the original text).
122
Mayrhofer (1996: 133) has píppalaDV³)HLJHGHU)LFXVUHOLJLRVD´DQG7XUQHU KDV
similarly, píppalaDV³EHUU\ HVSRI)LFXVUHOLJLRVD ´LQ5>LJ@9>HGD@DQGSLSSDOƯҽDVދEHUU\ތLQ$>WKDUYD@
9>HGD@DQGµSHSSHUFRUQ3LSHUORQJXPތLQ5%RWK0D\UKRIHUDQG7XUQHUUHPDUNWKDWWKHWHUPPD\EHD
ORDQZRUG 0D\UKRIHU KDV³1LFKWNODU )UHPGZRUW"´ZKLOH7XUQHU QRWHVWKDW
³>WKHWHUPLV@3URE>DEO\@RIQRQ>@$U\DQRULJLQ´%RWKRIWKHPKDYHDOVRDYDULDQWIRUPSLৢSDOiaSLৢSDOƗޗ
DQGFLWHWKH3DOLIRUPpipphala (again as Ficus religiosa). Todd Krause (personal communication 2020),
notes that pippala and SL܈SDOD could be easily confused orthographically Įčɔĕ and Įč˃ĕ, respectively)
DVWKHSDQGৢRQO\GL൵HUE\DOLQH DQGSRLQWVRXWWKDWWKHVHFRQGIRUPZLWKWKHৢLVWKHRQO\RQHWKDW
ZRXOGJLYH\RXWKH3DOLIRUPpipphalaZLWKWKHDVSLUDWHGSLH>S@ހ
176
Harri Kettunen
SRVVLEOH±RUHYHQOLNHO\±WKDWWKHWHUPGHULYHVIURPDVXEဧUDWXPODQJXDJHDOWKRXJKQRJRRG
candidates have surfaced so far123. Burrow (1955: 43) notes that “there remains a considerable
QXPEHURIZRUGVLQFODVVLFDO6DQVNULWZKRVHRULJLQLVXQNQRZQ0RဧZHUHQRGRXEWRULJLQDOO\
GHVƯ124 ZRUGV LQ WKH ,QGLDQ WHUPLQRORJ\ DQG VLQFH WKH OLQJXLဧLF FRPSOH[LW\ RI SUH$U\DQ
,QGLDPXဧKDYHEHHQJUHDWHUWKDQDQ\WKLQJWKDWQRZDSSHDUVZHVKRXOGQRWEHVXUSULVHGWR
¿QGVRPDQ\ZRUGVZKRVHRULJLQUHPDLQVXQH[SODLQHG´,EHOLHYHRQHRIWKHVHLVWKHWHUPIRU
long pepper (Piper longum ZKLFK TXLWH OLNHO\ RULJLQDWHV LQ ,QGLD ZKHUH LW KDV WKH ZLGHဧ
GLဧULEXWLRQ 125 although it occurs throughout South Asia (Keshavachandran et al. 2007: 635).
According to Mallory and Adams (1997: 306), the date of the original creation of the
5LJYHGDLHWKHHDUOLHVWDWWHVWHG6DQVNULWWH[W³FDQRQO\EHYDJXHEXWWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\VHWWRWKH
SHULRGF±%&´7KHSUHFHGLQJODQJXDJHIRUPEHIRUHWKLV3URWR,QGR$U\DQSUREDEO\
HQWHUHG,QGLDMXVWSULRUWRWKLV&ROLQ DUJXHVWKDWWKH3URWR,QGR$U\DQVEHJDQPRYLQJ
LQWRQRUWKZHVWHUQ,QGLD RUWRGD\¶V3DNLVWDQ IURP$IJKDQLVWDQDQG%DFWULDDURXQG%&,I
we contrast this to the history of non-Indo-Aryan languages in India, it is quite evident that the
Indo-Aryan languages borrowed vocabulary from the existing languages in India. Especially as
UHODWHVWRWKHÀRUDDQGIDXQDLQWKHDUHDWKDWWKHQHZFRPHUVZHUHXQIDPLOLDUZLWK
7KHSUREOHPZLWKWKHERUURZLQJSURFHVVHVLVWKDWWKHIXUWKHUEDFNLQKLVWRU\\RXJRWKH
PRUHGL൶FXOWLWLVWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKODQJXDJHZDVWKHGRQRUDQGZKLFKRQHWKHUHFLSLHQW,Q
WKHFDVHRI,QGLDMXVWOLNHDQ\ZKHUHHOVHLQWKHZRUOGZHFDQVDIHO\DVVXPHWKDWVRPHRIWKH
substrata (as well as adstrata) languages that contributed loanwords to the present-day languages
in the area, are still there, while others have become extinct. In the latter case, it is extremely
GL൶FXOWWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHWHUPVZKLOHLQWKHIRUPHUFDVHWKHWDVNLVVRPHZKDWHDVLHU+RZHYHU
DVPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHORQJHUWKHWLPHGHSWKWKHPRUHGHPDQGLQJWKLVWDVNLV$OWKRXJKWKHUH
is no consensus regarding the early history of many language families in India, we can at least
speculate the possible direction of loanwords. Dravidian languages, covering practically all
of southern India today (and a more extensive area prior to the Indo-Aryan migration), is one
possible source. But so are the many other languages and language families in the area, both
living and extinct.126
:LW]HO SRLQWVRXWWKDW³>D@VIRU,QGR$U\DQWKHGLYHUVHRULJLQRIQDPHVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSODQWV
LV QRW UHDOO\ VXUSULVLQJ EHFDXVH RI WKH SUHGRPLQDQWO\ SDVWRUDO LQWHUHVWV RI WKH HDUO\ VSHDNHUV RI 9HGLF
'L൵HUHQWO\IURPWKHIUHTXHQWO\PHWZLWK,(,$WHUPVIRUFDWWOHPLONKRUVHHWFDJULFXOWXUDORQHVVXFKDV
µEDUOH\¶µSORXJKLQJ¶HWFDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVIUHTXHQW&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHPXOWLWXGHRI,QGR$U\DQZRUGV
for plants that have come down to us stem from the other language families present then and especially so,
IURPWKHQRZORVWVXEVWUDWHODQJXDJHV/LQJXLVWLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\FRYHUHGODUJHVWUHWFKHV
of the subcontinent.”
124
According to Burrow (1955: 57), the term GHVƯUHIHUVWRZRUGVLQ3UDNULWZKLFKDUHGHULYHGIURPDQRQ
6DQVNULWVRXUFH
125
Buchanan (1807: 201-202) relates a story of wild peppers in his A Journey From Madras Through the
Countries of Mysore, Canara and MalabarGDWHG0DUFKWK ³2QOHDYLQJDéva-kára, the valley
watered by the Bidháti becomes very narrow, and you enter Karnata Désam, which extends below the
Ghats DQG RFFXSLHV DOO WKH GH¿OHV OHDGLQJ XS WR WKH PRXQWDLQV >@$IWHU JRLQJ WZR FRVVHV QHDU WKH
ULYHUVLGHZLWKVWRQ\KLOOVWRP\ULJKW,FDPHWRWKH¿UVWFXOWLYDWHGVSRWLQ.DUQDWD>@)RUKDOIDFRVV
WKHURDGWKHQSDVVHVWKURXJKDIRUHVWRIWKHNLQGZKLFKVSRQWDQHRXVO\SURGXFHVEODFNSHSSHU>@1HDU
>%DUDEXOL@ LV DQRWKHU KLOO WKDW VSRQWDQHRXVO\ SURGXFHV SHSSHU DQG WKHUH DUH PDQ\ VXFK LQ WKLV SDUW RI
Karnata, especially in the Yella-pura and Chinna-puraGLVWULFWV>@%\WKHQDWLYHVWKHVHSHSSHUIRUHVWV
are called Maynasu Canu.”
126
%ORFK DGGV WKDW ³>W@KHUH DUH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW 6DQVNULW KDV ERUURZHG D IHZ ZRUGV IURP
XQNQRZQODQJXDJHVRI>WKH0XQGDODQJXDJHIDPLO\@´
123
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
177
As regards the Dravidian possibility, Burrow and Emeneau (1984: 110, 280) have two terms
for Piper longum in their Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. The other appears in Malayalam
(ND۬D) and Tamil (ND۬DL, ND۬۬Ɨ ZKLOH WKH RWKHU KDV UHÀH[HV LQ .DQQDGD 0DOD\DODP DQG
Tamil (tippali), and Tulu (tirpali, tippili, ippili 7KHODWWHULVXQGRXEWHGO\UHODWHGWR6DQVNULW
pippali. But did the other one borrow the term from the other – or did both borrow it from some
RWKHUODQJXDJH"%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX GRQRWPHQWLRQZKHWKHUWKH\UHFRQဧUXFWWKHVH
terms (or any terms in their etymological dictionary for that matter)127WR3URWR'UDYLGLDQEXWLI
WKHVHFRQGWHUPGRHVJRDOOWKHZD\WRWKHSURWRIRUPLWPXဧKDYHSUHGDWHGWKH6DQVNULWWHUP
)XUWKHUPRUH%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX ;, ဧDWHWKDWWKH\KDYH³DYRLGHGLQFOXVLRQLQWKH
GLFWLRQDU\RIZRUGVWKDWZHUHFHUWDLQO\ERUURZHGE\'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHVIURP,>QGR@$>U\DQ@
languages.” If this is the case, the Dravidian languages should not have borrowed tippali (and
FRJQDWHV IURP6DQVNULWpippali, but the other way around. Unless, of course, both received the
WHUPIURPDWKLUGODQJXDJH7HOXJXWKHPRဧZLGHO\VSRNHQ'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHKDVߧߥओ
(pippali) for “long pepper, chavica roxburghii (Gwynn 1991: 335)128,” which seems to have
EHHQLQÀXHQFHGE\±RUERUURZHGGLUHFWO\IURP±,QGR$U\DQ RUIURPDWKLUGVRXUFH +RZHYHU
the direction of the borrowing can also be reasoned based on phonology: as Witzel (2009: 16)
KDVSRLQWHGRXW³>@RQHVHWRI*DQJHWLFVXEဧUDWHZRUGVLQ9HGLFKDVJHPLQDWHFRQVRQDQWVWKDW
are fairly rare in Vedic: such as seen in pippala>@´129
5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHRULJLQDOVRXUFHRIWKHWHUPWKHZRUGZDVGL൵XVHGWRQHLJKERULQJODQJXDJHV
such as Telugu (ߧߥओ , pippali>VHHWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERYH@ (DဧHUQ ,QGR$U\DQ2GLD নি ਡর,
SLSDۜL), Chinese (哤㊻3LQ\LQbìbá), Tibetan (ŊŢāŊŢāřŢĻ, pipiling), Korean (ଗ؈, pilbal), and Thai
(чѨюјѨ, di pli>GLޮޝSOL @ޮޝ±DOOUHIHUULQJWRWKHORQJSHSSHU Piper longum), except for the fact that
%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX [L UDWLRQDOL]HWKHODFNRIUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVDVIROORZV ³>@WKHGLFWLRQDU\
GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ SURWR'UDYLGLDQ 3'U UHFRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KLV ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ XVHIXO EXW LW ZDV QRW
thought that the considerable extra expenditure of time that would have been necessary to prepare them
ZDV ZDUUDQWHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWDJH RI 'UDYLGLDQ VWXGLHV 0DQ\ RI WKH 3'U SKRQHPHV PD\ HDVLO\ EH
UHFRQVWUXFWHG>@0DQ\RQWKHRWKHUKDQGHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHYRZHOVDUHQRWFHUWDLQ>@7KHREMHFWRIWKH
dictionary is to provide material for such studies, not to record results which at the moment could be little
PRUHWKDQVXSHU¿FLDODQGQRQGH¿QLWLYHMXGJHPHQWV´
128
:DWW OLVWV ³&KDYLFD 5R[EXUJKLL &>KDYLFD@ VDUPHQWRVD 3LSHU VDUPHQWRVXP DQG 3>LSHU@
latifolium” as synonyms for Piper longum, although at least Piper sarmentosum and P. latifolium are
GLৼHUHQWVSHFLHV.
129
)XUWKHUPRUH%XUURZ SRLQWVRXWWKDW³>,W@LVHYLGHQW>@WKDWWKHPDLQLQÀXHQFHRI
Dravidian on lndo-Aryan was concentrated at a particular historical period, namely between the late
9HGLFSHULRGDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHFODVVLFDOODQJXDJH7KLVLVVLJQL¿FDQWIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKH
ORFDOLW\ZKHUHWKHLQÀXHQFHWRRNSODFH,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWKDWDWWKLVSHULRGVXFKLQÀXHQFHFRXOGKDYHEHHQ
exercised by the Dravidian languages of the South. There were no intensive contacts with South India
before the Maurya period by which time the majority of these words had already been adopted by Indo$U\DQ>@7KH'UDYLGLDQZRUGVLQWKHۿJYHGD attest the presence of Dravidian in North-Western India
at that period. Brahui in Baluchistan remains as the modern representative of north-western Dravidian. It
IROORZVWKDWWKHSUREOHPRI'UDYLGLDQORDQZRUGVLQ6DQVNULWLVVRPHZKDWGL൵HUHQWIURPZKDWLVXVXDOO\
PHWZLWKLQORDQZRUGVWXGLHVVLQFHWKHSDUWLFXODUGLDOHFWVRUODQJXDJHVIURPZKLFKWKHERUURZLQJVWRRN
place have vanished leaving no record behind, and the major Dravidian languages of the South, with which
mainly the comparisons must be made, are separated by great distances geographically and by anything up
WRDPLOOHQLXPRURYHULQWLPH>@WKHFODVVLFDO'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHVDQGHYHQWKHPLQRUVSRNHQODQJXDJHV
UHFRUGHGRQO\LQPRGHUQWLPHVFDQEHXVHGSUR¿WDEO\WRWUDFHWKH'UDYLGLDQRULJLQRI6DQVNULWZRUGVZKLFK
were borrowed before any of these languages are themselves recorded, and from other ancient Dravidian
dialects which have themselves disappeared.”
127
178
Harri Kettunen
in Southern Thai чѨюјѨ refers to chili peppers130)URPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW YLD0LGGOH,QGR
$U\DQODQJXDJHV WKHZRUGVSUHDGDOVRZHVWZDUG±WR3HUVLDQ Ϟ̢Ϡ̡, pelpel), Arabic (Ϟϔ˶ Ϡ˸ ˶ϓ, ¿O¿O)131,
Swahili (pilipili $QFLHQW*UHHN ʌȑʌİȡȚ DQG/DWLQ piper DPRQJRWKHUV)URP/DWLQpiper,
the term spread to daughter languages (e.g., Italian pepe&DWDODQDQG2FFLWDQpebre, Spanish
pebreDQG)UHQFKpoivre), to other Indo-European languages (e.g., German 3IHৼHU<LGGLVK
ʸʲ˦ʲ˦ >fefer], Dutch peper )ULVLDQ piper, pöber, and Pieper, English pepper >IURP 0LGGOH
English peperDQG2OG(QJOLVKpiper ~ pipor], Norwegian pepar, Icelandic pipar, Danish peber,
Swedish peppar, Irish piobar, Welsh pupur, Slovene péper, SySΩU, and SĚSϷU, Serbo-Croatian
pàparɩɚ̖ɩɚɪ, Bulgarian: ɩɢɩɟ̗ɪ 5XVVLDQ ɩɟғɪɟɰ>ɴ@ 8NUDLQLDQ ɩɟғɪɟɰɶ &]HFK SHSĜ 6ORYDN
piepor DQG 3ROLVK pieprz) and also to non-Indo-European languages within Europe (such as
Basque piperra )LQQLVK pippuri DQG (ဧRQLDQ pipar >WKH ODVW WZR YLD 6ZHGLVK DORQJ ZLWK
/DWYLDQpipars], along with Northern Sami bihppor>YLD)LQQLVK@DQG.LOGLQ6DPLɩɟࡃɪɷɰ>YLD
Russian]).
Etymologically, but not botanically, the related term paprika UHIHUV WR WKH GL൵HUHQW PLOG
varieties of the plant, fruit – and spice made thereof – of Capsicum annuum. Depending on
WKHODQJXDJHWKHWHUPFDQUHIHUWRERWKWKHSODQWIUXLWDQGWKHVSLFHRUMXVWWRRQHRIWKHP
Customarily, In English, the term refers to the ground spice of the red fruits of the plant, while
LQPDQ\RWKHUODQJXDJHVDOVRWRWKHSODQWDQGWKHIUXLW UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHFRORURIWKHIUXLW ZKLOH
in English this term is commonly referred to as bell pepper.
The history of the ground red spice made out of Capsicum annuum JRHV EDFN WR SUH
Columbian times. When it was introduced to Europe right after the “discovery” of the New
World132GL൵HUHQWYDULHWLHVRIWKHVSLFHIRXQGWKHLUZD\WR(XURSHDQNLWFKHQV ¿UVWWKURXJK6SDLQ
DQGQRWWRRORQJDIWHUZDUGVYLDWKH%DONDQVDIWHUWKH2WWRPDQVXEMXJDWLRQRIWKHUHJLRQLQWKH
¿UVWTXDUWHURIWKHWKFHQWXU\133:LWKWKH2WWRPDQZDUVH[SDQGLQJWR+XQJDU\EHWZHHQ
DQGWKHLQYDGLQJDUP\DQGVXEVHTXHQW7XUNLVKGRPLQDQFHDOVREURXJKWQHZIRRGVWX൵V
and foodways to the area. The history of paprika, the quintessential Hungarian spice, derives
from this era. Although similar words were used in neighboring Slavic languages (paparka,
peperke, and piperke)134, it was Hungarian that contributed the term to other languages around
the world. And it was Hungary that had a perfect environment for the cultivation of Capsicum
annuumLQVWLJDWHGE\WKH2WWRPDQVGXULQJWKHFRQTXHVWRI+XQJDU\2QH\HDUDIWHU%XGDIHOO
WRWKHLQYDGLQJDUP\/HRQKDUW)XFKVGHVFLEHGFKLOLSHSSHUVLQKLVERWDQLFDOWUHDWLVHDe
historia stirpium commentarii insignes as follows:
“However, another is from that one which they commonly call pepper, as also above we
have noted. There are those who call it Spanish pepper, others Indian pepper, and even
In standard Thai, ёіѧд (phrík>SހULNࡘޭ ެ@ LVµFKLOL¶ZKLOHёіѧдѳъѕ (phrik thai>SހULNࡘޭ ެWހDMޮ@ LVµ EODFN
SHSSHU¶
᠔
ሔ ሔ
131
The plural of Arabic ᑰᏟሖ ᑩᏕሖ (¿O¿O), ᑰᏕሖ ᢾᏕ (IDOƗ¿O LVSRVVLEO\DOVRWKHRULJLQRIWKHWHUPµIDODIHO¶
132
&ROXPEXVZDVWKH¿UဧWRUHSRUWFKLOLRQ-DQXDU\WK ³7DPELHQKD\PXFKRDMtTXHVVXSLPLHQWD
GHOODTXHYDOHPDVTXHSLPLHQWD\WRGDODJHQWHQRFRPHVLQHOODTXHODKDOODPX\VDQD SXpGHQVHFDUJDU
FDUDEHODVFDGDDxRHQDTXHOOD(VSDxROD´ )HUQiQGH]GH1DYDUUHWH
133
)RUUHIHUHQFH%HOJUDGHIHOOWRWKH2WWRPDQVRQ$XJXVW LHWZRZHHNVDIWHU7HQRFKWLWODQIHOO
to the Spanish.
134
$VSRLQWHGRXWE\7HUU\.DXIPDQ SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKHDRISDSULNDDQGLWVGLPLQXWLYH
HQGLQJNDVXJJHVWD6ODYLFRULJLQRIWKHWHUP DORQJZLWKWKHyer ɴɶ RIWKH¿UVWV\OODEOHVRXQGLQJOLNH
DQDWRDVSHDNHURIDQRQ6ODYLFODQJXDJH
130
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
179
some pepper from Chalechut. Avicenna seems to call it canine ginger. In German it can
be called &KDOHFKXWLVFKHURGHU,QGLDQLVFKHU3IHৼHU´ )XFKV 135
The terms piper Indianum (“Indian pepper”) and piper ex Chalechut (“pepper from
&DOLFXW´ SRLQW WR WKH RULJLQV RI WKH SODQW LQ ,QGLD 7KHUH LV QR LQGLFDWLRQ WKDW )XFKV NQHZ
WKDWWKHSODQWRULJLQDWHGLQWKH$PHULFDV+RZHYHU)XFKVLVQRWHQWLUHO\ZURQJDVWKHSODQW
DQGRUIUXLWVDQGRUSRZGHUPDGHRIWKHODWWHUKDGLQGHHGDUULYHGIURP,QGLDYLDWKH2WWRPDQ
WUDGHURXWHVWRWKH%DONDQVDQG+XQJDU\DQGIURPWKHUHWRQHLJKERULQJUHJLRQV$OWKRXJKFKLOL
SHSSHUVZHUHNQRZQWRWKH6SDQLVKVLQFHWKHODWHWKFHQWXU\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\DOVRWRPDQ\
other European countries, the reception was a far cry from that of India, and chili peppers
remained a botanical curiosity in many areas until quite recently. The only exceptions were
WKHXVHRIGL൵HUHQWYDULDQWVDQGIRUPV HVSHFLDOO\DVSRZGHU RICapsicum annuum in Spain
DQG +XQJDU\ DQG DGMDFHQW DUHDV )XUWKHUPRUH ZKLOH WKH GULHG JURXQG YHUVLRQV RI WKH FKLOL
pepper eventually spread to far corners of Europe, fresh chili peppers were rare and exotic in
PDQ\JDUGHQVNLWFKHQVDQGJURFHU\VWRUHVXQWLOWKHODWHWKFHQWXU\HVSHFLDOO\LQ1RUWKHUQ
(XURSH 7KH SRSXODULW\ RI $VLDQ HVSHFLDOO\ ,QGLDQ DQG 7KDL FXLVLQH ¿QDOO\ FKDQJHG WKLV
quite recently. In certain areas, however, chili peppers were used somewhat earlier (besides
the aforementioned Spain and Hungary and adjacent areas) especially in Britain. According to
&ROOLQJKDP WKH¿UVW%ULWLVKFRRNERRNWRLQFOXGH,QGLDQUHFLSHV +DQQDK*ODVVH¶V
The Art of Cookery GDWHVEDFNWR+RZHYHULWZDVQRWXQWLOWKH WKFHQWXU\ZKHQFKLOL
pepper, especially as part of curries, received widespread interest in the UK.
3DUWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHXQIDPLOLDU\UHJDUGLQJWKHRULJLQVRIFKLOLSHSSHUVDQGSDUWO\EHFDXVH
RIWKHHDUO\DVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQ2OG:RUOGSHSSHUV Piper spp.) and New World chili peppers
(Capsicum spp.), the terminology around the latter can be confusing. Spanish of Spain is a good
example: pimienta IURP /DWLQ SƯJPƝQWD, plural of pigmentum PHDQV µSHSSHU¶ Piper spp.,
especially P. nigrum ZKLOHWKHPDVFXOLQHIRUPpimientoDFFRUGLQJWR'/( PHDQV
“annual herbaceous plant, of American origin, of the Solanaceae family, with hollow berry fruit,
green, red, or yellow and more or less conical in shape”136 (i.e., any of the varieties of Capsicum
DQQXXPIURPFKLOLSHSSHUVWREHOOSHSSHUV HGLEOHIUXLWRIWKHpimiento pimientoEXVK
pimentón (ground pimientoSRZGHU DQG XQUHODWHG roya (type of fungi). Pimentón does not
DSSHDULQ'(&+DWDOOEXWLQ'/( LWLVGH¿QHGDV³SRZGHUREWDLQHGE\JULQGLQJGULHG
red peppers137,” while pimienta is explained lengthily (505 words) in DECH (i.e., Corominas and
3DVFXDO )XUWKHUPRUHSRVVLEO\WRDYRLGFRQIXVLRQUHJLRQDOYDULDQWVLQFOXGHGHVFULSWLYH
terms such as “pimiento picante.”
³$OLD WDPHQ HVW DE HD TXDP YXOJz 3LSHULWLP DSHOODQW XW VXSUj HWLDP PRQXLPXV 6XQW TXL SLSHU
Hispanum, alij piper Indianum, nonnulli etiam piper ex Chalechut vocant. Avicenna videtur appellare
=LQ]LEHUFDQLQXP*HUPDQLFqGLFLSRWHVW&KDOHFKXWLVFKHURGHU,QGLDQLVFKHU3IH൵HU´7UDQVODWLRQIURPWKH
original by Todd Krause.
136
³3ODQWDKHUEiFHDDQXDOGHRULJHQDPHULFDQRGHODIDPLOLDGHODVVRODQiFHDVFRQIUXWRHQED\DKXHFD
GHFRORUYHUGHURMRRDPDULOOR\IRUPDPiVRPHQRVFyQLFD´
137
³3ROYRTXHVHREWLHQHPROLHQGRSLPLHQWRVHQFDUQDGRVVHFRV´
135
180
Harri Kettunen
THE SEVEN-FACED BIRD
$QRWKHU 1HZ :RUOG HQWLW\ ZLWK DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ KLVWRU\ LV WKH WXUNH\ DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH
species Meleagris gallopavo. Widespread in North America as wild species and domesticated
over 2,000 years ago in Mesoamerica, the bird has – or has had – numerous names in various
LQGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVRIWKH$PHULFDVLQFOXGLQJ&UHHPLVLKHZDQG%ODFNIRRWómahksipi’kssíí
³ELJ ELUG´ 0L¶NPDT ap’tapegiejit &KHURNHH guna /DNRWD waglekšun, Miami nalaaohki
pileewa, Navajo Wą]KLL, Nahuatl KXHK[ǀOǀWO, Zoque tu’nuk, Xicotepec de Juárez Totonac ta’jná’
and FKƗZLOi¶, Amuzgo katzjom, Cajanos Zapotec bechjw, Rincon Zapotec birúusi, Quioquitani
Zapotec mëdx6DQ-XDQ$W]LQJR3RSRORFDQkontijno3XUpSHFKDkuruku, Baborigame Tepehua
tóva, Xinca huru/HQFDlogDQGWHUPVLQGL൵HUHQW0D\DQODQJXDJHVVXFKDV࣯DN¶, ࣯DN¶DDFK,
kutz, palatx, qolqo’l138, quluq, tuluk’, and W]R࣯139. However, none of these indigenous terms
made its way outside the Western Hemisphere to other parts of the world.
In English, as in many other languages, there is confusion as to the origin and the name
RIWXUNH\,Q(QJOLVKWKHRULJLQUHIHUVWR7XUNH\LQ7XUNLVKWR,QGLDLQ3RUWXJXHVHWR3HUXLQ
%UHWRQWR6SDLQLQ.KPHUWR)UDQFHLQ0DOD\WRWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGVRIRUWK7KHUHDUHD
QXPEHURISRVVLEOHVRXUFHVIRUWKHFRQIXVLRQRIWKHQDPHLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV,Q(QJOLVKRQH
SRVVLELOLW\LVWKHDVVRFLDWLRQWRDVLPLODU DQGDOUHDG\NQRZQ ELUGWKHJXLQHDIRZO140 (Numida
meleagris) that was brought to Europe from Africa in the 15th century141. Another possibility
is that the bird was introduced in some European ports (besides the initial introduction by the
6SDQLVK E\7XUNLVKPHUFKDQWV142. And yet another possibility is that the term turkey referred not
WR7XUNH\SHUVHEXWWRVRPHWKLQJ³IRUHLJQ´LQJHQHUDO143. Consequently, the descriptive terms
µWXUNH\¶DQGµJXLQHD¶LQµWXUNH\ELUG¶DQGµJXLQHDIRZO¶FRXOGHLWKHUUHIHUWRWKHSUHVXPHGRULJLQ
RIWKHELUGVRUPRUHOLNHO\WRH[RWLFODQGVIDUDZD\IURP(XURSHLQJHQHUDOVLPLODUO\WRWKH
7KH UHGXSOLFDWHG WHUPV PD\ YHU\ ZHOO EH VRXQGV\PEROLFDOO\ PRWLYDWHG WHUPV PXFK OLNH <RUXED
tòlótòlóRU3HUVLDQᒇᓗᑿᑩᏸᓗ (booghalamoon).
139
,QWKHFDVHRI0D\DQODQJXDJHVWKHKLဧRU\RIWKHWHUPVIRUWXUNH\LVVRPHZKDWPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQ
HOVHZKHUHLQWKH$PHULFDVDVWKHUHDUHWZRGL൵HUHQWWXUNH\VSHFLHVLQWKH0D\DDUHDWKHQDWLYH ZLOG
RFHOODWHGWXUNH\ Meleagris ocellata H[WHQGLQJIURPWKH<XFDWDQSHQLQVXODWR1RUWKHUQ*XDWHPDODDQG
%HOL]HDQG WKHLPSRUWHGGRPHဧLFDWHG0H[LFDQWXUNH\ Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo WKDWLV NQRZQ
WRKDYHEHHQUDLVHGLQFDSWLYLW\VLQFHWKH/DWH3UHFODVVLF FD%&±$' 7KRUQWRQet al. 2012a,
E 7KH OLQJXLဧLF WHUPLQRORJ\ HW\PRORJLHV DQG HSLJUDSKLF UHFRUGV QHHG WR EH FKHFNHG DJDLQဧ
LFRQRJUDSKLFDUFKDHRORJLFDO]RRORJLFDO]RRDUFKDHRORJLFDODQGKLဧRULFDOHYLGHQFHWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFK
species (M. gallopavo, M. ocellata±RUHYHQWKHSRဧ&RQWDFWSHULRGFKLFNHQ>*DOOXVJDOOXVGRPHఅLFXV])
WKHOLQJXLဧLFWHUPLQRORJ\LVUHIHUULQJWRLQGL൵HUHQWDUHDVDQGWLPHSHULRGV
140
7XUNH\DOWKRXJKGLVWDQWO\UHODWHGWRWKHJXLQHDIRZOV DVSDUWRIWKHRUGHUGalliformes), belongs to the
genus Meleagris (Meleagris gallopavoVSSRUWKHGL൵HUHQWVXEVSHFLHVRIZLOGDQGGRPHVWLFDWHGWXUNH\
and Meleagris ocellataWKHRFHOODWHGWXUNH\
141
'RPHVWLFDWHGJXLQHDIRZOVZHUHDOUHDG\IRXQGLQDQFLHQW(J\SW*UHHFHDQG5RPHEXWLQDOOOLNHOLKRRG
WKHKXVEDQGU\GLGQRWVXUYLYHWRWKH(XURSHDQ0LGGOH$JHV $UQRWW 1HZEROG
142
)XUWKHUPRUH%DUWRVLHZLF] SRLQWVRXWWKDWWKH³UROHRI2WWRPDQWUDGHQHWZRUNVLQGLVWULEXWLQJ
WKLVQHZGRPHVWLFDWH> WXUNH\@FDQQRWEHUXOHGRXWDVVXFKPHGLDWLRQVHHPVSODXVLEOHLQWKHFDVHRIVRPH
New World crops.”
143
.UXOZLFK¶V LQWHUYLHZZLWK0DULR3HLVWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJ ³6LQFH>WXUNH\@ZKROHVDOHGRXWRI
7XUNH\WKH%ULWLVKUHIHUUHGWRLWDVDµ7XUNH\FRT¶,QIDFWWKH%ULWLVKZHUHQ¶WSDUWLFXODUO\SUHFLVHDERXW
SURGXFWVDUULYLQJIURPWKH(DVW3HUVLDQFDUSHWVZHUHFDOOHGµ7XUNH\UXJV¶,QGLDQÀRXUZDVFDOOHGµ7XUNH\
ÀRXU¶+XQJDULDQFDUSHWEDJVZHUHFDOOHGµ7XUNH\EDJV¶,IDSURGXFWFDPHWR/RQGRQIURPWKHIDUVLGH
RIWKH'DQXEH/RQGRQHUVODEHOHGLWµ7XUNH\¶DQGWKDW¶VZKDWKDSSHQHGWRWKH$PHULFDQELUG7KXVDQ
$PHULFDQELUGJRWWKHQDPH7XUNH\FRTZKLFKZDVWKHQVKRUWHQHGWRµ7XUNH\¶´
138
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
181
ZRUGVµ&KLQHVH¶DQGµ,QGLDQ¶WKDWZHUHRIWHQXVHGIRUIDUDZD\SODFHVLQJHQHUDO)XUWKHUPRUH
DVQRWHGLQWKH2('
³>W@KH$IULFDQELUGLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHEHHQVRFDOOHGDVRULJLQDOO\LPSRUWHGWKURXJK
WKH 7XUNLVK GRPLQLRQV LW ZDV FDOOHG *XLQHDIRZO ZKHQ EURXJKW E\ WKH 3RUWXJXHVH
from Guinea in West Africa. After the two birds were distinguished and the names
GL൵HUHQWLDWHG WXUNH\ ZDV HUURQHRXVO\ UHWDLQHG IRU WKH$PHULFDQ ELUG LQVWHDG RI WKH
$IULFDQ )URP WKH VDPH LPSHUIHFW NQRZOHGJH DQG FRQIXVLRQ 0HOHDJULV WKH DQFLHQW
QDPHRIWKH$IULFDQIRZOZDVXQIRUWXQDWHO\DGRSWHGE\/LQQDHXVDVWKHJHQHULFQDPH
of the American bird.”
7XUNH\NQRZQWRWKH$]WHFV LQ1DKXDWO DVKXHK[ǀOǀWO, was introduced to Spain right after
the Conquest of Mexico. The Nahuatl word is retained in Mexican Spanish in the form guajolote
but in Spanish of Spain it is referred to as pavoIURP/DWLQSƗYǀ, meaning peafowl. As noted
DERYHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR7XUNH\PD\RULJLQDWHLQWKH2WWRPDQWLPHVZKHQWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUH
H[WHQGHGDOOWKHZD\WR1RUWK$IULFD&RQVHTXHQWO\LWPD\QRWUHIHUWR7XUNH\per se but to
WKHDUHDRFFXSLHGE\WKH2WWRPDQV6LPLODUO\RQHRIWKHZRUGVRIWXUNH\LQ$UDELFϲϣϭέϚϳΩ,
refers to Rome but, by extension, to Greece or the Eastern Roman Empire in general, including
PRGHUQ7XUNH\,QWKHVDPHZD\PDL]H FRUQ RU³,QGLDQFRUQ´ZDVDOVRNQRZQDV³WXUNH\
FRUQ´ RU ³WXUNH\ ZKHDW144´ 6XEVHTXHQWO\ WKH (QJOLVK WHUP µWXUNH\¶ ZDV ERUURZHG LQWR ,ULVK
Gaelic in the form turcaí and into Welsh as twrciEXWDOVRWRODQGVDIDULQFOXGLQJ)LMLDQWDNL
Hindi ĂøŎ (ܒDUNƯ), and Japanese ターキー (WƗNƯ), whereas Spanish pavo was borrowed into
VRPHRIWKHGRPLQLRQVRI6SDLQLQFOXGLQJWKH3KLOLSSLQHVZKHUHWXUNH\ LQ7DJDORJ LVpabo.
7KHZLGHVSUHDGQDPHRIWXUNH\UHIHUULQJWR,QGLD hindi and related terms) appears to be
RI (XURSHDQ RULJLQ DV ZHOO ,Q )UHQFK WKH ZRUG LV dinde, originating from coq d’Inde, une
poule d’Inde, and un poulet d’IndeRU³,QGLDQFKLFNHQURRဧHU´6LPLODUO\LQ&DWDODQWKHELUG
is gall d’indiRU³,QGLDQFKLFNHQ´LQ%UHWRQyar-IndezOLNHZLVH³,QGLDQFKLFNHQ´LQ0DOWHVH
dundjanDJDLQUHIHUULQJWR,QGLD)XUWKHUPRUH3ROLVKKDVindyk8NUDLQLDQɿɧɞɢғɤDQGɿɧɞɢғɱɤɚ
LQGêN LQGêFKND 5XVVLDQ ɢɧɞɸɤ LQG\XN DQG<LGGLVK ʷʩʣʰʩʠ LQGLN DOO UHIHUULQJ DJDLQ WR
WKHZRUG,QGLD EXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\WRWKHFRXQWU\,QGLD 2WKHU,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVKDYH
VLPLODUZRUGVVXFKDV$UPHQLDQགཱུལའའཱྀ hndkahav RU³,QGLDQFKLFNHQ´7KHVDPHJRHV
ZLWKRWKHUODQJXDJHIDPLOLHVLQFOXGLQJ7XUNLF$]HUEDLMDQLhindushka and hindtoyughu, “Indian
FKLFNHQ´ *HRUJLDQ D .DUWYHOLDQ ODQJXDJH ᪬᪰ᪧ᪤᪷᪴᪬ (indauri), referring to India, Hebrew
ʥʣʥʤʬʥʢʰʸʺ), (tarnegol hodu RU³,QGLDQURRVWHU´DQG7XUNLVKhindi, as noted before.
)XUWKHUUHIHUHQFHVWR,QGLDLQFOXGHZRUGVWKDWGHULYHIURPWKHSODFHQDPH&DOLFXW PRGHUQ
.R]KLNRGH YLD 'XWFK kalkoen. The Dutch term was borrowed into the North Germanic
languages (Danish and Norwegian kalkun, Swedish kalkon, and Icelandic kalkúnn) as well as
/LWKXDQLDQLQWKHIRUPkalakutasDQGIXUWKHUWRXQUHODWHG)LQQLFODQJXDJHV (VWRQLDQkalkun
DQG)LQQLVKkalkkuna )XUWKHUPRUHGXHWR'XWFKLQÀXHQFHWKHZRUGLQ3DSLDPHQWR DFUHROH
ODQJXDJHVSRNHQLQWKH&DULEEHDQ$%&LVODQGV LV kalakuna, in Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia),
kalkun, and in Sinhalese kalukuma.
%HVLGHVWKH'XWFKDOVRWKH)UHQFKKDGDVD\LQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWHUPVIRUWXUNH\+RZHYHU
UDWKHU WKDQ D ORDQZRUG IURP )UHQFK LW LV PRUH RIWHQ D UHIHUHQFH WR VRPHWKLQJ )UHQFK RU
European. Consequently, Scottish Gaelic has cearc-FhrangachRU³)UHQFKFKLFNHQ´DQG0DQ[
6HHDOVR)RRWQRWH
144
182
Harri Kettunen
has kellagh frangagh ³)UHQFK URRVWHU´ )XUWKHU HDVW ZH KDYH WKH .KPHU ʡ̙ʄ͐ʉ̙ʯ̙̈́Ȭ (moan
barang ³)UHQFKFKLFNHQ´RUPRUHFRPPRQO\D³:HVWHUQ´RU(XURSHDQFKLFNHQ6LPLODUO\LQ
9LHWQDPHVHWXUNH\LVgà tâyRU³:HVWHUQFKLFNHQ´
7KH3RUWXJXHVHZRUGIRUWXUNH\peruKDVDOVRSURYLGHGVRPHQDPHVIRUWKHELUGLQGL൵HUHQW
languages around the world. The origin of the term is the word PeruWKDWRULJLQDOO\LQ3RUWXJXHVH
UHIHUUHGQRWRQO\WR3HUXEXWIXQGDPHQWDOO\WR6SDQLVKKROGLQJVLQWKH$PHULFDVLQJHQHUDO,Q
0DOD\WKHELUGLVNQRZQDVayam Piru³3HUXYLDQFKLFNHQ´ayam Belanda³'XWFKFKLFNHQ´DV
well as kalkun (derived from Dutch kalkoen :LNLSHGLDKDVDOVRWKHIROORZLQJ ³,Q+LQGLLWLV
FDOOHG3HUX čıŝ DERUURZLQJIURP3RUWXJXHVH´+RZHYHUDOWKRXJKLWDSSHDUVWKDWLQVRPH
GLDOHFWVLQ+LQGLWXUNH\LVFDOOHGčĸŝ čƗı (SƝUnjSDN܈Ư) or “peru-bird,” the more common word for
WXUNH\LQ+LQGLLVĂøŎ (ܒDUNƯ DQREYLRXVORDQZRUGIURP(QJOLVK,Q&URDWLDQWKHZRUGIRUWXUNH\
is puran and in Slovene purán (f. púra), potentially originating from Italian peruanoRU³3HUXYLDQ´
,Q+DZDLLDQWKHZRUGIRUWXUNH\LVSHOHKnj145 (variant SDODKnj), meaning “swollen.” Andrews
(1865) has the following for pelehu ³(SLWKHWRIDWXUNH\IURPpele, to swell, and hu, to swell
RUSX൵RXW´DQGWKHIROORZLQJIRUpalahu ³7KHHSLWKHWRIDFRFNWXUNH\IURPWKHVRIWHODVWLF
UHGVXEVWDQFHRQDQGDERXWKLVKHDG´)XUWKHUPRUH.HQW VWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJ ³SDODKnj
SHOHKnj7XUNH\ Meleagris gallopavo ,WVQDPHPHDQVWRVZHOOSX൵HGRXWDQGLWLVVRFDOOHGIURP
WKHJREEOHRIWKHPDOH´+RZHYHUFRQWUDU\WRWKHVH:LNLSHGLDKDVWKHIROORZLQJ ³,Q+DZDLLDQ
>WXUNH\@LVFDOOHGpelehuIURPWKH3RUWXJXHVH7KH+DZDLLDQQREOHPDQ%RNLDFTXLUHGWXUNH\V
during the South American leg of his world tour and introduced both the bird and the Hawaiian
WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQRIWKH3RUWXJXHVHWHUPSHUXWR+DZDL¶LDQGODWHULQWR5RWXPD´
In East Asia the bird has more descriptive names: Mandarin Chinese has 䁒曅 䁒済
(KXǀMƯ, KXǂMƯ PHDQLQJ ³¿UH FKLFNHQ´ RU ³¿UH GRPHVWLFIRZO´ RVWHQVLEO\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH UHG
FRORURIWKHKHDGRIWKHWXUNH\DVZHOODV⏷挍曅⏷攍済 (WMQMƯ PHDQLQJ³YRPLWVSHZRXW
EURFDGHEULJKWFKLFNHQ´ ⏷䶓曅 ⏷仝済 (W·VKzXMƯ WUDQVODWHG OLWHUDOO\ DV ³YRPLWVSHZRXW
VLONULEERQFKLFNHQ´DQDSSDUHQWUHIHUHQFHWRWKHWXUNH\ZDWWOHRUFDUXQFOH&KLQHVHDOVRVKDUHV
(graphically) the word 七面鳥IRUWXUNH\ZLWK.RUHDQKDQMDDQG-DSDQHVHNDQML,Q&KLQHVH
the word is written with traditional characters as ᷪ杉泌 DQG ZLWK VLPSOL¿HG FKDUDFWHUV DV
ᷪ杉渆, and pronounced as TƯPLjQQLR. In Korean, the bird is called chilmyeonjo and written
ᷪ杉泌 in hanja (i.e., identically with Chinese) and ִ࣏ in hangul. In Japanese, the bird is
shichimenchou, written七面鳥LQNDQMLDQGシチメンチョウLQNDWDNDQD,QDOOWKUHHODQJXDJHV
WKH PHDQLQJ LV WKH VDPH ³VHYHQIDFH ELUG´ XQGRXEWHGO\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH WXUNH\¶V DELOLW\ WR
change the color of its face to express its emotions (from red to blue and white). Interestingly,
Japanese has also ターキー (WƗNƯ) and カラクン (karakun カラクン鳥 (karakun-chou) for
µWXUNH\¶REYLRXVORDQZRUGVIURP(QJOLVKDQG'XWFKUHVSHFWLYHO\
2WKHUGHVFULSWLYHQDPHVIRUWKHWXUNH\LQFOXGHZRUGVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQFRORUDVZHOODV
ZRUGV WKDW DUH VRXQGV\PEROLF )RU H[DPSOH LQ VHYHUDO ODQJXDJHV LQ WKH &DXFDVXV DFURVV
ODQJXDJH IDPLOLHV WKH QDPH RI WXUNH\ LV ³EOXH ELUG´ LQFOXGLQJ .DUDFKDL 7XUNLF ɝɨɝɭɲ
(gogush 2VVHWLDQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ (DVWHUQ ,UDQLDQ ɝɨɝɵɡ gogyz DQG$ENKD] 1RUWKZHVW
&DXFDVLDQ ɚɝɭɚɝɭɲɶ aguagush’). Sound-symbolic names for the bird are found around the
+HQFHDOVRWKH+DZDLLDQMRNH
.QRFNNQRFN
±:KR¶VWKHUH"
±3HOH
±3HOHZKR"
145
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
183
world, including Hungarian pulika146 3HUVLDQ ϥϮϤϠϗϮΑ ERRJKDODPRRQ DQG <RUXED tòlótòló.
)XUWKHUPRUHLQ8UGXWKHWXUNH\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHOHSKDQWIHDWXUHV Ϟϴϓύήϣ (IƯOPXUJK) means
³HOHSKDQWFKLFNHQ´ZKLOH7KDLKDVѳдҕкњк (kai nguang>NDMࠥƾXDƾޮ@ ZKLFKWUDQVODWHVDV³WUXQN
VQRXWWHQWDFOHWHQGULOFKLFNHQ´RU³WUXQN>RIDQHOHSKDQW@FKLFNHQ´
Interestingly, as mentioned above, none of the indigenous American languages have provided
ZLGHVSUHDG QDPHV IRU WXUNH\ LQ DQ\ RWKHU ODQJXDJHV +RZHYHU UHJLRQDO YDULDQWV GR H[LVW
such as the Mexican Spanish guajolote (from Nahuatl KXHK[ǀOǀWO), güila, and güíjolo (variants
of guajolote), cócono, totole (from Nahuatl WǀWROLQ µWXUNH\ GRPHVWLF IRZO GRYH FKLFNHQ¶
>.DUWWXQHQ @ DQGpípila SRVVLEO\IURP<XFDWHFSLSLOµIDW¶ RIELUGV 147)XUWKHUPRUH
Kiddle (1941) mentions bimbo, cóbori, conche, chumbo, chumpipe148, guanajo, guaraca,
jolote, mamaco, picho, pisco, and tocayo DV UHJLRQDOLVPV LQ YDULRXV SDUWV RI /DWLQ$PHULFD
7+(&2/80%,$1(;&+$1*(,1',*(1286.12:/('*(
$1'7+(*/2%$/0$5.(7
The Columbian ExchangeEURXJKW±DQGLVVWLOOEULQJLQJ±DP\ULDGRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDIURP
WKH1HZ:RUOGWRWKH2OG:RUOGDQGYLFHYHUVD7KHH[FKDQJHWUDQVIRUPHGERWKDUHDVEXWWKH
KLVWRU\DQGWKHSDWWHUQRIWKHH[FKDQJHZHUHTXLWHGL൵HUHQWLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\
the New World supplied the rest of the world with cultigens (such as potato, tomato, chili and
EHOOSHSSHUVFRUQPDL]HSHDQXWSLQHDSSOHDQGFDFDR ZKLOHWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGSURYLGHG
WKH$PHULFDV ZLWK SHRSOH OLYHVWRFN VWHHO ¿UHDUPV DQG GLVHDVHV DORQJ ZLWK D VHOHFWLRQ RI
FXOWLJHQVWREHIDUPHGLQWKH1HZ:RUOGDQGEURXJKWEDFNWRWKH2OG:RUOG7KHVHLQFOXGH
SURGXFWVWKDWDUHPDUNHGO\GRPLQDWHGE\FRXQWULHVLQWKH:HVWHUQ+HPLVSKHUHVXFKDVFR൵HH
/DWLQ$PHULFDSURGXFLQJPRUHWKDQWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGFRPELQHGZLWK%UD]LODVWKHOHDGLQJ
producer), sugar cane (Brazil as the leading producer), soybeans (United States 1st, Brazil 2nd,
DQG$UJHQWLQDUG RUDQJHV %UD]LOOHDGLQJWKHPDUNHWV DQGOHPRQVDQGOLPHV 0H[LFRQG
$UJHQWLQDWK%UD]LOWK )$2>GDWDIURP@ 6LPLODUO\WKHSURGXFWLRQRIPRVWRI
WKH JOREDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW 1HZ :RUOG SURGXFWV LV LQ WKH KDQGV RI 2OG :RUOG FRXQWULHV FDFDR
FRFRD &{WHG¶,YRLUHVWRIWKHJOREDOPDUNHW GU\FKLOLHVDQGSHSSHUV ,QGLDVW
JOREDOO\ JUHHQ FKLOLHV DQG SHSSHUV &KLQD VW JOREDOO\ FDVVDYD 1LJHULD VW
JOREDOO\ FDVKHZQXWV 9LHWQDPVWJOREDOO\ SRWDWR &KLQDVWJOREDOO\ WREDFFR
&KLQDVWJOREDOO\ DQGWRPDWR &KLQDVWJOREDOO\ 7KHRQO\PDMRUH[FHSWLRQV
LH1HZ:RUOGFXOWLJHQVSURGXFHGPRVWO\LQWKH1HZ:RUOGDUHDYRFDGR 0H[LFRVW
JOREDOO\ DQGPDL]H >GU\JUDLQ@PDL]H 86$VWJOREDOO\ JUHHQ>LHIUHVK@PDL]H 86$
JOREDOO\ZLWK0H[LFRQGRQ )$2>GDWDIURP@
7KHZRUOGZLGHXVHRI1HZ:RUOGFXOWLJHQVLVKRZHYHURIWHQTXLWHGL൵HUHQWIURPWKHLUXVH
in the area of origin and domestication. A good example is how maize is treated in Mesoamerica,
using the so-called nixtamalization process so that the maize retains its nutritional values and
146
See Bartosiewicz (2020: 139) for further discussion.
Bu Bois (1979) points out that the sound sequence pi-pi-pi is used in some Mayan languages, including
6DNDSXOWHNDQG7]RW]LOWRFDOOWXUNH\V
148
It is possible that the word chompipe is a corruption from one of the Central American indigenous
ODQJXDJHV&K¶RUWL¶KDVchumpi’ :LVGRP +XOO IRUµWXUNH\¶EXWDVWKHZRUGGRHVQRWDSSHDULQ
other Mayan languages, we can presume that this is a loanword from some other language.
147
184
Harri Kettunen
UHPRYHVSRWHQWLDODÀDWR[LQV7KLVPHWKRGXVHGLQWKHUHJLRQIRUPLOOHQQLDLVDEVHQWRXWVLGHRI
Mesoamerica. Consequently, in many areas with heavy maize consumption, especially in subSaharan Africa149, a healthier diet could be achieved and malnutrition avoided by learning from
,QGLJHQRXV0HVRDPHULFDQSUDFWLFHV5HFHQWSLORWVWXGLHVLQ0DODZLDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV $WLHQ]D
et al &RRSHU :DFKHU GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH QL[WDPDOL]DWLRQ
process in these areas would greatly promote the health of local people.
7KHKLVWRU\RISRWDWRLVDOVRRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWDVWKHODFNRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\RXWVLGHLWV
native biological range has (indirectly) caused considerable demographic changes. The Great
)DPLQH RI ,UHODQG ZKLFK OHG WR WKH GHDWK RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RQH PLOOLRQ ± DQG
emigration of over one million – Irish (Ross 2002: 226), was caused by a single clonal genotype
of Phytophthora infestans, an oomycete that originated in Central Mexico (Goodwin et al
Cárdenas et al 6KDN\Det al. 2018) and found its way in the 1840s via the United States to
the rest of the world, with momentous repercussions in Ireland. In sum, a single microorganism
IURP0H[LFRFDXVHGDGLVHDVHLQDVLQJOHYDULHW\RI 3HUXYLDQEDVHG SRWDWRWKH,ULVK/XPSHU
(Choiseul et al. 2008: 44), forcing one million Irish to emigrate to the home continent of potato
LQFOXGLQJ HJ DOO HLJKW JUHDWJUHDWJUDQGSDUHQWV RI -RKQ ) .HQQHG\ DQG RQH RI WKH JUHDW
JUHDWJUHDWJUDQGIDWKHUVRI%DUDFN2EDPD
7KH DERYHPHQWLRQHG PDL]H LV DQRWKHU PRUH UHFHQW H[DPSOH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO ULVNV RI
monoculture, including loss of diversity and spread of transgenes. Since the North American
)UHH7UDGH$JUHHPHQW 1$)7$ RSHQHGWKHWULODWHUDOWUDGHEHWZHHQ&DQDGD0H[LFRDQGWKH
United States in 1994, US-based maize has found its way to Mexican farms, threatening the
JHQH EDQN DQG FDXVLQJ ORVV RI QDWLYH YDULHWLHV '\HU DQG <~QH]1DXGH %HOORQ et al.
%DUUDJiQ2FDxDet al 2VRULR$QWRQLDet al. 2020: 397). The problem is,
however, primarily within the industrialized large-scale agriculture, while smallholder farmers
SODQW PRVWO\ QDWLYH YDULHWLHV PDLQWDLQLQJ WUDGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH IDUPLQJ F\FOH DQG
sharing seeds among themselves, allowing “alleles to pass from one generation to the next, thus
continuing the evolutionary processes that sustain and generate crop genetic diversity” (Bellon
et al 6LPLODUO\,VDNVRQ QRWHVWKDWLQWKHQHLJKERULQJ*XDWHPDOD³>R@YHUWKH
PLOOHQQLDWKHIRUHEHDUVRI>0D\D@IDUPHUVKDYHGHYHORSHGDULFKGLYHUVLW\RIPDL]H\LHOGLQJ
VHYHUDO WKRXVDQG YDULHWLHV DGDSWHG WR D ZLGH UDQJH RI HQYLURQPHQWDO PLFURKDELWDWV >DQG@ E\
maintaining this diversity in their maize plots, contemporary peasant farmers in Guatemala help
WRPDLQWDLQWKHJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVIRURQHRIKXPDQNLQG¶VSULQFLSDOIRRGFURSVWKHUHE\KHOSLQJ
to maintain a cornerstone of long-term global food security.”
Understanding the origins of the cultigens, the early history of their global dispersal, and
the Indigenous methods that foster diversity, provides us with better tools to understand the
interconnectedness of culture and biodiversity. While the conquest of the New World reduced
the native population of the area to a fraction of what it was at the eve of the conquest, the
QXPEHURI,QGLJHQRXVSHRSOHLQWKH$PHULFDVKDVQRZFOLPEHGEDFNWRZKDWLWZDV\HDUV
DJR+RZHYHUDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHRQJRLQJORVVRIKDELWDWRIGL൵HUHQWVSHFLHVRIÀRUDDQG
IDXQDLQWKHUHJLRQKDVOHGWRGLPLQLVKLQJELRGLYHUVLW\±DQGGHFUHDVLQJWUDGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJH
of the species (Andermann et al .HWWXQHQDQG&X[LOLQSUHVV )XUWKHUPRUHWKHORVVRI
habitat and diminishing protected spaces of nature have drastic ongoing global repercussions.
$V*yPH]'XUiQ SXWVLW³>W@KRVHZKRDUHGHGLFDWHGWRWKHHFRORJ\RIGLVHDVHVKDYHPRUH
149
Maize has a long history in Africa as it arrived to the continent soon after the initial European contact
with the New World (Miracle 1965: 1).
New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world
185
DQG PRUH VFLHQWL¿F HYLGHQFH WKDW DOORZV WKHP WR SRLQW RXW WKDW GHIRUHVWDWLRQ IUDJPHQWDWLRQ
of habitats, and loss of diversity increase the presence of emerging pathogens, causing major
public health problems.”
CONCLUSIONS
The Columbian Exchange changed the world irreversibly. The ongoing world conquest
RI1HZ:RUOGÀRUDDQGIDXQDZDV DQGVWLOOLV DFRPSOH[SKHQRPHQRQLQZKLFKVRPHLWHPV
found their way to the far corners of the earth quite rapidly, while others are still in the process
RI EHLQJ LQWURGXFHG ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV WKH FXOWXUDO NQRZOHGJH RI WUHDWLQJ SODQWV DQG IRRGVWX൵V
did not travel along with the product, leading sometimes to unwanted consequences, as in the
FDVHRIPDL]HLQ$IULFD)XUWKHUPRUHODFNRIQDWLYHGLYHUVLW\LQSRWDWRYDULHWLHVOHGWRWKH*UHDW
)DPLQHRI,UHODQGLQWKHPLG WKFHQWXU\ZLWKWUHPHQGRXVORFDODQGJOREDOUHSHUFXVVLRQV,Q
WRGD\¶VZRUOG1HZ:RUOGZRUGVDQGWKLQJVDUHTXLWHFRPPRQRXWVLGHWKH$PHULFDV±VRPXFK
so that many edible plants, such as chili and potatoes are considered to be native in some parts
RIWKH2OG:RUOGWKHIRUPHUSDUWLFXODUO\LQ6RXWKDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLD7KHUHFHQWDFFHOHUDWLQJ
globalization has brought new New World items to grocery stores around the world, adding to
the existing array of indigenous American products worldwide. At the same time, terms that
IROORZ WKH ÀRUD DQG IDXQD DV ZHOO DV FXOWXUDO WHUPLQRORJ\ DUH LQ FRQVWDQW ÀX[ ± DQG WKHLU
XVDJHRIWHQFRQGLWLRQHGE\JHQHUDWLRQDOGL൵HUHQFHV/RDQZRUGVWXGLHVFDUULHGRXWLQVFKRROVLQ
GL൵HUHQWFRXQWULHVKDYHUHYHDOHGLQWHUHVWLQJSDWWHUQVRIZKDWLVNQRZQRIWHUPVWKDWRULJLQDWHLQ
Indigenous American languages. Some terms that were common a few decades ago have all but
disappeared today, while others have started a new life in popular culture.
$&.12:/('*(0(176
, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN /\OH &DPSEHOO .LUVL &KHDV &KULVWRSKH +HOPNH 7HUU\ .DXIPDQ
Hilla Kettunen, Antti Korpisaari, and Todd Krause for their insightful observations regarding
WKHFRQWHQWVRIWKLVDUWLFOH,DOVRWKDQNDOOWKHVWXGHQWVZKRWRRNSDUWLQWKHYDULRXVORDQZRUG
surveys in schools, as well as their teachers who made these surveys possible.
REFERENCES
Abbreviations of dictionaries and other linguistic sources
&157/ Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales. www.cnrtl.fr.
&2&$ The Corpus of Contemporary American English KWWSV ZZZHQJOLVKFRUSRUDRUJFRFD
'(&+ &RURPLQDV-RDQDQG-RVp$3DVFXDO Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e
hispánico, 6 Vols. Madrid: Gredos.
'/(
Diccionario de la lengua española 5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODKWWS GOHUDHHVDFFHVVHG
June 30, 2020.
'3'
Diccionario panhispánico de dudas 5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODZZZUDHHVGSGDFFHVVHG
June 30, 2020.
186
MED
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SSA2
SSA3
Harri Kettunen
Middle English Dictionary KWWSV TXRGOLEXPLFKHGXPPLGGOHHQJOLVKGLFWLRQDU\
The Oxford English Corpus2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
The Oxford English Dictionary (2002).
Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja, 1, A–K (UNNL,WNRQHQ&KLHI(GLWRU
6XRPDODLVHQ .LUMDOOLVXXGHQ 6HXUDQ WRLPLWXNVLD .RWLPDLVWHQ NLHOWHQ WXWNLPXVNHVNXNVHQ
MXONDLVXMD6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL
Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja. 2, L–P (1995). Ulla-Maija Kulonen, Chief
(GLWRU6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL
Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja. 3, R–Ö (2000). Ulla-Maija Kulonen, Chief
(GLWRU6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL
$&(9('27255($/%$-,65$(/
2017
Diccionario Chayma. Self-published manuscript.
$//)5(<0,5$1'$
+LGGHQ6LVDO $Q,QVLGHU¶VJXLGHWRD<XFDWHFDQ&HQRWH7RXUE\%RDW. The Yucatan Times,
$SULO ZZZWKH\XFDWDQWLPHVFRPKLGGHQVLVDODQLQVLGHUVJXLGHWRD\XFDWHFDQ
gondola-cenote-tour.
$1'(50$1172%,$665(1)$85%<6$08(/77859(<$/(;$1'5($1721(//,
$1''$1,(/(6,/9(6752
7KH 3DVW DQG )XWXUH +XPDQ ,PSDFW RQ 0DPPDOLDQ 'LYHUVLW\ Science Advances 6(36).
KWWSV GRLRUJVFLDGYDEE
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